For the English cricketer, see Vikram Solanki. For the scientist, see Sami Solanki. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (April 2011) Solanki Empire सोलंकी Solanki Samrajya ← CE 942–CE 1244 → Capital Patan Language(s) Gujarati Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy King  - 942/960-995/997 Mulraj I  - 1143–1173 Kumarpal  - 1242–1244 Tribuvanpal Historical era Classical India  - Established CE 942  - Disestablished CE 1244 History of South Asia History of India Stone Age Before 3300 BCE – Mehrgarh Culture 7000–3300 BCE Indus Valley Civilization 3300–1700 BCE – Early Harappan Culture 3300–2600 BCE – Mature Harappan Culture 2600–1900 BCE – Late Harappan Culture 1700–1300 BCE Ochre Coloured Pottery culture From 2000 BCE Swat culture 1600–500 BCE Iron Age 1200–180 BCE Vedic Civilization 1500–500 BCE -Black and Red ware culture 1300–1000 BCE -Painted Grey Ware culture 1200–600 BCE -Northern Black Polished Ware 700–200 BCE Maha Janapadas 700–300 BCE Magadha Empire 684–424 BCE Nanda Empire 424-321 BCE Chera Kingdom 300 BCE–1200 CE Chola Empire 300 BCE–1279 CE Pandyan Empire 300 BCE–1345 CE Maurya Empire 321–184 BCE Pallava Empire 250 BCE–800 CE Sunga Empire 185-73 BCE Kanva Empire 75-26 BCE Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 250s BCE– 400s CE Kuninda Kingdom 200s BCE–300s CE Indo-Scythian Kingdom 200 BC–400 CE Satavahana Empire 230 BCE–220 CE Indo-Greek Kingdom 180 BCE–10 CE Classical Period 1 CE–1279 CE Indo-Parthian Kingdom 21–130s CE Western Satrap Empire 35–405 CE Kushan Empire 60–240 CE Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 230–360 CE Vakataka Empire 250s–500s CE Kalabhras Empire 250–600 CE Gupta Empire 280–550 CE Kadamba Empire 345–525 CE Western Ganga Kingdom 350–1000 CE Kamarupa Kingdom 350–1100 CE Vishnukundina Empire 420–624 CE Maitraka Empire 475–767 CE Huna Kingdom 475–576 CE Rai Kingdom 489–632 CE Chalukya Empire 543–753 CE Shahi Empire 500s–1026 CE Maukhari Empire 550s–700s CE Harsha Empire 590–647 CE Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 624–1075 CE Gurjara Pratihara Empire 650–1036 CE Pala Empire 750–1174 CE Rashtrakuta Empire 753–982 CE Paramara Kingdom 800–1327 CE Yadava Empire 850–1334 CE Solanki Kingdom 942–1244 CE Western Chalukya Empire 973–1189 CE Hoysala Empire 1040–1346 CE Sena Empire 1070–1230 CE Eastern Ganga Empire 1078–1434 CE Kakatiya Kingdom 1083–1323 CE Kalachuri Empire 1130–1184 CE Delhi Sultanate 1206–1526 CE Vijayanagara Empire 1336–1646 CE Gajapati Kingdom 1434–1541 CE Deccan Sultanates 1490–1596 CE Mughal Empire 1526–1803 CE Maratha Empire 1674–1818 CE Durrani Empire 1747–1823 CE Sikh Empire 1799–1849 CE Regional States 1100–1800 CE Zamorin's Calicut 1102–1949 CE Cochin Kingdom 1102–1949 CE Travancore Kingdom 1102–1949 CE Ahom Kingdom 1228–1826 CE Chitradurga Kingdom 1300–1779 CE Garhwal Kingdom 1358–1803 CE Mysore Kingdom 1399–1947 CE Keladi Kingdom 1499–1763 CE Thondaiman Kingdom 1650–1948 CE Madurai Kingdom 1559–1736 CE Thanjavur Kingdom 1572–1918 CE Marava Kingdom 1600–1750 CE Colonial India 1505–1961 CE Company rule in India 1757–1858 CE British Raj 1858–1947 CE Partition of India 1947 CE History of Sri Lanka Kingdoms of Sri Lanka Kingdom of Tambapanni 543–505 BCE Kingdom of Upatissa Nuwara 505–377 BCE Kingdom of Anuradhapura 377–1017 CE Kingdom of Ruhuna 200– CE Polonnaruwa Kingdom 300–1310 CE Kingdom of Dambadeniya 1220–1272 CE Kingdom of Yapahuwa 1272–1293 CE Kingdom of Kurunegala 1293–1341 CE Kingdom of Gampola 1341–1347 CE Kingdom of Raigama 1347–1415 CE Kingdom of Kotte 1412–1597 CE Kingdom of Sitawaka 1521–1594 CE Kingdom of Kandy 1461–1581 CE Portuguese Ceylon 1505–1658 CE Dutch Ceylon 1656–1796 CE British Ceylon 1815–1948 CE Nation histories Afghanistan • Bangladesh • Bhutan • India Maldives • Nepal • Pakistan Regional histories Assam • Bihar • Balochistan • Bengal Himachal Pradesh • Uttar Pradesh Pakistani Regions • Punjab • NWFP Orissa • Sindh • South India • Tibet Specialised histories Coinage • Dynasties • Economy Indology • Language • Literature • Maritime Military • Science and Technology • Timeline This box: view · talk ·

