"Español" redirects here. For other uses, see Español (disambiguation). "Espagnol" redirects here. For the wine grape, see Cinsaut. Spanish, Castilian Español, castellano Pronunciation [espaˈɲol], [kasteˈʎano] Spoken in (see below) Total speakers First language 3291 million to 400234 million. 500 million as first or second language.5 Ranking 2 (native speakers)6 3 (total speakers)7 Language family Indo-European Italic Romance Italo-Western Gallo-Iberian Ibero-Romance West Iberian Spanish, Castilian Writing system Latin (Spanish variant) Official status Official language in 21 countries, United Nations, European Union, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, Union of South American Nations, Central American Integration System, African Union, Caricom, World Trade Organization, North American Free Trade Agreement, Andean Community of Nations, Mercosur, Inter-American Development Bank, Latin Union, Antarctic Treaty. Regulated by Association of Spanish Language Academies (Real Academia Española and 21 other national Spanish language academies) Language codes ISO 639-1 es ISO 639-2 spa ISO 639-3 spa Linguasphere –   Countries where Spanish has official status.   States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population.   States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10-20% of the population.   States of the U.S. where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5-9.9% of the population. Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. Spanish or Castilian (español or castellano in Spanish) is a Romance language in the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several languages and dialects in the central-north of Iberia during the 9th century8 and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia during the later Medieval period. Modern Spanish developed with the "Readjustment of the Consonants" (Reajuste de las Sibilantes) that began in 15th century. The language continues to adopt foreign words from a variety of other languages, as well as developing new words. Spanish was taken most notably to the Americas as well as to Africa and Asia Pacific with the expansion of the Spanish Empire between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries, where it became the most important language for government and trade.9 In 1999, there were 358 million people speaking Spanish as a native language and a total of 417 million speakers10 worldwide. Currently these figures are up to 40034 and 5005 million people respectively. Spanish is the second most natively spoken language in the world, after Mandarin Chinese.6 Mexico contains the largest population of Spanish speakers. Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, and used as an official language of the European Union, and Mercosur. Spanish is the second most studied language in the world, after English.1112 Contents 1 History 2 Geographic distribution 3 Hispanosphere 3.1 Europe 3.1.1 Spain 3.2 Americas 3.2.1 Latin America 3.2.2 United States 3.3 Africa 3.4 Asia 3.5 Oceania 3.6 Antarctica 4 Accent variation 4.1 Voseo 4.1.1 Grammar 4.1.2 Extension in Latin America 4.2 Ustedes 4.3 Vocabulary 5 Royal Spanish Academy 5.1 Association of Spanish Language Academies 6 Classification and related languages 6.1 Judaeo-Spanish 6.2 Vocabulary comparison 6.3 Characterisation 7 Writing system 8 Phonology 8.1 Lexical stress 8.2 V and B 9 Grammar 10 Instituto Cervantes 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links // History Main article: History of the Spanish language A page of Cantar de Mio Cid, the oldest preserved Spanish epic poem, in mediaeval Castilian. Castilian evolved from Vulgar Latin (common Latin) that had been introduced to the Iberian Peninsula by Romans during the Second Punic War around 210 BC, with influences from native languages such as Celtiberian, Basque and other paleohispanic languages, and later external influences, most notably Arabic of the Andalusian period.13 Local versions of Vulgar Latin are thought to have evolved into Castilian in the central-north of the Iberia during the 9th and 10th centuries, in an area defined by the remote crossroad strips of Alava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja, within the Kingdom of Castile (see Glosas Emilianenses). In this formative stage, Castilian developed a strongly differing variant from its near cousin, Leonese, with a strong degree of Basque influence, (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect progressively spread south with the advance of the Reconquista. Antonio de Nebrija author of the Gramática , the first Grammar of modern European languages. In the fifteenth century, Castilian underwent a dramatic change with the Readjustment of the Consonants (Reajuste de las sibilantes). Typical features of Spanish diachronic phonology include lenition (Latin vita, Spanish vida), palatalisation (Latin annum, Spanish año, and Latin anellum, Spanish anillo) and diphthongisation (stem-changing) of stressed short e and o from Vulgar Latin (Latin terra, Spanish tierra; Latin novus, Spanish nuevo). Similar phenomena can be found in other Romance languages as well. The first Spanish grammar (Gramática de la lengua castellana) — and, incidentally, the first grammar of any modern European language14 — was written in Salamanca, Spain, in 1492, by Elio Antonio de Nebrija. When he presented it to Queen Isabella, according to anecdote, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire.15 Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra In his introduction to the grammar, dated August 18, 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."16 From the 16th century onwards, the language was taken to the Americas and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra's influence on the Spanish language from the 17th century has been so great that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").17 In the 20th century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language. Geographic distribution Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the Organisation of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Latin Union, and the Caricom and has legal status in the North American Free Trade Agreement. Country Population 18 Spanish as a native language speakers19 Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official) or as a foreign language (where it is not official)2021 Spanish speakers as percentage of population22 Total number of Spanish speakers  Mexico 112,396,211 23 103,527,885 7,110,031 98.5% 110,637,916  United States 309,059,724 24 44,468,501 25 6,231,499 + Students 15.8% 26 50,000,00027 + 7,820,000 students28  Spain 47,021,031 29 41,848,717 30 4,581,088 98.8% 46,456,779  Colombia 45,783,000 31 45,338,905 77,831 99.2% 45,416,736  Argentina 40,900,496 32 39,608,040 1,047,053 99.4% 40,655,093  Venezuela 29,056,000 33 28,033,228 674,100 98.8% 28,707,328  Peru 29.797.694 34 23,769,620 2,035,183 86.6% 25,804,803  Chile 17,248,450 35 15,513,255 1,600,024 99.3% 17,127,711  Ecuador 14,306,000 36 13,298,858 733,324 98.1% 14,024,376  Guatemala 14,361,666 37 9,291,997 3,116,482 86.4% 12,408,479  Cuba 11,235,863 38 11,235,863 99.4% 11,168,448  Dominican Republic 11,235,863 39 10,120,705 62,558 99.6% 10,184,100  Bolivia 10,426,154 40 4,350,833 4,813,756 87.9% 9,164,589  Honduras 8,215,313 41 7,981,998 151,161 99.0% 8,133,159  Morocco 29,680,069 42 20,000 43 6,479,935 21.9% 44 6,499,935  El Salvador 6,183,002 45 6,183,002 99.7% 6,164,451  France 64,057,790 440,106 46 5,721,380 9.6% 6,161,486  Nicaragua 5,822,000 47 5,088,428 551,328 97.0% 5,647,340  Costa Rica 4,615,646 48 4,345,130 87,126 99.2% 4,432,256  Paraguay 6,460,000 49 369,000 4,043,555 69.5% 4,489,700  Puerto Rico 3,998,000 50 3,802,098 51 147,334 98.8% 3,950,024  United Kingdom 60,943,912 107,654 52 3,814,846 6.4% 3,922,500  Uruguay 3,372,000 53 3,257,352 77,303 98.9 3,334,908  Panama 3,508,000 54 2,622,720 476,419 93.1% 3,179,365  Philippines 96,061,683 2,660 55 3,014,115 3.1% 3,016,773 56  Germany 82,369,548 140,000 57 2,566,972 3.2% 2,706,972  Italy 58,145,321 89,905 58 1,968,320 3.5% 2,058,225  Equatorial Guinea 1,153,915 59 n.a. 1,044,293 90.5% 60 1,044,293  Canada 33,212,696 909,000 61 92,853 3% 1,001,853  Portugal 10,676,910 9,744 727,282 6.9% 737,026  Netherlands 16,645,313 19,978 62 662,116 4.1% 682,094  Belgium 10,403,951 85,990 63 515,939 5.8% 601,929  Romania 22,246,862 544,531 2.4% 544,531  Sweden 9,045,389 101,472 64 442,601 6% 544,073  Australia 21,007,310 106,517 65 374,571 66 2.3% 481,088 67  Brazil 185.712.713 445,005 68 5 million students69 unknown  Poland 38,500,696 316,104 0.8% 316,104  Austria 8,205,533 267,177 3.3% 267,177  Ivory Coast 20,179,602 235,806 70 1.2% 235,806  Algeria 33,769,669 223,000 71 0.7% 223,379  Denmark 5,484,723 219,003 4% 219,003  Israel 7,112,359 130,000 72 45,231 2.5% 175,231 73  Switzerland 7,581,520 123,000 74 14,420 1.7% 75 137,420  Japan 127,288,419 76,565 76 60,000 0.1% 136,565  Bulgaria 7,262,675 133,910 1.8% 133,910  Belize 301,270 106,795 77 21,848 42.7% 128,643 77  Netherlands Antilles 223,652 10,699 114,835 56.1% 125,534  Ireland 4,156,119 123,591 3% 123,591  Senegal 12,853,259 101,455 0.8% 101,455  Greece 10,722,816 86,742 0.8% 86,742  Finland 5,244,749 85,586 1.6% 85,586  Hungary 9,930,915 85,034 0.9% 85,034  Aruba 100,018 6,800 68,602 75.3% 75,402  Croatia 4,491,543 73,656 1.6% 73,656  Andorra 84,484 29,907 78 25,356 68.7% 79 58,040  Slovakia 5,455,407 43,164 0.8% 43,164  Norway 4,644,457 12,573 23,677 0.8% 36,250  Russia 140,702,094 3,320 20,000 80 0.01% 23,320  New Zealand 4,173,460 21,645 81 0.5% 21,645  Guam 154,805 19,092 12.3% 19,092 Virgin Islands 108,612 16,788 15.5% 16,788  China 1,345,751,000 2,29282 12,835 0.001124% 15,127  Lithuania 3,565,205 13,943 0.4% 13,943  Gibraltar 27,967 13,857 49.5% 13,857  Cyprus 792,604 1.4% 11,044  Turkey 71,892,807 380 8,000 83 0.01% 8,380  Jamaica 2,804,322 8,000 0.3% 8,000  Luxembourg 486,006 3,000 4,344 1.5% 7,344  Malta 403,532 6,458 1.6% 6,458  Trinidad and Tobago 1,047,366 4,100 0.4% 4,100  Western Sahara 513,000 18 n.a.84 n.a. n.a. n.a. Other immigrants in the E.U. 1,399,531 85 1,399,531 Other students of Spanish 2,895,562 86 2,895,562 Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official: 427,440,053 2 32,928,599 460,368,652 87 Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language: 89,983,399 517,423,452 88 Hispanosphere See also: Hispanophone Active learning of Spanish.89

