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(December 2010) General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq محمد ضياء الحق 6th President of Pakistan In office 16 September 1978 – 17 August 1988 Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo Preceded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Succeeded by Ghulam Ishaq Khan Prime Minister of Pakistan In office 9 June 1988 – 17 August 1988 Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Succeeded by Benazir Bhutto In office 5 July 1977 – 24 March 1985 President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Chief of Army Staff In office 11 October 1976 – 17 August 1988 Preceded by Tikka Khan Succeeded by Mirza Aslam Beg Born 12 August 1924(1924-08-12) Jalandhar, Punjab, British India (now India)1 Died 17 August 1988(1988-08-17) (aged 64) Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Alma mater United States Army Command and General Staff College Religion Sunni Islam Military service Allegiance Pakistan Service/branch Pakistan Army (PA – 1810) Years of service 1943–1988 Rank General Unit Armoured Corps (Guides Cavalry FF) Commands 2nd Independent Armoured Brigade, Jordan 1st Armoured Division, Multan II Corps, Multan Chief of Army Staff Battles/wars World War II Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Black September in Jordan Soviet war in Afghanistan General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq (Punjabi, Urdu: محمد ضیاء الحق  ; 12 August 1924 – 17 August 1988) was the sixth President of Pakistan from July 1977 to his death in August 1988. Distinguished by his role in the Black September in Jordan military operation in 1970, he was appointed Chief of Army Staff in 1976. After widespread civil disorder, he overthrew ruling Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in a bloodless coup d'état on 5 July 1977 and became the state's third ruler to impose martial law. He initially ruled as Chief Martial Law Administrator, but later installed himself as the President of Pakistan in September 1978. Zia's major domestic initiatives included the consolidation of the fledgling nuclear program, which was initiated by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, denationalization and deregulation and the state's Islamization. His tenure saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency. His endorsement of the Pakistan Muslim League (the founding party of Pakistan) initiated its mainstream revivalcitation needed. However, he is most remembered for his foreign policy; the subsidizing of the Mujahideen movement during the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan which led to the Soviet Russian withdrawal from Afghanistan. He was described by some as a "fundamentalist Sunni dictator".2 Zia died along with several of his top generals and then-United States Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Lewis Raphel in a suspicious aircraft crash near Bahawalpur (Punjab) on 17 August 1988. Contents 1 Early life 2 Army career 3 Coup and martial law 3.1 Postponement of elections and call for accountability 4 Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator 4.1 The Doctrine of Necessity 4.2 Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan 4.3 The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto 5 Appointment of Martial Law Governors 6 Reign as President of Pakistan 6.1 Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora 6.2 Referendum of 1984 6.3 The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985 7 Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War 7.1 The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 8 Economic reform 8.1 Consolidation of Pakistan's nuclear programme 8.2 International standing enhancement and resumption of aid 8.3 Fighting the war by proxy 8.4 The war legacy 9 General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamisation' 9.1 Laws against Ahmadiyya community of 1984 9.2 Lal Masjid of Islamabad 10 Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections 11 Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) 12 Death 13 Funeral and burial 14 Honours 15 Books about Haq's time period 16 Portrayals in popular culture 17 See also 18 References 19 External links Early life Zia was born in Jalandhar, British India3, in 1924 as the second child of Muhammad Akbar, who worked in the Army GHQ in Delhi and Simla pre-partition. He completed his initial education in Simla and then attended St. Stephen's College, Delhi for his graduate degree. After graduation from St Stephen's College in Delhi, Zia joined the British Indian Army in 1943. He married Shafiq Jahan in 1950-514. Shafiq Zia passed away on January 5, 1996.5 Zia is survived by their children, his sons, Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq,6 (born 1953), who went into politics and became a cabinet minister in the government of Nawaz Sharif, and Anwar-ul-Haq (born 1950)789 and his daughters, Zian1011 (also Zain)12 (born 1972),13 a special needs child, and Rubina Salim, who is married to a Pakistani banker and has been living in the United States since 1980,1415 and daughter Quratulain Zia who currently lives in London, and is married to Pakistani doctor, Adnan Majid.16 Over the years, his family has grown in prominence and renounce. Army career He was commissioned in the British Indian Army in a cavalry regiment on 12 May 1943 and served against Nazi Germany and its allies in World War II. After Pakistan gained its independence, Zia joined the newly formed Pakistan Army as a major. His regiment was now the Guides Cavalry Frontier Force Regiment. He trained in the United States in 1962–1964 at the US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. After that, he returned to take over as Directing Staff (DS) at Command and Staff College, Quetta.17 During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, Zia was a tank commander.18

Zia was stationed in Jordan from 1967 to 1970 as a Brigadier, helping in the training of Jordanian soldiers, as well as leading the training mission into battle during the Black September operations as commander of Jordanian 2nd Division, a strategy that proved crucial to King Hussein's remaining in power. By 1973, then Maj Gen Zia was commanding the 1st Armoured Division at Multan.17 He was then promoted as Lt Gen and was appointed commander of the II Strike Corps at Multan in 1975. It was during this time when General Zia invited Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto as the Colonel-in-Chief of the Armoured Corps at Multan, using his tailor to stitch the Blue Patrols of his size. The next day, Bhutto was requested to climb a tank and engage a target, where the target was quite obviously hit. After the function, General Zia met Bhutto, placed his hand on the Quran and said, "You are the saviour of Pakistan and we owe it to you to be totally loyal to you."19 On 1 March 1976, Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved Zia as Chief of Army, ahead of a number of more senior officerscitation needed. At the time of his nominating the successor to the outgoing chief General Tikka Khan, the Lieutenant Generals in order of seniority were, Muhammad Shariff, Muhammad Akbar Khan, Aftab Ahmed Khan, Azmat Baksh Awan, Agha Ibrahim Akram, Abdul Majeed Malik, Ghulam Jilani Khan, and Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. But, Bhutto chose the most junior, superseding seven more senior generals.20 However, the senior most at that time, Lt Gen Mohammad Shariff, though promoted to General, was made the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, a constitutional post akin to President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry.21 Coup and martial law Prime Minister Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed.22 