The Solanki (Devanagari: सोलंकी) was a royal Hindu Indian dynasty that ruled parts of western and central India between the 10th to 13th centuries. According to one view Solankis were descended from 6th Century Badami Chalukyas1. While according to later manuscripts of Prithviraj Raso, they belonged to the Agnikula group of Rajputs. However, a number of scholars including V. A. Smith assign them Gurjar origin.23 The name Solanki comes from Chalukya the ancient Indian dynasty. During 543–566, Pulakesi I, established the kingdom at Vatapi (present-day Badami, Bagalkot District in North Karnataka of Karnataka).4 The Solanki clan-name is found within the Rajput and Gurjar56 community of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. Yaduvanshi Ahirs also have a Gotra named Solangi, which they believe is other form of Solanki.7 These Ahirs are found in large numbers in Gujarat.89 In Gujarat, Anhilwara (modern Siddhpur Patan) served as their capital. Gujarat was a major center of Indian Ocean trade, and Anhilwara was one of the largest cities in India, with population estimated at 100,000 in the year 1000. The Solankis were patrons of the great seaside temple of Shiva at Somnath Patan in Kathiawar; Bhima Dev helped rebuild the temple after it was sacked by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026. His son, Karandev, conquered the Bhil king Ashapall or Ashaval, and after his victory established a city named Karnavati on the banks of the Sabarmati River, at the site of modern Ahmedabad. Contents 1 Origin 2 Establishment of the dynasty 2.1 Mulraj 2.2 Chamund 2.3 Vallabhraj 2.4 Durlabhraj 2.5 Bhimdev I 2.6 Karndev 2.7 Siddhraj Jaisinh 2.8 Kumarpal 2.9 Ajaypal 2.10 Mulraj II 2.11 Bhimdev II 2.12 Tribhuvan Pal 3 Later generations 4 Baghel 5 Solanki rulers of Gujarat 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Origin Dr. Dashrath Sharma states that Solankis were of Brahmin origin. However P K Mohanty believes that the work of other scholars shows that Solankis were descendants of the Gurjars.10 Establishment of the dynasty 1.MULRAJA I 960/995 or 942/997 2.CHAMUNDARAJA | 3.VALLBARAJA | 4.DURLABHARAJA ----- Unknown 1009/1021 | 5.BHIMA DEV I | 1021/1063+ -------------------------- | | 7.SIDHRAJA JAISINH 6.KARNA I [Karan Dev I] | 1063/1093 1093/1143+ | | 8.KUMARAPALA ----- Unknown (Brother) 1143/1173 | 9.AJAVAPALA | -------------------------------- | | 11.BHIMA DEV II (killed nephew) Unknown (die while Ajavpal was alive) | died 1242 | 12.TRIBUVANPAL 10.MULRAJA II 1242/1244 Mulraj

Mulraj (942–996) Solanki overthrew Samantsinh Chavda in 942 and set up what came to be known as the Solanki dynasty. Mulraj Solanki's father was Raji who probably ruled in Gurjaratra region around Jodhpur. Raji's marriage with Samantsinh Chavda's daughter does not have any bearing for invitation to Mulraj to take over Anhilvad pattan. Raji was a suba of king Mahipal Parihar of Kanyakubja. Raji seems to have related with king Mahipal by marrying his daughter. Losing his kingdom in attacks by Rashtrakut king Krishna III in 940, Mulraj moved southward from Gurjaratra region and took over Anhilvad Patan from Chavda rulers in 942. Mulraj was from Bhardwaj Gotra and Agnivanshi Kula. Mulraj married to Madhavi, a daughter of king Chauhan Bhoj. Initially, Mulraj's territory was around Siddhpur Patan. His son Chamund started taking responsibility during his ruling (977). He defeated Abhira king Grahripu of Saurashtra and Laxraj (Lakha Fulani) of Kutch. He snatched Lat for some period from Barapp in one war. Shakambhari king Vigrahraj Chauhan defeated Mulraj. He got defeat from Malav King Munj Parmar (Vakpati II). After death of Munj in 995, Mulraj adorned self as “Param Bhattarak Maharajadhiraj Parmeshawara”. His administration pattern was similar to Gupta's. He invited many learned Brahmins-Brambhatta and other castes to settle in Saraswat mandal. He bestow the land of Devasthali – Sidhapur to Brambhatta of Kanshi - Varanasi. Some Bram-Bhatta family are holding the same land in Devsthali. He constructed several temples. Also he initiated construction of Rudra Mahalaya in Siddhpur. He was kind hearted, brave, smart and shred in ruling his kingdom. Considering need of situation, he was accepting defeat to save his kingdom. He died in 996. At the time of his death, his kingdom included Saraswat and Satyapur Mandals, Kutch and some territories of Saurashtra. Mulraj Solanki's reign marked the start of a period during which Gujarati culture flowered as manifested in art, architecture, language and script. It is described as the golden period of Gujarat's chequered history. Mulraj himself adopted the title of Gurjaresh, an aristocratic title. The territory under the sway of the Solankis came to be known by different variations such as Gurjardesh, Gurjara-Rastra, Gurjaratra and finally Gujarat. Chamund Chamund (996–1009) could not extend his kingdom territory further. He tried to be independent from Malav king Sindhuraj (successor of Munj) but could not succeed. In the later years of his life, he lost his character (womanizer). His sister Chachinidevi dethroned him and gave it to his son Vallabhraj in 1009. Chamund ended his life by immersing in Narmada river near Shuklatirth. Vallabhraj Vallabhraj (1009 for six months) attacked King Sindhuraj's territory as soon as he became king. He died due to small pox in the war. Durlabhraj Durlabhraj (1009–1022) (brother of Vallabhraj) could not extend father's kingdom much. He married the sister of Chauhan Baliraj's son Mahendra of Naddul. He was of good character. He invited Jain saints in his kingdom. He continued as Samant of Malav king Bhoj. After his death, his nephew Bhimdev (son of Nagraj) became king in 1022. Bhimdev I Modhera Sun Temple built by Bhimdev I.

Bhimdev I (1022–1063) was son of Durlabhraj's brother Nagraj . Bhimdev's mother was Laxmidevi, a princess of Chauhan of Naddul. Bhimdev was a mandlik of Malav king Bhoj. Sultan Mehmud of Gazani invaded Anhilpur pattan in December 1025. Bhimdev had to flee and take shelter in Kanthkot fort in Kutchh. In January 1026 Sultan Mehmud of Gazani attacked Somnath temple, demolished it completely. United army of all kings under leadership of King Bhoj chased Sultan Mehmud thereafter. He had to flee from the place to Gazani. Bhimdev was one of the foremost participant of the united army. Bhimdev and Bhoj jointly reconstructed Somnath temple. Bhimdev added Saurashtra, Kutchh, Abu and some parts of Khetak mandal and Mahimandals with his kingdom. Bhimdev became independent from Bhoj on his death in 1054. Bhimdev had married to Udaymati, a pricess of Saurastra Narvahan Khengar. He had also married to Bauladevi (also called Chauladevi) who was not a princess. Bhimdev had a son named Karndev from Udaymati and sons named Xemraj and Mulraj from Bauladevi. Mulraj died in very early age. Shantacharya and Suracharya were two Jain saints during his reign. Apart from reconstruction of Somnath, Delwada temples by Vimalshah, Modhera Sun Temple and Stepwell of Udaymati (Raniki vav) goes to Bhimdev's credit. Bhimdev died in 1064. Karndev (Bhimdev's son by Udaymati) came on the throne after Bhimdev's death. Karndev Karndev (1064–1094) (Bhimdev's son by Udaymati) came on the throne after Bhimdev's death. He is described as a very handsome king. As soon as he came to the throne, he made friendship with King Someshwar of Kalyani. Up to 1075, he added entire Lat in his kingdom. His territories were touching Konkan in south and Naddul in north. He married to Karnataka's king Tribhuvanmalla's friend Jaykeshi's daughter Mayanalladevi (Minaldevi). Jaykeshi was Konkan's suba. Karn had built many temples, lakes and cities like Karnavati. Shakambhari's king Dushshal chauhan defeated and killed Karn in a war. Malav king Laxmdev and Naddul king Joggal helped in defeating Karndev. Patan's condition was worse in the last days of Karandev. His son Jaysinh became Karandev's successor for the throne. Siddhraj Jaisinh The one name stand out in the Solanki dynasty is Siddhraj Jaysinh (1094–1143) also known as Siddhraj Solanki who was considered as the most prominent Solanki king. Siddhraj is said to have ascended the throne of Patan after the death of his Father Karandev. Patan's condition was worse in the last days of Karandev. The successors from his grand father Bhimdev's first wife Bauladevi tried their best to acquire the throne from child Jaysinh. His mother Minaldevi, Maha Mantri Santu and Munjal Mehta initially played a great part to deter the internal revolt and in establishing his rule and stability to Patan in Gujarat. Jaysinh came on throne in 1096. So the years between his father's death and his actual takeover might have been guarded by his mother and his mantris. In those initial days his mother along with child Jaysinh took shelter in Saurashtra in the guise of yatra to Somnath leaving administration of Patan to Mantri Shantu. Malav king Narvarma attacked Patan in those days. Mantri accepted Narvarma's Kingship for Jaysinh as Samant of Malva. Jaysinh afterwards strengthened himself getting rid of unwanted involvement of grandma's maternal side relatives, useless samants as well as mantris. He also weakened the successors from his grand father Bhimdev's first wife Bauladevi. He was after the life of Kumarpal, then successor of queen Bauladevi and probable candidate for Patan's throne. Kumarpal hid himself from Jaysinh for more than 30 years.

Apart from Saurashtra and Kachchh, Siddhraj Jaysinh had also conquered the Malwa defeating king Yashovarma and south Gujarat. The popular conception of Siddhraj mixes greatness and medieval callousness. One of the most prominent legends of the Gujarat bards is woven round the siege of Junagadh by Siddhraj' Jaysinh. Siddhraj wanted to marry the princess Ranakdevi, but his vassal, Ra Khengar, the Chief of Junagadh, married her before he could do so. An enraged Siddharaj attacked the mountain-fortress of Junagadh. It fell after Ra Khengar's nephews betrayed him. Ranakdevi refused Siddharaj's advances for marriage after he had killed her husband and two sons. She was forcibly brought to Wadhwan where she committed the ritual of Sati at this place to protect her honour. It is believed that her curse made Bhogavo, a local river, waterless, forever. Some historians doubt the authenticity of the story. He adorned the title of “Barbarak Jishnu” and also “Siddhraj” after controlling Bhil king Barbarak. He became Chakravarti after acquiring total control of the region under old Chakravarti kings. He renovated and widened the lake constructed by Durlabhraj and named it as Sahastraling Lake. He constructed two lakes in the memory of his mother. He also renovated Rudramahal. He also features in the legend of Jasma Odan, a beautiful woman of the tank diggers' community-oudes, who were digging a new tank in Patan. Already married, she refused Siddhraj's advances and committed sati to protect her honour. It is believed that her curse made this tank waterless and the king without an heir to the kingdom of Gujarat. During Patan flourished in education, religion and commerce. He gave shelter to many scholars of different religion and castes. Other notable figures of his time included his, Prime Minister Munjal Mehta, Kak and leading Courtier Udayan Mehta. Siddhraj Jaysinh died in 1143. The throne remained without King for 18 days. Thereafter Kumarpal was suddenly declared King of Patan. Kumarpal Main article: Kumarpal Siddhraj Jaysinh did not have any son. His daughter's son Someshwar was brought up by him in Patan. But many Mantris like Dadak, Madhav, Sajjan and Udayan were of the opinion that decedent of Mulraj and Bhimdev should be made King of Patan. Siddhraj Jaysinh hated this proposal. Kumarpal (1144–1174) was the probable candidate being decedent of Bhimdev by his second wife Bauladevi (Xemraj->Devprasad->Tribhuvanpal->Kumarpal). Hence Kumarpal was under direct wrath of Siddhraj. Kumarpal had to flee and hide from Siddhraj for 30 years to save his life. Udayan Mehta and Hemchandracharya helped him during his exile. There were many internal fights for Patan's throne. After Siddhraj Jaysinh's death, Kumarpal was ultimately given throne of Patan in 1144. Kumarpal had to face much resistance. He along with his able mantries took harsh steps to subside the resistance. Many mantries opposing him were given death sentence. Krishnakumar was beaten and made blind. He suppressed revolts of many samants.

Kumarpal adopted Jain religion in 1160 along with Shiv religion. He became vegetarian and stopped animal slaughter. He built 1440 Jain Vihars. He renovated Somnath temple. In his old age he reduced interest in administration and left it to his faithful samants and mantries. Again internal conflicts for throne have surfaced. One of the group wanted Kumarpal's nephew Ajaypal (Mahipal's son) as a king. Ajaypal came on throne after a revolt in 1173. Perhaps Kumarpal died in early 1174 due to poison given to him. Ajaypal Kumarpal's nephew Ajaypal (1173–1176) (Mahipal's son) came on throne after a revolt in 1173. Ajaypal was very shrewd and merciless. Group associated with Hemchandracharya under leadership of Amrabhatt opposed Ajaypal. He got rid off all people connected to Kumarpal. Under his kingship Patan's rule remained from Gwaliar to Narmada river. He discouraged Jain saints and leaders. A pratihar named Vayjaldev injured Ajaypal with a dragger. Ajaypal died in 1176 due to this injury suffering a lot. His child son Mulraj was given Patan's throne on his death. Mulraj II Mulraj (1176–1178) was on the throne for two years. His mother Naikdevi along with child Mulraj pushed back Islamic army of Shahbuddin Ghori near Gadrar ghat war. Mulraj died in 1178. His brother Bhimdev II came on throne after him. Bhimdev II When Bhimdev (1178–1241) came to throne India was passing through a great turmoil. Gahadwal of Kanoj, Chandelas of Jejabhukti, Yadavs of Devgiri and Kalyani's Chalukyas were Bhimdev's (Patan's) stern enemies. Bhimdev remained in top of an allied royal army to fight Muijuddin Ghori and defeated him in 1178. Kutubuddin Aibak defeated Gujarat army near Abu in 1197. Bhimdev hid in an unknown place. But in 1199, he defeated Aibak and pushed him away from Patan. He adorned himself as “Abhinav Siddharaj” thereafter. Malav king Subhat varma invaded Gujarat in 1209. Bhimdev fled to either Saurashtra or Kutchh. Between 1209 and 1226, a brave Chalukya named Jaisinh/ Jayansinh took over the kingdom of Gujarat (Patan), probably to save Patan in absence of Bhimdev. In 1226, Bhimdev again came on the throne of Patan. Mantri Vastupal, Maha Mandleshwar Lavanprasad and his son Virdhaval played an important role in bringing Bhimdev to throne. They virtually ruled Patan even though Bhimdev was a king. In the old age of Bhimdev, Virdhaval's son Visaldev and Vastupal's brother Tejpal took the charge to rule Patan. Bhimdev died in 1241. His son, Tribhuvan pal, was made king after him. Tribhuvan Pal Tribhuvan Pal (1241–1244) was a king for namesake (Bhimdev II's son). In fact, Visaldev and Tejpal ruled Patan. During this period, Tejpal persuaded ambitious Visaldev from dethroning Tribhuvan pal and continue ruling in his name. Tribhuvan pal died in 1244. Visaldev took over the throne as a king. Thus the Solanki dynesty came to an end. Visaldev being a decedent from Arnoraj Vaghela's son Lavanprasad, Vaghela dynesty ruled Patan there after. Later generations

After 1243, the Solankis lost control of Gujarat to their feudatories, of whom the Vaghela chiefs of Dholka came to dominate Gujarat. In 1297, Gujarat was conquered by the Delhi Sultanate. Descendants of King Tribhuvanpal settled in Rajasthan under King Ranakdeo. His descendants settled in Lach village in Sirohi. Rao Lakha of Sirohi attacked King Bhoja 16 times and failed on every occasion. At last, Rao having assistance from Idar attacked Solankis and King Bhoja was killed in the 17th battle. His descendant Raimal Solanki went to Mewar where he was rewarded with Roopnagar (Desuri) Jagir for ridding out the district from troublesome Madrecha Chauhans. His descendants fought several times against Mughals with Maharanas of Mewar. From Roopnagar, Solankis spread throughout the Mewar and Marwar. Baghel Descendants of the Anhilwara Solankis ruled the state of Rewa, in the Bagelkhand region, the eastern part of present-day Madhya Pradesh. Vyaghra Deo, brother of the King of Gujarat, moved to Bagelkhand in the middle of the twelfth century, and obtained the fortress of Marpha, 18 miles northeast of Kalinjar. His son Karandeo married a Kalchuri (Haihaya) princess of Mandla, and received the fortress of Bandogarh as her dowry. Bandogarh served as the seat of the Solankis of Bagelkhand until its destruction by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1597. After the destruction of Bandogargh, the Solankis moved their capital to Rewa. From 1812 to 1947 the Solanki, Maharajas of Rewa ruled the princely state of that name, within British India. In 1947, the last Maharaja of Rewa acceded to newly-independent India. Solanki rulers of Gujarat Mulraj I (942/960-995/997). Chamundaraj (c.995 -c.1010) Vallabharaj (c.1010) Durlabhraj (1009–1021). Bhimdev I (1021–1063). Son of Naagraj and Nephew of Durlabhraj. Karnadev I (1063–1093). Son of Bhimdev I. "Siddhraj" Jaysinh I (1093–1143) Kumarpal (1143–1173). Descendant of Karandev I. Ajavapal. Nephew of Kumarpal. (c.1171-c.1176) Mulraj II (c.1176-c.1178) Bhimdev II (c.1178–1242). Jaysinh II (c. 1223) -co-ruler of Bhimdev II Tribuvanpal (1242–1244) See also Jainism in Gujarat Chalukyas Salunkhes Baghel Badami Chalukyas Badami Cave Temples Badami Chalukya Architecture Western Chalukya Western Chalukya architecture Kalachuris Badami Aihole Pattadakal Mahakuta Sudi Mahadeva Temple (Itagi) Lakkundi Dambal Kundgol Annigeri Gadag Lakkundi Galaganatha Chaudayyadanapura Middle kingdoms of India Timeline: Northwestern India Northern India Southern India  6th century BCE  5th century BCE  4th century BCE  3rd century BCE  2nd century BCE  1st century BCE  1st century CE  2nd century  3rd century  4th century  5th century  6th century  7th century  8th century  9th century 10th century 11th century Gandhara (Persian rule) (Greek conquests) Indo-Greeks Indo-Scythians Indo-Parthians Kushan Empire

Indo-Sassanids Kidarite Kingdom Indo-Hephthalites (Islamic conquests) Shahi (Islamic Empire) Magadha Shishunaga dynasty Nanda empire Kalinga Maurya Empire Sunga Empire Kuninda Kingdom Western Satraps Gupta Empire Harsha Gurjara Pratihara Pala Empire Solanki Eastern Ganga dynasty Sena dynasty Satavahana empire Pandyan Cholas Chera Kalabhras Kadamba Dynasty Gangas Pallava Chalukya Rashtrakuta Western Chalukyas Hoysala Empire Notes ^ ""CHALUKYA / SOLANKI" DYNASTY". http://www.rajput.us/page15.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-31.  ^ Dasharatha Sharma (1975). Early Chauhān dynasties: a study of Chauhān political history, Chauhān political institutions, and life in the Chauhān dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D.. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 280. ISBN 978-0-8426-0618-9. "According to a number of scholars, the agnikula clans were originally Gurjaras." ^ The early history of India from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan conquest: including the invasion of Alexander the Great, Vincent Arthur Smith, Published by the Clarendon press, 1914, pp.412 ^ The Chalukyas of Gujarat were of Karnataka origin, Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001), A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC (Reprinted 2002), p8 ^ Mohanty, P.K. (2006). Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes In India. 5. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 186. ISBN 8182050529. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DfZBc1Gy9g4C&pg=PA186&. "Dr. Dashrath Sharma ascribes the origin of the Solankis, Parmars, the Guhis/Gohils and Chauhans to the Brahmins. However, we know from the works of other scholars that the solanki and Parmar were actually descendants of the Gujjars who came to India from pre-Islamic Persia in large numbers."  ^ Rose, Horace Arthur; Ibbetson (1990). Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North West Frontier Province. Asian Educational Services. pp. 300. ISBN 8120605055.  ^ "Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of ... – Google Books". Books.google.co.in. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=1QmrSwFYe60C&pg=PA6&dq=aheer++punjab&hl=en&ei=U3EDTfWGJMzHrQfZp-mQDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=ahir&f=false. Retrieved 2010-12-11.  ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=rF0NAQAAIAAJ&q=solanki+ahirs&dq=solanki+ahirs&hl=en&ei=e5V0Te7EMoaGrAfk-9zRCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAjgy ^ http://books.google.co.in/books?id=LPsvytmN3mUC&pg=PA311&dq=solanki+ahirs&hl=en&ei=YZN0TdLyJYblrAfGocHSCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAzgU#v=snippet&q=%20solanki%20ahirs&f=false ^ Mohanty, P.K. (2006). Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes In India. 5. Gyan Publishing House. pp. 186. ISBN 8182050529. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=DfZBc1Gy9g4C&pg=PA186&. "Dr. Dashrath Sharma ascribes the origin of the Solankis, Parmars, the Guhis/Gohils and Chauhans to the Brahmins. However, we know from the works of other scholars that the Solanki and Parmar were actually descendents of the Gujjars who came to India from pre-islamic Persia in large numbers."  References Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath (2001). A Concise History of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, MCC, Bangalore (Reprinted 2002), OCLC: 7796041 "Chakravarti Gurjars" By K. M. Munshi External links List of rulers of Gujarat "Chalukya Rulers". http://uqconnect.net/~zzhsoszy/ips/misc/chalukya.html. Retrieved 2011-07-11.  v · d · eClans of the Rajput people Suryavanshi Rajawat Bais Rajput Bargujar Bersal Bhatia Bachal Bhutta Chattar Dogra Gahlot Ghik Ghorewaha Gohil Gora Jayas Jaitawat Jamwal Jodhra Kachwaha Kirar Katil Kohaal Mandahar Minhas Naga Nagyal Naroo Nathawat Pundir Raghav (Raghuvanshi) Ranawat Rathore Ror Saharan Sengar Shekhawat Nathawat Kilanot Pichanot Shaktawat Khangarot Sisodia Thakial Thathal Chandravanshi Ahirs Alpial Aharwar Bhatti Chadar Chadhar Chandela Chib Chudasama Doad Gungal Harral Jadaun Jadeja Janjua Jarral Jaswal Jodhra Johiya Katoch Khakha Mahaar Mangral Marral Manj Naipal Nathyal Noon Ranial Sulehria Tomaras Wattu Wejhwa Wijhalke Yadu Agnivanshi Baghial Bhakral Chauhan Deora Dor Hon Kharal Kheechee Harral Mori Narma Paramara Ponwar Rawat Rajputs Sial Solanki Sodha Sohlan Tiwana Mekan Vaghela v · d · eClans of the Gurjars

Gurjar Pratihar · Chauhan · Solanki · Tomara · Parmar · Chavda · Kushan · Hun · Harshana · Nagari · Bagri · Bhati · Awana · Nekadi · Khatana · Chechi · Gujjral · Aheer · Sisodia · Karhana · Nanda · Dedha · Adhana · Bargat · Baisla · Chhabadi · Gorci · Panwar · Rathi · Mavi · Bargujar · Gahlot · Pundir · Baisoya · Bhumla · More

Gurjar Pratihar · Chauhan · Solanki · Tomara · Parmar · Chavda · Kushan · Hun · Harshana · Nagari · Bagri · Bhati · Awana · Nekadi · Khatana · Chechi · Gujjral · Aheer · Sisodia · Karhana · Nanda · Dedha · Adhana · Bargat · Baisla · Chhabadi · Gorci · Panwar · Rathi · Mavi · Bargujar · Gahlot · Pundir · Baisoya · Bhumla · More