It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the third most spoken language by total number of speakers (after Chinese, and English). Spanish is the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers.9091 Global internet usage statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and Chinese. 92 Europe Spanish spoken in the European Union In Europe, Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is widely spoken in Gibraltar, though English is the official language.93 It is the most spoken language in Andorra, though Catalan is the official language.9495 Spanish is spoken in 20 different countries worldwide. It is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.96 Spanish is an official language of the European Union. In Switzerland, Spanish is the native language of 1.7% of the population, representing the largest minority after the 4 official languages of the country.97 Spain Main article: Names given to the Spanish language In Spain and in some parts of the Spanish speaking world, but not all, Spanish is called castellano (Castilian) as well as español (Spanish), that is, the language of the Castile region, contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan. In this manner, the Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the official language of the whole Spanish State, as opposed to las demás lenguas españolas (lit. the rest of the Spanish languages). Article III reads as follows: El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (...) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas... Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. (...) The rest of the Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities... The Spanish Royal Academy uses the term español (rather than "castellano") in its publications, due to the fact that "the term derives from the Provenzal word espaignol, which in turn derives from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, which means 'from -- or pertaining to -- Hispania'".98 The Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas (a linguistic guide published by the Spanish Royal Academy) states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms (español and castellano) are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.99 Currently, the name castellano, which refers directly to the historical context in which it was introduced in the Americas, is preferred in Spaincitation needed due to the existence of regions where other official languages are spoken (Catalonia, Basque Country, Valencia, Balearic Islands and Galicia) as well as in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, instead of españolcitation needed, which is more commonly used to refer to the language as a whole when relating to a global context. Americas Latin America Main article: Hispanic America Most Spanish speakers are in Latin America; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside the Americas. Mexico has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure—of Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with Quechua and Aymara), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico , Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní100), Peru (co-official with Quechua and, in some regions, Aymara), Uruguay, and Venezuela. Spanish is also the official language (co-official with English) in Puerto Rico.101 Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.102103 Mainly, it is spoken by the descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the 17th century; however, English is the official language.104 Spain colonized Trinidad and Tobago first in 1498, introducing the Spanish language to the Carib people. Also the Cocoa Panyols, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "Parang" ("Parranda") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is greatly influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1 500 inhabitants speak Spanish.105 In 2004, the government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.106 Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.105 Spanish is important in Brazil because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors, and because of its membership in the Mercosur trading bloc and the Union of South American Nations.107 In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.108 In many border towns and villages (especially in the Uruguayan-Brazilian and Paraguayan-Brazilian border areas), a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.109 United States Main article: Spanish language in the United States Spanish spoken in the United States. Darker shades of blue indicate higher percentages of Spanish speakers. According to 2006 census data, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were Hispanic or Latino by origin;110 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population more than five years old speak Spanish at home.111 Spanish has a long history in the United States because many south-western states were part of Mexico, and Florida was also part of Spain, and it recently has been revitalized by Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught language in the country after English. Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states in addition to English; in the U.S. state of New Mexico for instance, 40% of the population speaks the language. It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York City, Las Vegas, and Chicago and in the last decade, the language has rapidly expanded in Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Phoenix, Richmond, Washington, DC, and Missouri. Spanish is the dominant spoken language in Puerto Rico, a U.S. territory. With a total of 33,701,181 Spanish (Castilian) speakers, according to US Census Bureau,112 the U.S. has the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking population.113 Spanish ranks second, behind English, as the language spoken most widely at home.114 Africa In Africa, Spanish is official in Equatorial Guinea (co-official with French and Portuguese), as well as an official language of the African Union. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people) are counted, while Fang is the most spoken language by number of native speakers.115116 Today, in Western Sahara, a former spanish colony, an unknown number of Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish, and several thousands have received university education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly in Cuba and Spain). It is also spoken in the Spanish cities in continental North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla) and in the autonomous community of Canary Islands (143,000 and 1,995,833 people, respectively). Within Northern Morocco, a former Franco-Spanish protectorate that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish as a second language.117 It is spoken by some communities of Angola, because of the Cuban influence from the Cold War, and in Nigeria by the descendants of Afro-Cuban ex-slaves.citation needed Asia

Spanish was used by the colonial governments and the educated classes in the former Spanish East Indies, namely the Philippines, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. From 1565 to 1973 it was an official language of the Philippines. Up to 1899 it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken as a first language mainly by Spaniards and Filipinos educated in Spanish. In the mid 19th century the colonial government set up a free public school system with Spanish as the medium of instruction. This increased the use of Spanish throughout the islands and led to a class of Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados. Although Spanish never became the language of a majority of the population,118 Philippine literature and press primarily used Spanish up to the 1940s. It continued as an official language until the change of Constitution in 1973. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands in 1899, the American government increasingly imposed English, especially after the 1920s. The US authorities conducted a campaign of introducing English as the medium of instruction in schools, universities and public spaces, and prohibited the use of Spanish in media and educational institutions. After the country became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the Ferdinand Marcos administration. In 2007 the Arroyo administration announced that it would pass legislation to reintroduce Spanish in the Philippine education system. In 2010 a Memorandum was signed between Spanish and Philippine authorities to cooperate in implementing this decree. Today, Radio Manila broadcasts daily in Spanish. Worthy of mention is the Chabacano language spoken by 600,000 people both in the Philippines and Sabah. Chabacano, a Spanish-Philippine pidgin, sounds strange to Spanish speakers but is mutually intelligible. The local languages of the Philippines retain much Spanish influence, with many words coming from or being derived from Castilian Spanish and Mexican Spanish, due to the control of the islands by Madrid through Mexico City.119 Oceania Among the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is also spoken in Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. The U.S. Territories of Guam and Northern Marianas, and the independent states of Palau, Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia all once had majority Spanish speakers, since the Marianas and the Caroline Islands were Spanish colonial possessions until the late 19th century (see Spanish-American War), but Spanish is no