Initially targeting leader of the opposition Khan Abdul Wali Khan and his opposition National Awami Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties, the clash of egos both inside and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce, starting with the Federal governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged secessionist activities23 and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its leadership after the death of a close lieutenant of Bhutto's, Hayat Sherpao, in a bomb blast in the frontier town of Peshawar. Dissidence also increased within the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), and the murder of a leading dissident Ahmed Raza Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended, and an estimated 100,000 troops deployed there were accused of abusing human rights and killing large numbers of civilians.24 On 8 January 1977 a large number of opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National Alliance24 (PNA). Bhutto called fresh elections, and PNA participated in those elections in full force. They managed to contest the elections jointly even though there were grave splits on opinions and views within the party. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, alleging that the election was rigged. They proceeded to boycott the provincial elections. Despite this, there was high voter turn out in national elections; however, as provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition boycott, the PNA declared the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. All the opposition leaders called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.22 Political and civil disorder intensified, which led to more unrest.25 Bhutto imposed martial law in major cities including Karachi, Lahore and Haiderabad. However, a compromise agreement between Bhutto and opposition was ultimately reported. On 5 July 1977, before the announcement of any agreement, Bhutto and members of his cabinet were arrested by troops under the order of General Zia.24 Postponement of elections and call for accountability After assuming power as Chief Martial Law Administrator, General Zia promised to hold National and Provincial Assembly elections in the next 90 dayscitation needed and to hand over power to the representatives of the nationcitation needed. He also stated that the Constitution of Pakistan had not been abrogated whatsoever, but had been temporarily suspendedcitation needed. However, in October 1977, he announced the postponement of the electoral plan and decided to start an accountability process for the politicians. Zia said that he changed his decision due to the strong public demand for the scrutiny of political leaders who had engaged in malpractice in the past but there is no evidence to this claim. Thus the "retribution first, elections later" PNA policy was adopted. This severely tainted his credibility as many saw the broken promise as malacious.citation needed A Disqualification Tribunal was formed, and several individuals who had been Members of Parliament were charged with malpractice and disqualified from participating in politics at any level for the next seven years. A white paper document was issued, incriminating the deposed Bhutto government on several counts. Reign as Chief Martial Law Administrator This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2008) The Doctrine of Necessity Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization

Nusrat Bhutto, the wife of the deposed Prime Minister, filed a suit against General Zia's military regime, challenging the validity of the July 1977 military coup. The Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled, in what would later be known as the Doctrine of Necessity (not to be confused with the 1954 Doctrine of necessity) that, given the dangerously unstable political situation of the time, General Zia's overthrowing of the Bhutto government was legal on the grounds of necessity. The judgement tightened the general's hold on the government. Assumption of the post of President of Pakistan Despite the dismissal of most of the Bhutto government, President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was persuaded to continue in office as a figurehead. After completing his term, and despite General Zia's insistence to accept an extension as President, Mr Chaudhry resigned, and General Zia took the office of President of Pakistan on 16 September 1978. Thus his position was cemented as the undisputed ruler of the country. Over the next six years, Zia issued several decrees which amended the constitution and greatly expanded his power. Most significantly, the Revival of Constitution of 1973 Order granted Zia the power to dissolve the National Assembly virtually at will. The trial of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto On 4 April 1979, the former Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was hanged, after the Supreme Court upheld the death sentence as passed by the Lahore High Court. The Supreme Court ruled four to three in favour of execution. The High Court had given him the death sentence on charges of the murder of the father of Ahmed Raza Kasuri, a dissident PPP politician. Despite many clemency appeals from foreign leaders requesting Zia to commute Bhutto's death sentence, Zia dismissed the appeals and upheld the death sentence. The hanging of an elected prime minister by a military man was condemned by the international community and by lawyers and jurists across Pakistancitation needed. Appointment of Martial Law Governors The Zia regime largely made use of installing high-profile military generals to carte blanche provincial administration under martial law. Zia's Guides Cavalry comrade Lieutenant General Fazle Haq was appointed Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. Zia's tenure saw the influx of heroincitation needed, sophisticated weaponry, and countless refugees in from neighbouring Afghanistan. Lieutenant General S.M. Abbasi was appointed Governor of Sindh; his tenure too saw civil disorder amid student riotscitation needed. By contrast, martial law governor General Jilani of Punjab made much headway in beautifying Lahorecitation needed, extending infrastructure, and muting political oppositioncitation needed. The ascent of Nawaz Sharif to Chief Minister of Punjab was largely due to General Jilani's sponsorship.26 Perhaps most crucially, General Rahimuddin Khan's appointment to the post of martial law Governor of Balochistan saw the disbanding of the Baloch insurgency, the containment of Afghan mujahideen, as well as the construction of nuclear test sites in the Chagai District. Reign as President of Pakistan Formation of Majlis-e-Shoora Main article: Majlis-e-Shoora In the absence of a parliament, General Zia decided to set up an alternative system, Majlis-e-Shoora, in 1980. Most of the members of the Shoora were intellectuals, scholars, ulema, journalists, economists, and professionals belonging to different fields of life. The Shoora was to act as a board of advisors to the President. All 284 members of the Shoora were to be nominated by the President, also known as a technocracy or government of technocrats. Referendum of 1984 This article or section appears to contradict itself. Please see its talk page for more information. (January 2011) General Zia eventually decided to hold elections in the country. But before handing over the power to the public representatives, he decided to secure his position as the head of state. A referendum was held on 1 December 1984, and the option was to elect or reject the General as the future President. The question asked in the referendum was whether the people of Pakistan wanted Islamic Sharia law enforced in the countrycitation needed. According to the official result, more than 95% of the votes were cast in favour of Zia, thus he was elected as President for the next five years. However, they were marred by allegations of widespread irregularities and technical violations of the laws and ethics of democratic electionscitation needed. Also, despite pressure from the government to vote, only 10% of those eligible to vote did socitation needed. Zia had the overwhelming majority of the votes cast, but in reality the referendum was an embarrassing failure.27 The Eighth Amendment and elections of 1985 After being elected President, Zia decided to hold elections in the country in February 1985 on a non-party basis. Most of the opposing political parties decided to boycott the elections but election results showed that many victors belonged to one party or the other. To make things easier for himself, the General nominated the Prime Minister from amongst the Members of the Assembly. To many, his nomination of Muhammad Khan Junejo as the Prime Minister was because he wanted a simple person at the post who would act as a puppet in his handscitation needed. Before handing over the power to the new Government and lifting martial law, Zia got the new legislature to retroactively accept all of Zia's actions of the past eight years, including his coup of 1977citation needed. He also managed to get several amendments passed, most notably the Eighth Amendment, which granted "reserve powers" to the president to dissolve the National Assembly. However, this amendment considerably reduced the power he'd previously granted himself to dissolve the legislature, at least on paper. The text of the amendment permitted Zia to dissolve the Assembly only if 1 the Cabinet had been toppled by a vote of no confidence and it was obvious that no one could form a government or 2) the government could not function in a constitutional manner. Involvement in the Soviet-Afghan War The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan Main article: Soviet war in Afghanistan Further information: Establishment (Pakistan) File:ReaganandZia.jpg President Muhammed Zia-ul_Haq with Ronald Reagan.

On 25 December 1979, the Soviet Union (USSR) invaded Afghanistan. General Zia, as President of neighbouring Pakistan, was asked by several cabinet members to refrain from interfering in the war, owing to the vastly superior military power of the USSR. General Zia, however, was ideologically opposed to the idea of communism taking over a neighbouring country, supported by the fear of Soviet advancement into Pakistan, particularly Balochistan, in search of warm waters, and made no secret about his intentions of monetarily and militarily aiding the Afghan resistance (the Mujahideen) with major assistance from the United States. Economic reform Under Zia, the previous ruler Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's nationalisation policies were slowly reversedcitation needed, and gradual privatisation took placecitation needed. General Zia greatly favoured egalitarianism and industrialisation. Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the highest in the world at that time. Consolidation of Pakistan's nuclear programme Zia contributed to attaining nuclear capability for Pakistan, a program started by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto. The country was made a subject of attack by international organisations for not signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT). Zia deftly neutralised international pressure by tagging Pakistan's nuclear programme to the nuclear designs of neighbouring India. He then drew a five-point proposal as a practical rejoinder to world pressure on Pakistan to sign the NPT; the points including the renouncing of the use of nuclear weapons. He also funded a uranium enrichment plant based at the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in Kahuta under Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. During General Zia's rule the nuclear plan was considered an important national issue and international pressure was difficult to counter unless several other pro-Pakistan nations were also groomed to become nuclear capable. Dr. Khan was assigned this task and given free hand to work with some like minded nations like North Korea, Iran and Libya who also wanted to pursue their nuclear ambitions for a variety of reasons. It was envisaged that this would deflect international pressure on these countries and Pakistan would be spared the international community's wrath.28 Dr. Khan's dismissal from the nuclear programme in 2004 was considered a face saving exercise by the Pakistani military and political establishment under the then President Pervez Musharraf.29 Zia also supported the nuclear program being run in PAEC by Munir Ahmad Khan and sanctioned the launch of the 50 MW heavy water plutonium production reactor at Khushab in 1985. General Zia had promoted Munir Ahmad Khan as his Science Advisor in 1980, a post that was left by dr. Abdus Salam in 1974. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), under the leadership of dr. Ishfaq Ahmad had carried out the first cold test of a nuclear device on 11 March 1983 which was followed by several cold tests throughout the 1980s. The test was supervised by the renowned nuclear physicist dr. Ishfaq Ahmad, and it was witnessed by high-civil and military officials belonging to the different branches of Pakistan Defense Forces. International standing enhancement and resumption of aid Zia's international standing greatly rose after his declaration to fight the Soviet invaders. Pakistan–United States relations took a much more positive turn. U.S. President Jimmy Carter and his Secretary of State, Cyrus Vance, cut off U.S. aid to Pakistan on the grounds that Pakistan had not made sufficient progress on the nuclear issue. Then, on 25 December 1979, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, and Carter offered Pakistan $325 million in aid over three years. Zia rejected this as "peanuts."30 Carter also signed the finding in 1980 that allowed less than $50 million a year to go to the Mujahideen. After Ronald Reagan came to office, defeating Carter for the US Presidency in 1980, all this changed, due to President Reagan's new priorities and the unlikely and remarkably effective effort by Congressman Charles Wilson (D-TX), aided by Joanne Herring, and CIA Afghan Desk Chief Gust Avrakotos to increase the funding for Operation Cyclone. Aid to the Afghan resistance, and to Pakistan, increased substantially, finally reaching $1 billion. The United States, faced with a rival superpower looking as if it were to create another Communist bloc, now engaged Zia to fight a US-aided war by proxy in Afghanistan against the Soviets. Fighting the war by proxy Zia now found himself in a position to demand billions of dollars in aid for the Mujahideen from the Western states, famously dismissing a United States proposed $325 million aid package as "peanuts". Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence and Special Service Group now became actively involved in the conflict, and in cooperation with the Central Intelligence Agency and the United States Army Special Forces supported the armed struggle against the Soviets. In 1981, Ronald Reagan succeeded Jimmy Carter as President of the United States. Reagan was completely against the Soviet Union and its Communist satellites, dubbing it "the evil empire". Reagan now increased financial aid heading for Pakistan. In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet fighters to the Pakistanis. But the Soviets kept control of the Afghan skies until the Mujahideen received Stinger missiles in 1986. From that moment on, the Mujahideen's strategic position steadily improved.

The Soviets declared a policy of national reconciliation. In January they announced that a Soviet withdrawal was no longer linked to the makeup of the Afghan government remaining behind. Pakistan, with the massive extra-governmental and covert backing from the largest operation ever mounted by the CIA and financial support of Saudi Arabia, therefore, played a large part in the eventual withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan in 1988. The war legacy The war left deep scars to the Pakistani society with the menace of Kalashnikov (AK-47 assault rifle) culture spreading all over the country.31 It is estimated that there are currently 20 million firearms in Pakistan, which has a population of about 175 million(as of July 2010) i.e., almost every ninth person has a firearm, most likely an automatic one.32 The rise of the illicit drug trade and its spread through Pakistan to the rest of the world increased tremendously during the Soviet-Afghan war. Afghanistan's drug industry began to take off after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Desperate for cash with which to buy weapons, various elements in the anti-Communist resistance turned to the drug trade. This was tolerated if not condoned by their American sponsors such as the CIA.33 Two Afghan Mujahideen groups later morphed into Jihadist outfits in the shape of Taliban and Al-Qaeda in the early 1990s. The Pakistan and US trained Arab and Afghan fighters later in 2001 initiated a 'Jihad' against US. The links of the spectacular and deadly events of September 11 were deeply rooted in the Soviet-Afghan war. Osama bin Laden invested his inherited money into the Soviet-Afghan war to fight the 'infidel communist power' and was abetted by CIA, ISI, US and Pakistani military establishments for over 10 years.34 To this day Pakistan is bearing the consequences of this strategy and has been dragged deeply into a war with no apparent end. General Zia-ul-Haq's 'Islamisation' Main article: Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations where appropriate. (October 2008) On 2 December 1978, on the occasion of the first day of the Hijra to enforce the Islamic system in Pakistan in a nationwide address, Zia accused politicians of exploiting the name of Islam: "Many a ruler did what they pleased in the name of Islam."citation needed After assuming power, the government began a program of public commitment to enforce Nizam-e-Mustafa (Islamic System), a significant turn from Pakistan's predominantly Anglo-Saxon law, inherited from the British. As a preliminary measure to establish an Islamic society in Pakistan, General Zia announced the establishment of Sharia Benches. Under the Offences Against Property (Hudood Ordinance) Ordinance, 1979; the punishment of imprisonment or fine, or both, as provided in the existing Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) for theft, was substituted by the amputation of the right hand of the offender from the joint of the wrist by a surgeon. For robbery, the right hand of the offender from the wrist and his left foot from the ankle should be amputated by a surgeon. Hudood (حدود, also transliterated Hadud, Hudud; plural for Hadh, حد, limit, or restriction) is the word often used in Islamic social and legal literature for the bounds of acceptable behaviour. Although the punishments were imposed, the due process, witnesses and prosecution system remained un-Islamic Anglo-Saxon. As in Islamic law Hudud can only be given if four witnesses saw the crime happen, in reality hardly anyone can be punished by Islamic Hud laws as very rarely can the conditions for punishment be met. In legal terms, (Islamic law being usually referred to as Sharia, شريعة) the term is used to describe laws that define a certain level of crime classificationcitation needed. Crimes classified under Hudud are the most severe of crimes, such as murder, theft, and adultery. There are minor differences in views between the four major Sunni madh'habs about sentencing and specifications for these laws. It is often argued that, since Sharia is God's law and states certain punishments for each crime, they are immutable. It has been argued by some, that the Hudud portion of Sharia is incompatible with humanism or human rights. Although the Hud punishment were imposed but the Islamic law of evidence was not implemented and remained British in origin. Drinking of wine (i.e. all alcoholic drinks) was not a crime under the PPC. In 1977, however, the drinking and selling of wine by Muslims was banned in Pakistan and the sentence of imprisonment of six months or a fine of Rs. 5000/-, or both, was provided in that law. Under the Zina Ordinance, the provisions relating to adultery were replaced so that the women and the man guilty will be flogged, each of them, with one hundred lashes, if unmarried. And if they are married they shall be stoned to death provided the proof required for hadd is met. That is four Muslim adult male witnesses of good repute to the act of penetration or a voluntary confession in a competent court of law. The Zina Ordinance is fraught with legal ambiguities and the major flaw in this law is the fact that no distinction is made between adultery and rape. Rape is considered no more heinous a crime than zina. The demarcation line between the two offences is so thin in practice, that when a woman comes into the court with a case of rape, she risks being convicted of zina herself, if she cannot prove the rape. The onus of providing proof in a rape case rests with the woman herself. If she is unable to prove her allegation, bringing the case to court is considered equivalent to a confession of sexual intercourse without lawful marriage. Thus this ordinance has been criticized by human rights and women rights activists, lawyers and politicians over the years and sought repealed on many occasions, but so far no attempt of repeal has been successful.35

The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) and the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) were amended, through ordinances in 1980, 1982 and 1986 to declare anything implying disrespect to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, Ahl al-Bayt (family members of Muhammad), Sahaba (companions of Muhammad) and Sha'ar-i-Islam (Islamic symbols), a cognizable offence, punishable with imprisonment or fine, or with both. Laws against Ahmadiyya community of 1984 Another addition to the laws was Ordinance XX of 1984. Under this, the Ahmadiyya were barred from calling themselves Muslims, or using Islamic terminology or practising Islamic rituals. This was actually a contradiction to the true Islamic teachings but resulted in classifying the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community of Pakistan into a minority group in law. Zia was also considered anti-Shia,36 as Zia’s regime saw vicious persecution unleashed against the Shias, who form 20 percent of Pakistan's population in addition to the persecution levied against smaller sects such as the Ahmadiyyas.37 Further during his reign many Shi'a Muslims personalities and politicians were killed, most prominently the judicial killing of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.38 Zia promulgated Ordinance XX on 26 April 1984, banning members of the Ahmadiyya community from performing some of their religious ceremonies and prayers.39 He declared "This Ordinance may be called the Anti-Islamic Activities of the Ahmadis (Prohibition and Punishment) Ordinance, 1984". Although before Zia's rule, in 1974 Pakistan's National Assembly under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto it was declared that Ahmadis are classified as non-Muslims for the definition of the law.40 But it was not sufficient in stopping the missionary activities of the Ahmadiyya community. Article 298-C of the new law states "Any person of the Quadiani group or the Lahori group (who call themselves ‘Ahmadis’ or by any other name), who, directly or indirectly, poses himself as Muslim, or calls, or refers to his faith as Islam, or preaches or propagates his faith, or invites others to accept his faith, by words, either spoken or written, or by visible representations, or in any manner whatsoever outrages the religious feelings of Muslims, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine."4142 Since the military regime of Zia unleashed a wave of persecution in the 1980s, violence against the Ahmadiyya community has never really ceased. Ahmadis continue to be killed and injured, and have their homes and businesses burned down in anti-Ahmadi attacks. The authorities continue to arrest, jail and charge Ahmadis for blasphemy and other offenses because of their religious beliefs. In several instances, the police have been complicit in harassment and the framing of false charges against Ahmadis, or stood by in the face of anti-Ahmadi violence.43 Lal Masjid of Islamabad The land of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque) was awarded to the occupants by Zia ul Haq. The controversial figureheads Maulana Abdul Aziz and Abdul Rashid Ghazi of Jamia Hafsa had special relations with Zia ul Haq and those links were further enhanced by his son Ijaz ul Haq during his term as a minister of religious affairs. The former head of Lal Masjid, Maulana Abdullah who was famous for speeches on Jihad (Holy war), is said to be very close to Zia ul Haq.44 Dismissal of the Junejo government and call for new elections As time passed, the legislature wanted to have more freedom and power and by the beginning of 1988, rumors about the differences between Prime Minister Muhammad Khan Junejo and Zia were rife. On 29 May 1988, General Zia dissolved the Senate and the National Assembly and removed the Prime Minister under article 58(2)b of the amended Constitution. Apart from many other reasons, Prime Minister Junejo's decision to sign the Geneva Accord against the wishes of General Zia, and his open declarations of removing any military personnel found responsible for an explosion at a munitions dump at Ojhri Camp, on the outskirts of army headquarters in Rawalpindi, earlier in the year, proved to be some of the major factors responsible for his removal. Zia played the Islam card to defend himself and the generals against any accusations of misrule and corruptioncitation needed.However since media in Pakistan was brutally gagged in his dayscitation needed, none of his corruption could be documented and brought to lime light by the print media. When accused of trying to cover-up the Ojari camp incident, on 29 May 1988, he invoked an amendment that he had recently added to the Pakistani Constitution that allowed him to dismiss the Prime Minister, dissolve the National Assembly and all provincial assemblies - basically, the entire legislative portions of the government outside of the Presidency. Zia's loyalists in the military were called to form an interim government. Zia justified his actions and diverted attention from his corruptioncitation needed by focusing on how the further Islamization of Pakistan had been negligently delayed by Junejo and his government. Zia promised to hold elections in 1988 after the dismissal of Junejo government. He said that he would hold elections within the next 90 days. The late Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir Bhutto had returned from exile earlier in 1986, and had announced that she would be contesting the elections. With Bhutto's popularity somewhat growing, and a decrease in international aid following the Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan, Zia was in a repetitively difficult political situation. Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD) Main article: Oppression under the regime of General Zia-ul-Haq

In 1983, as a reaction to Zia's policies, the populist Movement for the Restoration of Democracy was born and soon gained popularity in Pakistan's smaller, poorer provinces, especially in Bhutto's home province, Sindh. Mrs Gandhi, Indian PM raised concerns over this brutality and violation of human rights at the hands of Pakistan's military dictatorship (Dawn 14 August 1983).[22] Death Zia died in a plane crash on 17 August 1988. After witnessing a US M1 Abrams tank demonstration in Bahawalpur, Zia had left the small town in the Punjab province by C-130 Hercules aircraft. Shortly after a smooth take-off, the control tower lost contact with the aircraft. Witnesses who saw the plane in the air afterward claim it was flying erratically, then nosedived and exploded on impact. In addition to Zia, 31 others died in the plane crash, including Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Akhtar Abdur Rehman, close associate of General Zia Brigadier Siddique Salik, the American Ambassador to Pakistan Arnold Raphel and General Herbert M. Wassom, the head of the U.S. Military aid mission to Pakistan.4546 Ghulam Ishaq Khan, the Senate Chairman announced Zia's death on radio and TV. The manner of his death has given rise to many conspiracy theories.47 There is speculation that America, India, the Soviet Union (as retaliation for US-Pakistani supported attacks in Afghanistan) or an alliance of them and internal groups were behind the attack.4849 A board of inquiry was set up to investigate the crash. It concluded the most probable cause of the crash was a criminal act of sabotage perpetrated in the aircraft. It also suggested that poisonous gases were released which incapacitated the passengers and crew, which would explain why no Mayday signal was given.50 Funeral and burial Zia's Tomb Grave stone of Zia's grave His funeral was held on 19 August 1988 in Islamabad. Also in attendance was his successor President Ghulam Ishaq Khan, who had earlier officially announced Zia's death in a nationwide address. Honours Knight of the Order of the Rajamitrabhorn (Thailand). Books about Haq's time period Breaking the Curfew by Emma Duncan (1989) ISBN 0-7181-2989-X Working with Zia by General Khalid Mahmud Arif Khaki Shadows by General Khalid Mahmud Arif Desperately Seeking Paradise by Ziauddin Sardar Waiting for Allah by Christina Lamb Ayub, Bhutto, and Zia by Hassan Iftikhar Journey to Disillusionment by Sherbaz Khan Mazari Ghost Wars by Steven Coll General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Shaheed: A Compilation by various authors Charlie Wilson's War by George Crile The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story by Mohammed Yousaf, Mark Adkin (1992) ISBN 0-85052-267-6 A case of Exploding Mangos by Mohammed Hanif Pakistan's Politics The Zia Years by Mushahid Hussain Pakistan Under Martial Law 1977-1985 by Muhammad Waseem Portrayals in popular culture Zia has been portrayed in English language popular culture a number of times including: In the comic Shattered Visage, it is implied that Zia's death was orchestrated by the same intelligence agency that ran The Village from the show The Prisoner. Zia was portrayed by Indian actor Om Puri in the 2007 film Charlie Wilson's War. Zia is caricatured as one of the main protagonists in Mohammed Hanif's 2008 satirical novel A Case of Exploding Mangoes which is loosely based around the events of his death.51 Zia is the basis for the character General Hyder in Salman Rushdie's novel Shame (1983), which describes Zia's long-lasting relationship with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto (here known as Iskander Harrapa), the president whom he would later overthrow and "put to death". See also Establishment (Pakistan) Politics of Pakistan Line of succession to President of Pakistan Black September in Jordan References ^ Hindus Contribution Towards Making Of Pakistan 22 May 2010 Retrieved 28 January 2011 ^ Pakistan's abused Ahmadis, The Economist, 13 Jan 2010 ^ Ḥaqqānī, Husain (2005). Pakistan: between mosque and military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 112. ISBN 0-87003-214-3. http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq&action=edit&section=1. Retrieved 2010-05-23.  ^ POSTCARD USA: The Pakistani flying carpet — Khalid Hasan ^ Gone but not forgotten ^ Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ^ Over 80 killed in Lahore attacks F.P. Lahore Office ^ Book: President of Pakistan, General Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq: January–December 1985 ^ Funeral of Zia ul Haq ^ Zia’s daughter is here ^ Shatrughan reminisces ties with Zia ^ Umeed-e-Noor's efforts for special children lauded ^ In Mumbai, she sends out a prayer for peace ^ US eliminated my father, charges Zia’s daughter ^ Zia through a daughter’s eyes ^ http://ijazulhaq.com/zia/biogrophy1.html ^ a b A.H. Amin. "Interview with Brig (retd) Shamim Yasin Manto" Defence Journal, February 2002 ^ The Consequences of Nuclear Proliferation: Lessons from South Asia By Devin T. Hagerty Published by MIT Press, 1998, ISBN 0-262-58161-2, pp 114 ^ A.H. Amin "Interview with Maj Gen (retd) Naseerullah Khan Babar" Defence Journal, April 2001 issue ^ Ardeshir Cowasjee, "The general's generals" Daily Dawn, 29 June 1995 ^ A.H. Amin "Remembering Our Warriors: Maj Gen (Retd) Tajammal Hussain Malik" Defence Journal, September 2001 ^ a b Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143. Retrieved 2006-11-07.  ^ Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde Diplomatique, October 1977) ^ a b c US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.  ^ Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment ^ Nawaz Sharif Profile on WikiMir source of original citation ^ The History and Culture of Pakistan, Nigel Kelly ISBN 1-901458-67-9 ^ Proliferation Unbound: Nuclear Tales from Pakistan, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan. by Gaurav Kampani,23 February 2004 ^ The Man Who Sold the Bomb, Time.com Sunday, 6 Feb 2005 ^ The Bear Trap, Brig. Muhammad Yousuf ^ Pakistan's Kalashnikov Culture and the CIA-ISI-Saudi Axis, By Alex Constantine ^ Guns in Pakistan ^ The Afghanistan Drug Trade, Forbes.com by Richard McGill Murphy 16 October 1997 ^ US lowers net worth of osama bin Laden, By Katherine Pfleger Shrader, Associated Press writer, 2 September 2004 ^ Rape of the Law ^ Shia Power and the West ^ Shia-Sunni Tensions Surface on Campus ^ The Martyrdom of Benazir Bhutto ^ Pakistan Penal Code, Religious and Ahmadi-specific Laws ^ Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan, PART XII - Miscellaneous, Chapter 5. Interpretation, Article 260(3) ^ SOAS: The case of Zaheer-ud-din v. The State and its impact on the fundamental right to freedom of religion ^ The Economist Article 'We decide whether you're Muslim or not' ^ Human Rights Watch: Pakistan: Massacre of Minority Ahmadis ^ "Profile: Islamabad's Red Mosque". BBC News. 27 July 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/6503477.stm.  ^ Foreign affairs Pakistan by Pakistan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (MOFA, 1988) ^ "Plea in court to revive C-130 crash case" Business Recorder, 22 April 1996 ^ Daily Times Online Edition 4 December 2005 ^ Times Online, 16 August 2008 ^ Hamilton, Dwight. "Terror Threat: International and Homegrown terrorists and their threat to Canada", 2007 ^ The History and Culture of Pakistan by Nigel Kelly. ISBN 1-901458-67-9 ^ Mohammed Hanif (May 2008). A Case of Exploding Mangoes. Knopf. ISBN 0307268071.  External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Annotated Bibliography for Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq Interview with the BBC---Video "Who Killed Zia?" by Edward Jay Epstein for Vanity Fair, September 1989 Official profile at Pakistan Army website The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Chronicles Of Pakistan General Zia-ul-Haq’s plane crash due to mechanical problem (Times of London) Zia ul Haq Profile on WikiMir.com Military offices Preceded by Tikka Khan Chief of Army Staff 1976–1988 Succeeded by Mirza Aslam Beg Political offices Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Prime Minister of Pakistan 1977–1985 Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Preceded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry President of Pakistan 1978–1988 Succeeded by Ghulam Ishaq Khan Preceded by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Minister of Defence 1978 Succeeded by Ali Ahmad Talpur Preceded by Ali Ahmad Talpur Minister of Defence 1985 Succeeded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Preceded by Muhammad Khan Junejo Prime Minister of Pakistan 1988 Succeeded by Benazir Bhutto v · d · e The Regime of Zia-ul-Haq Domestic initiatives

Ascent by coup · Islamization · Trial of Bhutto · '80s economic boom · Rahimuddin's governorship of Balochistan · Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan · Nuclear program consolidation · Ojhri Camp disaster · Assassination of Zia · 1988 elections Administration Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq · Muhammad Khan Junejo · Ghulam Ishaq Khan · Mirza Aslam Beg · Akhtar Abdur Rahman · Hamid Gul · Sahabzada Yaqub Khan · Khalid Mahmud Arif · Sharifuddin Pirzada · Nawaz Sharif · Mahbub ul Haq National parties Allies Pakistan Muslim League · Jamaat-e-Islami · Mohajir Qaumi Movement Opposition Pakistan Peoples Party · Al-Zulfiqar · Movement for Restoration of Democracy Platform successors Pakistan Muslim League (N) · Pakistan Muslim League (Q)  · Pakistan Muslim League (Z) · Islami Jamhoori Ittehad now defunct Foreign front Involvement in events Soviet war in Afghanistan · Subsidization of mujahideen · Siachen conflict · Indian allegations of aiding Khalistan · Refusal to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty · Geneva Accords signing · Theories of external involvement in Zia crash Aligned entities United States · Carter administration · Reagan Administration · Central Intelligence Agency  · United Kingdom  · Thatcher government  · Saudi Arabia · People's Republic of China · Afghan mujahideen Disputers Republic of Afghanistan · People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan · KHAD · India · Soviet Union · Amnesty International v · d · eMartial Law Administrators of Pakistan Chief Martial Law Administrators Gen Ayub Khan · Gen Yahya Khan · Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq · Gen Pervez Musharraf (unstyled) Punjab Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman · Lt Gen Ghulam Jilani Khan Balochistan Lt Gen Rahimuddin Khan · Lt Gen F.S. Khan Lodhi · Lt Gen K.K. Afridi Sindh Lt Gen Rakhman Gul · Lt Gen S.M. Abbasi North-West Frontier Province Lt Gen Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan · Lt Gen Fazle Haq · Lt Gen Jahan Dad Khan v · d · ePresidents of Pakistan (List) I.Mirza · A.Khan · Y.Khan · Z.A.Bhutto · F.I.Chaudhry · Z. ul-Haq · G.I.Khan · W.Sajjad (Acting) · F.Leghari · W.Sajjad (Acting) · M.R.Tarar · P.Musharraf · M.M.Soomro (Acting) · Zardari Italics indicate military rulers v · d · e Cold War Participants and notable figures · ANZUS · NATO · Non-Aligned Movement · SEATO · Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference · Operation Unthinkable · Potsdam Conference · Gouzenko Affair · War in Vietnam (1945–1946) · Iran crisis of 1946 · Greek Civil War · Corfu Channel Incident · Restatement of Policy on Germany · First Indochina War · Truman Doctrine · Asian Relations Conference · Marshall Plan · Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 · Tito–Stalin split · Berlin Blockade · Western betrayal · Iron Curtain · Eastern Bloc · Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Korean War · 1953 Iranian coup d'état · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état · Partition of Vietnam · First Taiwan Strait Crisis · Geneva Summit (1955) · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Suez Crisis · Sputnik crisis · Second Taiwan Strait Crisis · Cuban Revolution · Kitchen Debate · Asian–African Conference · Bricker Amendment · McCarthyism · Operation Gladio · Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis · Sino–Soviet split · 1960 U-2 incident · Bay of Pigs Invasion · Berlin Wall · Cuban Missile Crisis · Vietnam War · 1964 Brazilian coup d'état · United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) · South African Border War · Rhodesian Bush War · Transition to the New Order · Domino theory · ASEAN Declaration · Laotian Civil War · Greek military junta of 1967–1974 · Six-Day War · War of Attrition · Cultural Revolution · Sino-Indian War · Prague Spring · Goulash Communism · Sino–Soviet border conflict 1970s Détente · Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty · Black September in Jordan · Cambodian Civil War · Realpolitik · Ping Pong Diplomacy · Four Power Agreement on Berlin · 1972 Nixon visit to China · 1973 Chilean coup d'état · Yom Kippur War · Strategic Arms Limitation Talks · Angolan Civil War · Mozambican Civil War · Ogaden War · Sino-Albanian split · Cambodian–Vietnamese War · Sino-Vietnamese War · Iranian Revolution · Operation Condor · Bangladesh Liberation War  · Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan · Iran–Iraq War  · 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts · Solidarity (Soviet reaction) · Contras · Central American crisis · RYAN · Korean Air Lines Flight 007 · Able Archer 83 · Star Wars · Invasion of Grenada · People Power Revolution · Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 · United States invasion of Panama · Fall of the Berlin Wall · Revolutions of 1989 · Glasnost · Perestroika 1990s Democratic Revolution in Mongolia · Breakup of Yugoslavia · Dissolution of the Soviet Union · Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Foreign policy Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan · Containment · Eisenhower Doctrine · Domino theory · Kennedy Doctrine · Peaceful coexistence · Ostpolitik · Johnson Doctrine · Brezhnev Doctrine · Nixon Doctrine · Ulbricht Doctrine · Carter Doctrine · Reagan Doctrine · Rollback Ideologies Capitalism (Chicago school · Keynesianism · Monetarism · Neoclassical economics · Supply-side economics · Thatcherism · Reaganomics) · Communism (Marxism–Leninism · Castroism · Eurocommunism · Guevarism · Juche · Left communism · Maoism · Stalinism · Titoism · Trotskyism) · Liberal democracy Organizations ASEAN · CIA · Comecon · EEC · KGB · MI6 · Stasi Propaganda Active measures · Izvestia · Pravda · Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty · Red Scare · TASS · Voice of America · Voice of Russia Races Arms race · Nuclear arms race · Space Race See also Brinkmanship · NATO–Russia relations · Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. · Soviet Union – United States relations · US–Soviet summits · World War III Category · Portal · Timeline v · d · e Military of Pakistan Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee

Chairman Joint Chiefs · National Defence University · Paramilitary forces · Coast Guard · National Command Authority · Military history · UN peacekeeping missions · Weapons of mass destruction · Awards and decorations · Nuclear Doctrine · Inter-Services Intelligence · Arms industry · Inter Services Public Relations · Nuclear power · List of missiles · JAG Army   Azad Kashmir Regiment · Baloch Regiment · Frontier Force Regiment · Northern Light Infantry · Punjab Regiment · Sindh Regiment · Governor General's Bodyguard · Military Academy · Command and Staff College · Special Service Group · Army Rangers · Chief of Army Staff · List of Generals · Army Cantonments Air Force   War College · Academy · Special Service Wing · Air Force Bases · List of aircraft · Chief of Air Staff · Sherdils · PAF Museum · Aeronautical Complex · Institute of Aviation Technology · Schools and colleges Navy   War College · Special Service Group · Chief of Naval Staff · PNS Ghazi · Engineering College · Academy · PNS Hangor · School of Logistics and Management · Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs · P.N.S. Shifa · P.N.S. Rahat  · P.N.S. Mehran · PNS Behr Paima · Marines · Jinnah Naval Base · Kalmat Naval Base  · Naval Air Arm Wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 / 1965 / 1971 · 1970s Baloch Insurgency · Siachen conflict · Kargil War · War in North-West Pakistan Persondata Name Zia Ul-Haq, Muhammad Alternative names Short description Date of birth 12 August 1924 Place of birth Jalandhar, Punjab, British India Date of death 17 August 1988 Place of death Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan

Chairman Joint Chiefs · National Defence University · Paramilitary forces · Coast Guard · National Command Authority · Military history · UN peacekeeping missions · Weapons of mass destruction · Awards and decorations · Nuclear Doctrine · Inter-Services Intelligence · Arms industry · Inter Services Public Relations · Nuclear power · List of missiles · JAG Army   Azad Kashmir Regiment · Baloch Regiment · Frontier Force Regiment · Northern Light Infantry · Punjab Regiment · Sindh Regiment · Governor General's Bodyguard · Military Academy · Command and Staff College · Special Service Group · Army Rangers · Chief of Army Staff · List of Generals · Army Cantonments Air Force   War College · Academy · Special Service Wing · Air Force Bases · List of aircraft · Chief of Air Staff · Sherdils · PAF Museum · Aeronautical Complex · Institute of Aviation Technology · Schools and colleges Navy   War College · Special Service Group · Chief of Naval Staff · PNS Ghazi · Engineering College · Academy · PNS Hangor · School of Logistics and Management · Strategic Institute for Maritime Affairs · P.N.S. Shifa · P.N.S. Rahat  · P.N.S. Mehran · PNS Behr Paima · Marines · Jinnah Naval Base · Kalmat Naval Base  · Naval Air Arm Wars and conflicts Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 / 1965 / 1971 · 1970s Baloch Insurgency · Siachen conflict · Kargil War · War in North-West Pakistan Persondata Name Zia Ul-Haq, Muhammad Alternative names Short description Date of birth 12 August 1924 Place of birth Jalandhar, Punjab, British India Date of death 17 August 1988 Place of death Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan