"City square" redirects here. For other uses, see City square (disambiguation). "Public square" redirects here. For the plaza in Cleveland, see Public Square. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Piazza della Signoria, in Florence A town square is an open public space1 commonly found in the heart of a traditional town used for community gatherings. Other names for town square are civic center, city square, urban square, market square, public square, town green, Platz (from German), plaza (from Spanish), piazza (from Italian), place (from French), praça (from Portuguese), plac (from Polish) and maydan (from Persian and Arabic).

Most town squares are hardscapes suitable for open markets, music concerts, political rallies, and other events that require firm ground. Being centrally located, town squares are usually surrounded by small shops such as bakeries, meat markets, cheese stores, and clothing stores. At their center is often a fountain, well, monument, or statue. Many of those with fountains are actually named Fountain Square. Contents 1 Urban Planning 2 USA 3 United Kingdom 4 China 5 Russia 6 See also 7 References Urban Planning In urban planning, a city square or urban square is a planned open area in a city, usually or originally rectangular in shape. Some city squares are large enough that they act as a sort of "national square". The first urban formations started appearing at least 6000 years ago. Within urban areas open public space always existed and it served a very important purpose. Along with the development of human society and the development of cities, the squares acquired more and more functions. At first, the squares were established at the crossroads of important trade routes where exchange of goods as well as ideas took place. For example, Phoenician trades–people invented numerical and linguistic pictographic inscriptions out of the need to record transactions. Another very important function of the public square was that it served as an opportunity to exercise the power of rulers with military processions and parades.

Wars and inventions of dangerous weapons, where the ambition was not only to capture women and goods, but to destroy enemies, led to cities surrounded by thick walls and elaborate systems of defense. These became very densely populated, but even under these conditions there was always room for an open public space. Its functions were expanding too. Major places of worship were placed there, squares were used as permanent or temporary markets, monuments to important predecessors were erected and revolutions or contra-revolutions were staged. The squares became the location of royal courts, government buildings and city halls as manifestations of wealth and power. They were also used for races, like the Palio race in Siena, bull fights, executions, or even just to collect rain water in large underground cisterns.

In recent times, theaters, restaurants and museums are also finding their place on the squares. Cities themselves, are actually becoming museums, a collection of human experiences that preserve numerous cultural values. Particularly since the invention of motorized traffic, the individual vehicle has almost destroyed most of the open public spaces. A car parking at one point had more value than the accumulated historical inheritance – human cooperation, technological processes, architectural and urban planning – that a square embodies.2 The Tiananmen Square in Beijing Trafalgar Square, London Palace Square, St Petersburg Lindenhof square in Zürich, Switzerland Main square in Rapperswil, Switzerland Market square with 142 apartment buildings in Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland Red Square in Moscow was originally used as an outdoor marketplace and later became the stage for Soviet military parades and May Day demonstrations. Palace Square in St Petersburg was designed to be the central square of Imperial Russia and ironically became the setting of revolutionary protests that led to the overthrow of monarchy during the February Revolution of 1917. Similarly, Beijing's Tiananmen Square was the scene of both communist parades and anti-government protests. John-F.-Kennedy-Platz (formerly Rudolph-Wilde-Platz) was the site of the West Berlin town hall and John F. Kennedy's famous Ich bin ein Berliner speech. New York City's Times Square as well as Bryant Park and Washington, D.C.'s National Mall often fill this role for the United States. Trafalgar Square in London does the same for the United Kingdom. Dundas Square in Toronto is a renowned and famous square in Canada. Dam Square in Amsterdam for the Netherlands. Three squares: Main Market Square, Kraków, Town Square in Piotrków Trybunalski and Castle Square, Warsaw for Poland. The City Hall Square, Copenhagen for Denmark Trg Republike, Belgrade for Serbia USA Soldiers and Sailors is a town square monument that Grover Cleveland laid a cornerstone for and later dedicated in Lafayette Square, Buffalo.

In the United States, a town square typically consists of a park or plaza in front of the original county courthouse or town hall. In some cities, especially in New England in the U.S., the term "square" (as its Spanish equivalent, Plaza) is applied to a commercial area (e.g., Central Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts), usually formed around the intersection of three or more streets, and which originally consisted of some open area (many of which have been filled in with traffic islands and other traffic calming features). United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, and especially in London and Edinburgh, a "square" has a wider meaning. There are public squares of the type described above but the term is also used for formal open spaces surrounded by houses with private gardens at the centre, sometimes known as garden squares. Most of these were built in the 18th and 19th centuries. In some cases the gardens are now open to the public. See the Squares in London category. Additionally, many public squares were created in towns and cities across the UK as part of urban redevelopment following the blitz. Squares can also be quite small and resemble courtyards, especially in the City of London. China

In Mainland China, People's Square is a common designation for the central town square of modern Chinese cities, established as part of urban modernization within the last few decades. These squares are the site of government buildings, museums and other public buildings. The probably best-known and largest such square in China is the Shanghai People's Square.citation? - Tienanmen Square? Russia In Russia, central square (Russian: центра́льная пло́щадь, romanised: tsentráĺnaya plóshchad́) is a common term for an open area in the heart of the town used for community gatherings. Often it has no official name or is informally referred to as central square. The name of the town can be added to specify the meaning. Central squares are usually located opposite the administration building or some major landmark, e.g. a Great Patriotic War memorial or a cathedral. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Urban squares Cathedral Square List of city squares List of city squares by size Village green References ^ Pages 8-3 and 78 in Watch this Space: Designing, Defending, and Sharing Public Space, by Hadley Dyer and Marc Ngui, Kids Can Press (2010), hardcover, 80 pages, ISBN-13: 9781554532933 ^ http://urbansquares.com