longer used by the masses but there are still native and second-language speakers. It also exists as an influence on the local native languages and is spoken by Hispanic American resident populations. Antarctica The Antarctic Treaty regulates international relations with respect to Antarctica. Argentina and Chile, both Spanish speaking countries, claim territories according to this treaty. The Argentine Antarctica sector had a winter population of 169 in 1999, and in the Chilean Antarctic Territory, according to the national census of 2002, the population was 130 (115 male, 15 female).120 Accent variation Main article: Spanish dialects and varieties There are important variations spoken among the regions of Spain and throughout Spanish-speaking America. One major phonological difference between Castilian, broadly speaking, the accents spoken in most of Spain, and the accent of much of southern Spain, the Canary Islands and all the Latin American accents of Spanish, is the absence of a voiceless dental fricative (/θ/ as in English thing) in the latter.121 In Spain, the Castilian accent is commonly regarded as the standard variety used on radio and television,122123124125 although attitudes towards southern accents have changed significantly in the last 50 years. In addition to variations in pronunciation, minor lexical and grammatical differences exist. For example, loísmo is the use of slightly different pronouns and differs from the standard. The variety with the most speakers is Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by more than the twenty percent of the Spanish speakers (107 million of the total 494 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the reduction or loss of the unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.126127 Voseo Main article: Voseo An examination of the dominance and stress of the voseo dialect in Latin America. Data generated as illustrated by the Association of Spanish Language Academies. The darker the country, the stronger its dominance. Spanish has three second-person singular pronouns: tú, usted, and vos. The use of the pronoun vos and/or its verb forms is called voseo. As the voseo was used during the Franco regime, it is now substituted by the singular usted and the plurar ustedes. Grammar Vos is the subject form (vos decís) [you say] and object of a preposition (a vos digo) [to you I say], while "os" is the direct object form (os vi) [I saw you] and indirect object without express preposition (os digo) [I say to you].128 Since vos is historically the 2nd-person plural, verbs are conjugated as such despite the fact the word now refers to a single person: «Han luchado, añadió dirigiéndose a Tarradellas, [...] por mantenerse fieles a las instituciones que vos representáis» (GaCandau Madrid-Barça [Esp. 1996]). The possessive form is vuestro: Admiro vuestra valentía, señora. Adjectives, when used in conjunction with vos, do not agree with the pronoun but instead with the real referents in gender and number: Vos, don Pedro, sois caritativo; Vos, bellas damas, sois ingeniosas.128 Two main types of voseo may be distinguished: reverential and American dialectal. In archaic solemn usage, voseo expressed special reverence and could be used to address both the second person singular and the second person plural. In contrast, the more commonly known American form of voseo is always used to address only one speaker and implies closeness and familiarity.128 Unlike the first type, the second one need not involve vos and may instead be expressed simply in the use of the plural form of the verb (even in combination with the pronoun tú). The pronominal voseo employs the use of vos as a pronoun to replace tú and de ti, which are second-person singular informal. 128 As a subject vos employs: «Puede que vos tengás razón» (Herrera Casa [Ven. 1985]) instead of «Puede que tú tengas razón» As a vocative: «¿Por qué vos la tenés contra Álvaro Arzú ?» (Prensa [Guat.] 3.4.97) instead of «¿Por qué tú la tienes contra Álvaro Arzú?» As a term of preposition: «Cada vez que sale con vos, se enferma» (Penerini Aventura [Arg. 1999]) instead of «Cada vez que sale contigo, se enferma» And as a term of comparison: «Es por lo menos tan actor como vos» (Cuzzani Cortés [Arg. 1988]) instead of «Es por lo menos tan actor como tú» 128 However, for the pronombre átono (that which uses the pronominal verbs and its complements without preposition) and for the possessive, they employ the forms of tuteo (te, tu, and tuyo), respectively: «Vos te acostaste con el tuerto» (Gené Ulf [Arg. 1988]); «Lugar que odio [...] como te odio a vos» (Rossi María [C. Rica 1985]); «No cerrés tus ojos» (Flores Siguamonta [Guat. 1993]). In other words, in the previous examples the authors conjugate the pronoun subject vos with the pronominal verbs and its complements of tú.128 The verbal voseo consists of the use of the second person plural, more or less modified, for the conjugated forms of the second person singular: vos vivís, vos comés. The verbal paradigm of voseante is characterized by its complexity. On the one hand, it affects, to a distinct extent, each verbal tense. On the other hand, it varies in functions of geographic and social factors and not all the forms are accepted in cultured norms.128 Extension in Latin America The voseo pronoun is used in Central America's Nicaragua more frequently than in neighboring countries.

Vos is used extensively as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of tuteo in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, most of Peru and Venezuela, Coastal Ecuador and the Andine coast of Colombia. They alternate tuteo as a cultured form and voseo as a popular or rural form in: Bolivia, north and south of Peru, Andean Ecuador, small zones of the Venezuelan Andes, a great part of Colombia, and the oriental border of Cuba. Tuteo exists as an intermediate formality of treatment and voseo as a familiar treatment in: Chile, the Venezuelan Zulia State, the Pacific coast of Colombia, and the Mexican state of Chiapas. Areas of generalized voseo include Argentina, Costa Rica, East of Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian region of Valle and Antioquia.128 Ustedes Spanish forms also differ regarding second-person plural pronouns. "Usted" (Ud.) was initially the written abbreviation of "vuestra merced" (your grace). The dialects of Latin America have only one form of the second-person plural for daily use, ustedes (formal or familiar, as the case may be, though vosotros non-formal usage can sometimes appear in poetry and rhetorical or literary style). In Spain there are two forms — ustedes (formal) and vosotros (familiar). The pronoun vosotros is the plural form of tú in most of Spain, but in the Americas (and in certain southern Spanish cities such as Cádiz and in the Canary Islands) it is replaced with ustedes. It is notable that the use of ustedes for the informal plural "you" in southern Spain does not follow the usual rule for pronoun–verb agreement; e.g., while the formal form for "you go", ustedes van, uses the third-person plural form of the verb, in Cádiz or Seville the informal form is constructed as ustedes vais, using the second-person plural of the verb. In the Canary Islands, though, the usual pronoun–verb agreement is preserved in most cases. The 'ustedeo' is mainly used in Costa Rica and Colombia In Honduras especially in San Pedro Sula, Honduras, "usted" is used as a formal pronoun between couples. It is used to portray respect between the romantic couple, while between colleagues and friends "vos" is used. "Usted" is also used to portray respect between someone whom is a generation older or is of higher authority. Vocabulary Some words can be different, even significantly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca, palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco), and Uruguay. The everyday Spanish words coger ('to take'), pisar ('to step on') and concha ('seashell') are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of coger and pisar is also "to have sex" and concha means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (pinche) is an obscenity in Mexico, but in Nicaragua it simply means "stingy", and in Spain refers to a chef's helper. Other examples include taco, which means "swearword" (among other meanings) in Spain and "traffic jam" in Chile, but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish. Pija in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in Spain the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby". Coche, which means "car" in Spain, central Mexico and Argentina, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means "baby-stroller", while carro means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain. Papaya is the slang term for "vagina" in the parts of Cuba and Venezuela, where the fruit is instead called fruta bomba and "lechosa", respectively.129130 Royal Spanish Academy The Royal Spanish Academy Headquarters in Madrid, Spain The Real Academia Española (Royal Spanish Academy), founded in 1713,131 together with the 21 other national ones (see Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.citation needed Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.citation needed Association of Spanish Language Academies Countries members of the ASALE.132 The Association of Spanish Language Academies (Spanish: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It comprises the academies of 22 countries, ordered by date of Academy foundation: Spain (1713133), Colombia (1871134), Ecuador (1874135), Mexico (1875136), El Salvador (1876137), Venezuela (1883138), Chile (1885139), Peru (1887140), Guatemala (1887141), Costa Rica (1923142), Philippines (1924143), Panama (1926144), Cuba (1926145), Paraguay (1927146), Dominican Republic (1927147), Bolivia (1927148), Nicaragua (1928149), Argentina (1931150), Uruguay (1943151), Honduras (1949152), Puerto Rico (1955153), and United States (1973154). Classification and related languages Spanish is closely related to the other West Iberian Romance languages: Asturian, Galician, Ladino, Leonese and Portuguese. Catalan, an East Iberian language which exhibits many Gallo-Romance traits, is more similar to Occitan to the east than to Spanish or Portuguese. It should be noted that although Portuguese and Spanish are very closely related, particularly in vocabulary (89% lexically similar according to the Ethnologue of Languages), syntax and grammar, there are also some differences between them, but they do not impede mutual intelligibility in any marked way. Portuguese and Spanish speakers can often communicate with one another in their own language and understand each other very well. Judaeo-Spanish Further information: Judaeo-Spanish Judaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino),155 which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the Sephardi Jews who were expelled from Spain in the 15th century.155 Therefore, its relationship to Spanish is comparable with that of the Yiddish language to German. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans: current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, and the United States, with a few pockets in Latin America.155 It lacks the Native American vocabulary which was influential during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Castilian, including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled. Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian. A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region. Vocabulary comparison Spanish and Italian share a similar phonological system. At present, the lexical similarity with Italian is estimated at 82%.156 The lexical similarity with Portuguese is greater at 89%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and French or Romanian is lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%156): comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is low at an estimated 45% – the same as English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would. Latin Spanish Galician Portuguese Astur-Leonese Aragonese Catalan Italian French Romanian English nos nosotros nós nós (outros)¹ nós, nosotros nusatros nosaltres (archaically also nós) noi (altri)² nous (autres)³ noi we frater germanum (lit. "true brother") hermano irmán irmão hermanu chirmán germà (archaically also frare)5 fratello frère frate brother dies Martis (Classical)

feria tertia (Ecclesiastical) martes martes terça-feira martes martes,"martz" dimarts martedì mardi marţi Tuesday cantiō (nem, acc.), canticum canción canción/cançom4 canção canción (in asturian canciu) canta cançó canzone chanson cântec song magis or plus más (archaically also plus) máis mais (archaically also chus/plus) más más,"més" més (archaically also pus) più plus mai/plus more manum sinistram (acc.) mano izquierda (also mano siniestra) man esquerda mão esquerda (also sinistra and archaically also sẽestra) mano esquierda (in asturian manzorga) man cucha mà esquerra mano sinistra main gauche mâna stângă left hand nihil or nullam rem natam (acc.) (lit. "no thing born") nada nada/ren nada (neca and nula rés in some expressions; archaically also rem) nada (in asturian un res is the same of nada) cosa res niente/nulla rien/nul nimic/nul nothing 1. also nós outros in early modern Portuguese (e.g. The Lusiads) 2. noi altri in Southern Italian dialects and languages 3. Alternatively nous autres 4. Depending on the written norm used. See Reintegracionismo 5. Medieval Catalan, e.g. Llibre dels feits del rei en Jacme Characterisation A defining feature of Spanish was the diphthongization of the Latin short vowels e and o into ie and ue, respectively, when they were stressed. Similar sound changes are found in other Romance languages, but in Spanish, they were significant. Some examples: Lat. petram > Sp. piedra, It. pietra, Fr. pierre, Rom. piatrǎ, Port./Gal. pedra, Ar. piedra, Ast. piedra, Cat. pedra "stone". Lat. moritur > Sp. muere, It. muore, Fr. meurt / muert, Rom. moare, Port./Gal. morre, Ar. muere, Ast. muerre, Cat. mor "die". Peculiar to early Spanish (as in the Gascon dialect of Occitan, and possibly due to a Basque substratum) was the mutation of Latin initial f- into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. Compare for instance: Lat. filium > It. figlio, Port. filho, Ar. fillo, Gal. fillo, Ast. fíu, Fr. fils, Cat. fill, Occitan filh, Rom. fiu, (but Gascon hilh) Sp. hijo (but Ladino fijo); Lat. fabulari > Lad. favlar, Port./Gal. falar, Ar. fablar, Ast. falar, Sp. hablar; but Lat. focum > It. fuoco, Port./Gal. fogo, Rom. foc, Ar. fuego, Ast. fueu Cat. foc, Sp./Lad. fuego. Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, for example: Lat. clamare, acc. flammam, plenum > Lad. lyamar, flama, pleno; Sp. llamar, llama, lleno. However, in Spanish there are also the forms clamar, flama, pleno; Port. chamar, chama, cheio; Rom. chema, flacără, plin; Gal. chamar, chama, cheo; Ast. llamar, llama, llenu. Lat. acc. octo, noctem, multum > Lad. ocho, noche, muncho; Sp. ocho, noche, mucho; Port. oito, noite, muito; Gal. oito, noite, moito; Rom. opt, noapte, mult; Ast. ocho, nueche, munchu. By the 16th century, the consonant system of Spanish underwent the following important changes that differentiated it from neighbouring Romance languages such as Portuguese and Catalan: Initial /f/, when it had evolved into a vacillating /h/, was lost in most words (although this etymological h- is preserved in spelling and in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still aspirated in some words). The consonant written ‹u› or ‹v› (in Latin, this was [w], at the time of the merger it may have been a bilabial fricative /β/) merged with the consonant written ‹b› (a voiced bilabial plosive, /b/). In contemporary Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic ‹b› and ‹v›, excepting emphatic pronunciations that cannot be considered standard or natural.citation needed The voiced alveolar fricative /z/ which existed as a separate phoneme in medieval Spanish merged with its voiceless counterpart /s/. The phoneme which resulted from this merger is currently spelled s. The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /ʃ/, which evolved into the modern velar sound /x/ by the 17th century, now written with j, or g before e, i. Nevertheless, in most parts of Argentina and in Uruguay, y and ll have both evolved to /ʒ/ or /ʃ/. The voiced alveolar affricate /d͡z/ merged with its voiceless counterpart /t͡s/, which then developed into the interdental /θ/, now written z, or c before e, i. But in Andalusia, the Canary Islands and the Americas this sound merged with /s/ as well. See Ceceo, for further information. The consonant system of Mediaeval Spanish has been better preserved in Ladino and in Portuguese, neither of which underwent these shifts Writing system Main article: Spanish orthography   Spanish language Don Quixote, master work in Spanish literature. Overview Pronunciation · History · Orthography · Varieties Names given to the Spanish language Grammar Determiners · Nouns · Pronouns Adjectives · Prepositions Verbs (conjugation • irregular verbs) v · d · e Spanish is written in the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the character ‹ñ› (eñe, representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from ‹n›, although typographically composed of an ‹n› with a tilde) and the digraphs ‹ch› (che, representing the phoneme /t͡ʃ/) and ‹ll› (elle, representing the phoneme /ʎ/). However, the digraph ‹rr› (erre fuerte, 'strong r", erre doble, 'double r', or simply erre), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ‹ch› and ‹ll› have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with ‹ch› are now alphabetically sorted between those with ‹ce› and ‹ci› , instead of following ‹cz› as they used to. The situation is similar for ‹ll›.157158 Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters and 2 digraphs: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.159 ch,160 ll.161 The letters "k" and "w" are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whiskey, William, etc.). With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as México (see Toponymy of Mexico), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ‹y›) or with a vowel followed by ‹n› or ‹s›; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the stressed vowel. The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic: compare el ('the', masculine singular definite article) with él ('he' or 'it'), or te ('you', object pronoun), de (preposition 'of'), and se (reflexive pronoun) with té ('tea'), dé ('give' [formal imperative/third-person present subjunctive]) and sé ('I know' or imperative 'be'). The interrogative pronouns (qué, cuál, dónde, quién, etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives (ése, éste, aquél, etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. The conjunction o ('or') is written with an accent between numerals so as not to be confused with a zero: e.g., 10 ó 20 should be read as diez o veinte rather than diez mil veinte ('10,020'). Accent marks are frequently omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of typewriters and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the Real Academia Española advises against this. When ‹u› is written between ‹g› and a front vowel (‹e i›), it indicates a "hard g" pronunciation. A diaeresis (‹ü›) indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, 'stork', is pronounced [θiˈɣweɲa]; if it were written ‹cigueña›, it would be pronounced [θiˈɣeɲa]). Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with inverted question and exclamation marks (‹¿› and ‹¡›, respectively). Phonology Main article: Spanish phonology

The phonemic inventory listed in the following table includes phonemes that are preserved only in some accents, other accents having merged them (such as yeísmo); these are marked with an asterisk (*). Sounds in parentheses are allophones. Where symbols appear in pairs, the symbol to the right represents a voiced consonant. Table of Spanish consonants162 Bilabial Labio- dental Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Nasal m n ɲ Stop p   b t̪   d̪ t͡ʃ   ɟ͡ʝ k   ɡ Fricative     (β̞) f   (v) *θ   (ð̞) s   (z)     (ʝ) x   (ɣ˕) Trill r Tap ɾ Lateral l *ʎ Lexical stress Spanish is a syllable-timed language, so each syllable has the same duration regardless of stress.163164 Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth last or earlier syllables. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:165 In words ending in vowels and /s/, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable. In words ending in all other consonants, the stress more often falls on the last syllable. Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the syllable that comes three before the last in a word) occurs rarely and only in words like guardándoselos ('saving them for him/her/them') where clitics follow certain verbal forms. In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'), as well as límite ('boundary'), limite ('[that] he/she limits') and limité ('I limited'), or also "líquido", "liquido" and "liquidó". An amusing example of the significance of intonation in Spanish is the phrase ¿Cómo "¿cómo como?"? ¡Como como como! (What do you mean, how do I eat? I eat the way I eat!). V and B The letters V and B are both normally pronounced identically as /b/ or similar, and academic authorities now state that this is the only correct pronunciation. The Royal Spanish Academy considers the /v/ pronunciation for the letter V to be incorrect and affected. However some Spanish speakers maintain the pronunciation of the /v/ sound as it is in other western European languages. The sound /v/ is used for the letter V, in the Spanish language, by a few second-language speakers in Spain whose native language is Catalan, in the Valencian Community, Mallorca, and southern Catalonia.166 In the USA it is also common due to the proximity and influence of English phonology, and the /v/ is also occasionally used in Mexico. Some parts of central America also use /v/ which the Royal Academy attributes to the interference of local indigenous languages. Historically, the /v/ pronunciation was uncommon but considered correct well into the 20th century. Spanish schools taught a /v/ pronunciation for most of the 20th century. Some Spaniards consider the pronunciation of /v/ for the letter V to be more poetic, and it is used by several singers such as Julio Iglesias, Juan Pardo, Paloma San Basilio, Amaia Montero and Alejandro Sanz. Grammar Main article: Spanish grammar Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but limited inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.) It is right-branching, uses prepositions, and usually, though not always, places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Romance languages. Its syntax is generally Subject Verb Object, though variations are common. It is a pro-drop language (or null subject language) (that is, it allows the deletion of pronouns which are pragmatically unnecessary) and is verb-framed. Instituto Cervantes Cervantes Institute headquarters, Madrid The Instituto Cervantes (Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide non-profit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branched out in over 20 different countries with 54 centres devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish Language. The ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language, to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries. See also Names given to the Spanish language Spanish language poets Spanish profanity Spanish proverbs Spanish language institutions Real Academia Española Instituto Cervantes Certificate of Use of Language in Spanish Spanish-speaking world Countries where Spanish is an official language Hispanic culture Hispanophone Panhispanism Romance languages Differences between Spanish and Portuguese Romance languages Latin Union Influences on the Spanish language Arabic influence on the Spanish language List of Spanish words of Germanic origin List of Spanish words of Nahuatl origin List of Spanish words of Indigenous American Indian origin List of Spanish words of Philippine origin Dialects and languages influenced by Spanish Chavacano language Frespañol Llanito Palenquero Papiamento Philippine languages Portuñol Spanglish Spanish-based creole languages List of English words of Spanish origin Spanish dialects and varieties European Spanish Andalusian Spanish Canarian Spanish Castilian Spanish Castrapo (Galician Spanish) Murcian Spanish Spanish in the Americas North American Spanish Central American Spanish Caribbean Spanish South American Spanish Spanish in the United States Spanish in Africa Equatoguinean Spanish Spanish in Asia Spanish in the Philippines167 Mexico portal United States portal Cuba portal Dominican Republic portal Puerto Rico portal El Salvador portal Panama portal Peru portal Chile portal Argentina portal Spain portal Uruguay portal Language portal References ^ Spanish language total. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009. ^ a b Demografía de la lengua española (page 38). 359.5 million people where Spanish is official and 40.5 where it is not official with native knowladges of Spanish, and another 40 million with limited knowladges. The figures of the census used are from 2000 to 2005. ^ a b "IV CILE. Paneles y ponencias. Hiram Vivanco Torres". Congresosdelalengua.es. http://congresosdelalengua.es/cartagena/ponencias/seccion_3/36/vivanco_hiram.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ a b elcastellano.org. ^ a b krysstal.com, 5th International Congress on Spanish Language (la-moncloa.es), uis.edu, Antonio Molina, director of the Instituto Cervantes in 2006 (terranoticias.es, elmundo.es, fundeu.es), Luis María Anson of the Real Academia Española (elcultural.es), International Congress about Spanish, 2008, Mario Melgar of the México University (lllf.uam.es), Enrique Díaz de Liaño Argüelles, director of Celer Solutions multilingual translation network (elintercultural.net) ,Feu Rosa - Spanish in Mercosur (congresosdelalengua.es), elpais.com, eumed.net, efeamerica.com,babel-linguistics.com. ^ a b ethnologue.org, sil.org, cia.gov (see "World" file), eldia.es (according to Ethnology (journal)), Encarta (Chinese 800 million, Spanish 358 million, English 350 million). ^ krysstal.com/ Ethnologue (Mandarin Chinese: 845 mill. + 145 mill. L2, English: 328 mill. + 167 mill. L2, Spanish 329 mill. + 60 mill. L2, Hindi 182 mill. + 120 mill. L2)/ George Weber (Mandarin 1.12 billion, English 480 million, Spanish 320 million, Russian 285 million)/ IV Congreso Internacional de la Lengua Española (Álvaro Marchesi Secretario General of the OEI)/ cervantes.es (Carmen Caffarel president of Instituto Cervantes)/ elcastellano.org. ^ La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano (Spanish). www.elmundo.es ^ "Spanish languages "Becoming the language for trade" in Spain and". sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com/index.html. http://sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com/index.html. Retrieved 2010-05-11.  ^ "(SPANISH: a language of Spain)". ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/14/show_language.asp?code=spn. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ Spanish: Second most studied language worldwide ^ http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/espanol/segundo/idioma/estudia/mundo/Instituto/Cervantes/elpepucul/20070426elpepucul_8/Tes El País: El español es el segundo idioma que más se estudia en el mundo, según el Instituto Cervantes] ^ "Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language". Oxford University Press. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O29-SPANISH.html. Retrieved 24 July 2008.  ^ "Spanish Language Facts". Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Spanish_language.aspx#1O29-SPANISH. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Crow, John A. (2005). Spain: the root and the flower. University of California Press. p. 151. ISBN 9780520244962. http://books.google.com/?id=g2NKy8QCxw4C&pg=PA151&dq=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&cd=5#v=onepage&q=.  ^ Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House Inc.. p. 78. ISBN 9780812970555. http://books.google.com/?id=b38f7b1WmOwC&pg=PA78&dq=Nebrija+first+spanish+grammar+Isabel&cd=5#v=onepage&q=.  ^ (in Spanish) (PDF) La lengua de Cervantes. Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. http://www.cepc.es/rap/Publicaciones/Revistas/2/REP_031-032_288.pdf. Retrieved 2008-08-24.  ^ a b "UN 2009 estimate" (PDF). http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ Britannica Books of the years 2003 to 2009 es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book). Sources used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ethnologue -14th edition, Joshua Project 2000 —People’s List, U.S. Census Bureau.)unreliable source? ^ eurobarometer (2006), es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006) for Europe countries ^ Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to Instituto Cervantes 06-07 (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries). ^ Demografía de la lengua española (page 28) to countries with official spanish status. ^ CONAPO (2010). ^ Population figure for 2008 from U.S. Population in 1990, 2000, and 2008, U.S. Census Bureau ^ 44,468,501 hispanics older than 5 years old (US Census 2009) ^ Significant figure about the legal Hispanic population (48,419,324 from a total US population of 307,006,550) Census Bureau 2009 ^ I Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española (2007): noticias en latinoamericaexterior.com, Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española: elcastellano.org, José Ma. Ansón: noticias elcastellano.org, Jorge Ramos Avalos: univision.com, Vázquez Medel: casamerica.es., Elbio Rodríguez Barilari: congresodelalengua.cl, Escuredo: III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española. ^ According to the U.S. census (fundacionsiglo.com fundacionsiglo.com): 3,600,000 in primary school, 3,220,000 in secondary school and 1,000,000 in the University ^ INE (1/1/2010) ^ 89.0% speak Spanish as a first language (eurobarometer (2006)) ^ "DANE". DANE. http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php. Retrieved 2010-09-01.  ^ INDEC (2011) ^ "(30 Aug., 2010)". INE. http://www.ine.gov.ve/. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  ^ Ezio Quispe Fernández. "(2011)". INEI. http://www.inei.gob.pe/. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "INE (Chile - 2011)" (PDF). http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "Ecuador en Cifras". INEC. http://www.ecuadorencifras.com/cifras-inec/main.html. Retrieved 2010-09-01.  ^ INE (2010) ^ UN (2010) ^ UN (2010) ^ "(2010)". INE. http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ INE (2011) ^ According to the Morocco Census of 2004 (hcp.ma) ^ "ethnologue.com". ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB (realinstitutoelcano.org, afapredesa.org). Another source says that there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002) educacion.es ^ Census 2010 estimation (page 32) ^ 1% of 44,010,619 (population of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006. There are 179,678 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009) ^ UN (2010) ^ INEC (2011) ^ UN (2010) ^ UN (2010) ^ 95,10% of the population speaks Spanish (U.S. Census Bureau) ^ 59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. Open Channels and Colombian consul (1999) ^ UN (2010) ^ UN (2010) ^ Ethnologue. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009) ^ 1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 cervantesvirtual.com, mepsyd.es (page 23), mepsyd.es (page 249), spanish-differences.com, aresprensa.com. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in "Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations" (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in sispain.org./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" (elcastellano.org) ^ Britannica Book of the Year 1998 [1]. There are 103,063 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009) ^ "14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador". Mmrree.gov.ec. Archived from the original on June 11, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080611085532/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "Equatorial Guinea census (2009)". Population-statistics.com. http://www.population-statistics.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=es&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-91. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ Pages 28 and 23 in Demografía de la lengua española. 13,7% of the population speaks Spanish with native knowladge and other 74% as a second language cvc.cervantes.es. ^ PMB Statistics factorhispano.net. Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 (hispanosencanada.ca, dialogos.ca), and currently there are near 1 million: (tlntv.com, broadcastdialogue.com). ^ Spanish (census 2001) ^ 1% of 8,598,982 (population of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006 ^ Sweden Census SCB (2002) ^ Page 32 of the "Demogeafía de la lengua española". 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003 ^ Page 32 of the "Demografía de la lengua española" + 33,913 students according to Anuario Instituto Cervantes 06-07 ^ Page 32 of "Demogeafía de la lengua española" ^ 50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from Mercosur (Page 32 [2]) + 78,505 spanish immigrants (INE (1/1/2009)). ^ elcastellano.org,elespectador.com, oei.org.co: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010./Instituto Cervantes: More than 1 million of spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school. 2009 Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes: More than 5 million students are learning Spanish. ^ students according to Anuario Instituto Cervantes 06-07 ^ Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf (aprendemas.com) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of Demografía de la lengua española) ^ 50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998)[3] + 80,000 from Iberoamerica [4] ^ Pages 34, 35 of the "Demografía de la lengua española". ^ Centro Virtual Cervantes. "Britannica Book of the Year 1998". Cvc.cervantes.es. http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "all-about-switzerland.info". all-about-switzerland.info. http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-population-languages.html. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ 70,000 from Peru (publico.es) ^ a b Page 32 of Demografía de la lengua española ^ 35.4% speak Spanish as a first language www.iea.ad ^ "www.iea.ad". www.iea.ad. http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "ANUARIO IC 2009" (PDF). http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ New Zealand census (2006) ^ Spanish residents in China (INE, 2009) ^ Page 37 of the Demografía de la lengua española ^ The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara ( [5]) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation ^ There are 2,397,380 immigrants from Spain and Latin America according to the page 37 of the "Demografía de la lengua española" (997,849 already counted) ^ According to the Instituto Cervantes, there are 14 million of Spanish students. But there are already counted students from U.S. (6,000,000) because it is considered the current 7,820,000 students, E.U (3,385,000) because they are considered in the eurobarometer figures (demografía del español, page 37), Brazil (1 mill.) with 11 million new students in the public schools, Morocco (58.382) and Philippines (20,492), Canada (92,853), Australia (33,913), Ivory Coast (235,806), Switzerland (14,420), Japan (60,000), Senegal (101.455), Occ. Sáhara (25,800), Norway (23,677), Russia (13,122) and China (12,835). ^ 460 million Spanish speakers (diariohoy.net, lne.es), 450 million Spanish speakers (I and IV International minutes of the Spanish language, and Instituto Cervantes). ^ More than 500 million Spanish speakers (la-moncloa.es, fundeu.es). In adition to 460 million Spanish speakers, there are people who speak Spanish with limited knowladges. Main figures: 15,615,000 in the E.U. according to the Eurobarometer, 2006 ((page 37)). 7,820,000 of students in USA and 6,405,000 among the Hispanic people in USA (page 33, and according to Synovate, 2006, 18% of the Hispanic people in USA speak better English than Spanish and the other 82% speak better Spanish than English or they are bilinguals). It is estimated 12 million of Spanish students in Brazil in 2010 ([6]). Between 4 and 7 million people with Spanish knowladges in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002). ^ "Instituto Cervantes 06-07" (PDF). http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "Most widely spoken Languages in the World". Nations Online. http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/most_spoken_languages.htm. Retrieved 2009-08-27.  ^ CIA The World Factbook United States ^ "Internet World Users by Language". Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2008. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm.  ^ CIA World Factbook — Gibraltar ^ "Andorra — People". Andorra — People. MSN Encarta. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554662/Andorra.html#s3. Retrieved 2007-08-20.  ^ "Background Note: Andorra". U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. January 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3164.htm. Retrieved 2007-08-20.  ^ BBC Education — Languages, Languages Across Europe — Spanish. ^ "Switzerland's Four National Languages". all-about-switzerland.info. http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-population-languages.html. Retrieved 2007-09-19.  ^ "Diccionario de la lengua española" (in (Spanish)). Buscon.rae.es. http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 2005, pg. 271-272. ^ Ethnologue – Paraguay(2000). Guaraní is also the most-spoken language in Paraguay by its native speakers. ^ "Puerto Rico Elevates English". the New York Times. 29 January 1993. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE1D8163AF93AA15752C0A965958260&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fE%2fEnglish%20Language. Retrieved 2007-10-06.  ^ "Population Census 2000, Major Findings" (PDF). Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget Management, Belize. 2000. Archived from the original on 2007-06-21. http://web.archive.org/web/20070621080522/http://www.cso.gov.bz/publications/MF2000.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-20.  ^ "Belize Population and Housing Census 2000". Censos.ccp.ucr.ac.cr. http://censos.ccp.ucr.ac.cr/. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ CIA World Factbook — Belize ^ a b Williams, Carol J. (2005-08-30). "Trinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Business". Los Angeles Times. p. A3. http://articles.latimes.com/2005/aug/30/world/fg-spanish30. Retrieved 2009-09-10.  ^ "The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish, Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago". Tradeind.gov.tt. http://www.tradeind.gov.tt/SIS/FAQ.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ Mercosul, Portal Oficial (Portuguese) ^ "Spanish becomes second language in Brazil, Mercopress". En.mercopress.com. 2005-07-08. http://en.mercopress.com/2005/07/08/spanish-becomes-second-language-in-brazil. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Lipski, John M. (2006) (PDF). Too close for comfort? the genesis of “portuñol/portunhol”. Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. ed. Timothy L. Face and Carol A. Klee, 1–22. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project. http://www.lingref.com/cpp/hls/8/paper1251.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-29.  ^ U.S. Census Bureau Hispanic or Latino by specific origin. ^ U.S. Census Bureau 1. Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006, U.S. Census Bureau 2. 34,044,945 People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006 ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2007). "United States. S1601. Language Spoken at Home". 2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2007_3YR_G00_. Retrieved September 3, 2009.  ^ El País (Spanish) ^ United States Census BureauPDF (1.86 MB), Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003 ^ "Ethnologue – Equatorial Guinea (2000)". Ethnologue.com. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Equatorial+Guinea. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ CIA World Factbook – Equatorial Guinea (Last updated 20 September 2007) ^ Morocco.com, The Languages of Morocco. ^ "Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas". Buscoenlaces.es. 2000-11-15. http://buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/rivera4.html. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ "1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". thecorpusjuris.com. http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html. Retrieved 2008-04-06  (See Article XV, Section 3(3)) ^ (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas ^ Harris (1969:538) ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House Inc.. 2006.  ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.  ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc.. 1998.  ^ "Encarta World English Dictionary". Encarta World English Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.. 2007. http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_1861595345/Castilian.html. Retrieved 2008-08-05.  ^ Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) Spanish in the Americas, Volumen 2, pp.154-155, URL ^ Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1972) En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano, pp.53 a 73, Estudios sobre el español de México, editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México URL. ^ a b c d e f g h "Real Academia Española" (in (Spanish)). Buscon.rae.es. http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "3 Guys From Miami: Fruta Bomba". Cuban-food-usa.com. http://cuban-food-usa.com/terms/fruta-bomba.html. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "papaya". Urban Dictionary. http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=papaya&defid=151242. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "Scholarly Societies Project". Lib.uwaterloo.ca. http://www.lib.uwaterloo.ca/society/history/1713rae.html. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Association of Spanish Language Academies (Spanish) ^ "Real Academia Española". Rae.es. http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Academia Colombiana de la Lengua ^ Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua ^ "Academia Mexicana de la Lengua". Academia.org.mx. 2010-09-22. http://www.academia.org.mx/historia.php. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua ^ Academia Venezolana de la Lengua ^ "Academia Chilena de la Lengua". Institutodechile.cl. http://www.institutodechile.cl/lengua/resena.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ "Academia Peruana de la Lengua". Academia Peruana de la Lengua. http://www.academiaperuanadelalengua.org/academia/historia. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua ^ "Academia Costarricense de la Lengua". Acl.ac.cr. http://www.acl.ac.cr/i_q.php. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española ^ "Academia Panameña de la Lengua". Apalengua.apalengua.org. http://apalengua.apalengua.org/historia. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ "Academia Cubana de la Lengua". Acul.ohc.cu. http://www.acul.ohc.cu/. Retrieved 2010-11-06.  ^ Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española ^ Academia Dominicana de la Lengua ^ Academia Boliviana de la Lengua ^ Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua ^ Academia Argentina de Letras ^ Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay ^ Academia Hondureña de la Lengua ^ Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española ^ Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española ^ a b c Alfassa, Shelomo (December 1999). "Ladinokomunita". Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. http://www.sephardicstudies.org/quickladino.html. Retrieved 4 February 2010.  ^ a b "Spanish". ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa.  ^ Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 1st ed. ^ Real Academia Española, Explanation at Spanish Pronto (Spanish), (English) ^ "Abecedario" (in (Spanish)). Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. Real Academia Española. 2005. http://buscon.rae.es/dpdI/SrvltConsulta?lema=abecedario. Retrieved 2008-06-23.  ^ Ch, en Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española ^ Ll, en Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española ^ Martínez-Celdrán et al. (2003:255) ^ Cressey (1978:152) ^ Abercrombie (1967:98) ^ Eddington (2000:96) ^ se da de forma espontánea en hablantes valencianos o mallorquines y en los de algunas zonas del sur de Cataluña; DICCIONARIO PANHISPÁNICO DE DUDAS - Primera edición (octubre 2005); article: V; paragraph 3 ^ A First Spanish Reader, by Erwin W. Roessler and Alfred Remy Bibliography Abercrombie, David (1967). Elements of General Phonetics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press  Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0878400451  Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language". Language (Language, Vol. 76, No. 1) 76 (1): 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/eddingtond/STRESS.pdf  Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language (Language, Vol. 45, No. 3) 45 (3): 538–552. doi:10.2307/411438. http://jstor.org/stable/411438  Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373  External links Spanish language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Look up Category:Spanish Language in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Spanish language edition of Wiktionary, the free dictionary/thesaurus Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Subject:Spanish language Spanish language edition of Wikisource, the free-content library Wikiversity has learning materials about Spanish (Spanish) Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish language dictionary Spanish – BBC Languages Basic Spanish Grammar Spanish evolution from Latin Spanish phrasebook on WikiTravel Instituto Cervantes v · d · eOfficial languages of the United Nations Arabic · Chinese · English · French · Russian · Spanish Source: Official UN website v · d · e Official languages of the European Union

Bulgarian · Czech · Danish · Dutch · English · Estonian · Finnish · French · German · Greek · Hungarian · Irish · Italian · Latvian · Lithuanian · Maltese · Polish · Portuguese · Romanian · Slovak · Slovene · Spanish · Swedish v · d · eRomance languages  Italo-Western  Gallo-Iberian Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc · Genoese · Intemelio · Mentonasc · Monégasque Lombard Eastern · Gallo-Sicilian · Western Others Emiliano-Romagnolo · Piedmontese · Venetian Gallo-Rhaetian Langues d'oïl Burgundian · Champenois · Frainc-Comtou · French · Gallo · Lorrain · Norman · Picard · Poitevin · Saintongeais · Walloon Rhaeto-Romance Friulian · Ladin · Romansh Others Arpitan Occitano- Romance Catalan Algherese · Balearic · Central · Valencian Occitan Auvergnat · Gascon · Languedocien · Limousin · Old Occitan · Provençal · Shuadit · Vivaro-Alpine Ibero-Romance Astur-Leonese Asturian · Cantabrian · Extremaduran · Leonese · Mirandese Portuguese African (Angolan, Cape Verdean, Guinean, Mozambican, São Tomean) · East Timorese · Macanese · Brazilian · European (Barranquenho) Galician Eonavian · Fala Spanish (Castilian) African (Equatoguinean) · Latin American (South American, Caribbean, Central American, North American) · Asian · Peninsular (Ladino / Caló) Italo-Dalmatian Italian Central · Corsican (Gallurese) · Sassarese · Tuscan Neapolitan Southern Italian dialects Pyrenean Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) · Mozarabic Others Dalmatian · Istriot · Judeo-Italian · Sicilian  Eastern and Southern Eastern Romanian Moldovan · Vlach Others Aromanian · Istro-Romanian · Megleno-Romanian Southern Sardinian Campidanese · Logudorese Italics indicate extinct languages; bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers; languages between parenthesis are varieties of the language on their left. v · d · eLanguages of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia · Kosovo · Nagorno-Karabakh Republic · Northern Cyprus · South Ossetia · Transnistria Dependencies, other territories Adjara · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Madeira · Isle of Man · Nakhchivan · Svalbard · Vojvodina Other entities European Union v · d · eLanguages of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba · Bonaire · Curaçao · Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands v · d · eDialects and regional accents of Spanish (Castilian) by continent Africa Canarian# · Equatoguinean Americas (American) Caribbean Cuban · Dominican · Puerto Rican Central American Costa Rican · Salvadoran · Guatemalan · Honduran · Nicaraguan · Panamanian North American Mexican · United States (New Mexican) South American Amazonic · Andean · Argentine (Rioplatense) · Bolivian · Chilean (Chilote) · Colombian · Ecuadorian · Paraguayan · Peruvian (Peruvian Coastal) · Uruguayan (Rioplatense) · Venezuelan Asia Philippine Europe (European) Andalusian · Canarian# · Castilian · Murcian Other / Neutral Standard # Canarian Spanish can be considered both African and European Spanish citing respectively geographical or cultural arguments. v · d · eLatin Union Member nations Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish

Bulgarian · Czech · Danish · Dutch · English · Estonian · Finnish · French · German · Greek · Hungarian · Irish · Italian · Latvian · Lithuanian · Maltese · Polish · Portuguese · Romanian · Slovak · Slovene · Spanish · Swedish v · d · eRomance languages  Italo-Western  Gallo-Iberian Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc · Genoese · Intemelio · Mentonasc · Monégasque Lombard Eastern · Gallo-Sicilian · Western Others Emiliano-Romagnolo · Piedmontese · Venetian Gallo-Rhaetian Langues d'oïl Burgundian · Champenois · Frainc-Comtou · French · Gallo · Lorrain · Norman · Picard · Poitevin · Saintongeais · Walloon Rhaeto-Romance Friulian · Ladin · Romansh Others Arpitan Occitano- Romance Catalan Algherese · Balearic · Central · Valencian Occitan Auvergnat · Gascon · Languedocien · Limousin · Old Occitan · Provençal · Shuadit · Vivaro-Alpine Ibero-Romance Astur-Leonese Asturian · Cantabrian · Extremaduran · Leonese · Mirandese Portuguese African (Angolan, Cape Verdean, Guinean, Mozambican, São Tomean) · East Timorese · Macanese · Brazilian · European (Barranquenho) Galician Eonavian · Fala Spanish (Castilian) African (Equatoguinean) · Latin American (South American, Caribbean, Central American, North American) · Asian · Peninsular (Ladino / Caló) Italo-Dalmatian Italian Central · Corsican (Gallurese) · Sassarese · Tuscan Neapolitan Southern Italian dialects Pyrenean Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) · Mozarabic Others Dalmatian · Istriot · Judeo-Italian · Sicilian  Eastern and Southern Eastern Romanian Moldovan · Vlach Others Aromanian · Istro-Romanian · Megleno-Romanian Southern Sardinian Campidanese · Logudorese Italics indicate extinct languages; bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers; languages between parenthesis are varieties of the language on their left. v · d · eLanguages of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia · Kosovo · Nagorno-Karabakh Republic · Northern Cyprus · South Ossetia · Transnistria Dependencies, other territories Adjara · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Madeira · Isle of Man · Nakhchivan · Svalbard · Vojvodina Other entities European Union v · d · eLanguages of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba · Bonaire · Curaçao · Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands v · d · eDialects and regional accents of Spanish (Castilian) by continent Africa Canarian# · Equatoguinean Americas (American) Caribbean Cuban · Dominican · Puerto Rican Central American Costa Rican · Salvadoran · Guatemalan · Honduran · Nicaraguan · Panamanian North American Mexican · United States (New Mexican) South American Amazonic · Andean · Argentine (Rioplatense) · Bolivian · Chilean (Chilote) · Colombian · Ecuadorian · Paraguayan · Peruvian (Peruvian Coastal) · Uruguayan (Rioplatense) · Venezuelan Asia Philippine Europe (European) Andalusian · Canarian# · Castilian · Murcian Other / Neutral Standard # Canarian Spanish can be considered both African and European Spanish citing respectively geographical or cultural arguments. v · d · eLatin Union Member nations Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish

Bulgarian · Czech · Danish · Dutch · English · Estonian · Finnish · French · German · Greek · Hungarian · Irish · Italian · Latvian · Lithuanian · Maltese · Polish · Portuguese · Romanian · Slovak · Slovene · Spanish · Swedish v · d · eRomance languages  Italo-Western  Gallo-Iberian Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc · Genoese · Intemelio · Mentonasc · Monégasque Lombard Eastern · Gallo-Sicilian · Western Others Emiliano-Romagnolo · Piedmontese · Venetian Gallo-Rhaetian Langues d'oïl Burgundian · Champenois · Frainc-Comtou · French · Gallo · Lorrain · Norman · Picard · Poitevin · Saintongeais · Walloon Rhaeto-Romance Friulian · Ladin · Romansh Others Arpitan Occitano- Romance Catalan Algherese · Balearic · Central · Valencian Occitan Auvergnat · Gascon · Languedocien · Limousin · Old Occitan · Provençal · Shuadit · Vivaro-Alpine Ibero-Romance Astur-Leonese Asturian · Cantabrian · Extremaduran · Leonese · Mirandese Portuguese African (Angolan, Cape Verdean, Guinean, Mozambican, São Tomean) · East Timorese · Macanese · Brazilian · European (Barranquenho) Galician Eonavian · Fala Spanish (Castilian) African (Equatoguinean) · Latin American (South American, Caribbean, Central American, North American) · Asian · Peninsular (Ladino / Caló) Italo-Dalmatian Italian Central · Corsican (Gallurese) · Sassarese · Tuscan Neapolitan Southern Italian dialects Pyrenean Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) · Mozarabic Others Dalmatian · Istriot · Judeo-Italian · Sicilian  Eastern and Southern Eastern Romanian Moldovan · Vlach Others Aromanian · Istro-Romanian · Megleno-Romanian Southern Sardinian Campidanese · Logudorese Italics indicate extinct languages; bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers; languages between parenthesis are varieties of the language on their left. v · d · eLanguages of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia · Kosovo · Nagorno-Karabakh Republic · Northern Cyprus · South Ossetia · Transnistria Dependencies, other territories Adjara · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Madeira · Isle of Man · Nakhchivan · Svalbard · Vojvodina Other entities European Union v · d · eLanguages of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba · Bonaire · Curaçao · Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands v · d · eDialects and regional accents of Spanish (Castilian) by continent Africa Canarian# · Equatoguinean Americas (American) Caribbean Cuban · Dominican · Puerto Rican Central American Costa Rican · Salvadoran · Guatemalan · Honduran · Nicaraguan · Panamanian North American Mexican · United States (New Mexican) South American Amazonic · Andean · Argentine (Rioplatense) · Bolivian · Chilean (Chilote) · Colombian · Ecuadorian · Paraguayan · Peruvian (Peruvian Coastal) · Uruguayan (Rioplatense) · Venezuelan Asia Philippine Europe (European) Andalusian · Canarian# · Castilian · Murcian Other / Neutral Standard # Canarian Spanish can be considered both African and European Spanish citing respectively geographical or cultural arguments. v · d · eLatin Union Member nations Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish

Bulgarian · Czech · Danish · Dutch · English · Estonian · Finnish · French · German · Greek · Hungarian · Irish · Italian · Latvian · Lithuanian · Maltese · Polish · Portuguese · Romanian · Slovak · Slovene · Spanish · Swedish v · d · eRomance languages  Italo-Western  Gallo-Iberian Gallo-Italic Ligurian Brigasc · Genoese · Intemelio · Mentonasc · Monégasque Lombard Eastern · Gallo-Sicilian · Western Others Emiliano-Romagnolo · Piedmontese · Venetian Gallo-Rhaetian Langues d'oïl Burgundian · Champenois · Frainc-Comtou · French · Gallo · Lorrain · Norman · Picard · Poitevin · Saintongeais · Walloon Rhaeto-Romance Friulian · Ladin · Romansh Others Arpitan Occitano- Romance Catalan Algherese · Balearic · Central · Valencian Occitan Auvergnat · Gascon · Languedocien · Limousin · Old Occitan · Provençal · Shuadit · Vivaro-Alpine Ibero-Romance Astur-Leonese Asturian · Cantabrian · Extremaduran · Leonese · Mirandese Portuguese African (Angolan, Cape Verdean, Guinean, Mozambican, São Tomean) · East Timorese · Macanese · Brazilian · European (Barranquenho) Galician Eonavian · Fala Spanish (Castilian) African (Equatoguinean) · Latin American (South American, Caribbean, Central American, North American) · Asian · Peninsular (Ladino / Caló) Italo-Dalmatian Italian Central · Corsican (Gallurese) · Sassarese · Tuscan Neapolitan Southern Italian dialects Pyrenean Navarro-Aragonese (Aragonese) · Mozarabic Others Dalmatian · Istriot · Judeo-Italian · Sicilian  Eastern and Southern Eastern Romanian Moldovan · Vlach Others Aromanian · Istro-Romanian · Megleno-Romanian Southern Sardinian Campidanese · Logudorese Italics indicate extinct languages; bold indicates languages with more than 5 million speakers; languages between parenthesis are varieties of the language on their left. v · d · eLanguages of Europe Sovereign states Albania · Andorra · Armenia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Bosnia and Herzegovina · Bulgaria · Croatia · Cyprus · Czech Republic · Denmark · Estonia · Finland · France · Georgia · Germany · Greece · Hungary · Iceland · Ireland · Italy · Kazakhstan · Latvia · Liechtenstein · Lithuania · Luxembourg · Macedonia · Malta · Moldova · Monaco · Montenegro · Netherlands · Norway · Poland · Portugal · Romania · Russia · San Marino · Serbia · Slovakia · Slovenia · Spain · Sweden · Switzerland · Turkey · Ukraine · United Kingdom (England • Northern Ireland • Scotland • Wales) · Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia · Kosovo · Nagorno-Karabakh Republic · Northern Cyprus · South Ossetia · Transnistria Dependencies, other territories Adjara · Akrotiri and Dhekelia · Åland · Azores · Faroe Islands · Gagauzia · Gibraltar · Guernsey · Jan Mayen · Jersey · Madeira · Isle of Man · Nakhchivan · Svalbard · Vojvodina Other entities European Union v · d · eLanguages of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Aruba · Bonaire · Curaçao · Falkland Islands · French Guiana · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands v · d · eDialects and regional accents of Spanish (Castilian) by continent Africa Canarian# · Equatoguinean Americas (American) Caribbean Cuban · Dominican · Puerto Rican Central American Costa Rican · Salvadoran · Guatemalan · Honduran · Nicaraguan · Panamanian North American Mexican · United States (New Mexican) South American Amazonic · Andean · Argentine (Rioplatense) · Bolivian · Chilean (Chilote) · Colombian · Ecuadorian · Paraguayan · Peruvian (Peruvian Coastal) · Uruguayan (Rioplatense) · Venezuelan Asia Philippine Europe (European) Andalusian · Canarian# · Castilian · Murcian Other / Neutral Standard # Canarian Spanish can be considered both African and European Spanish citing respectively geographical or cultural arguments. v · d · eLatin Union Member nations Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish