"Utilities" redirects here. For other uses, see Utility (disambiguation). This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (December 2010) A public utility (usually just utility) is an organization that maintains the infrastructure for a public service (often also providing a service using that infrastructure). Public utilities are subject to forms of public control and regulation ranging from local community-based groups to state-wide government monopolies. Common arguments in favor of regulation include the desire to control market power, facilitate competition, promote investment or system expansion, or stabilize markets. In general, though, regulation occurs when the government believes that the operator, left to his own devices, would behave in a way that is contrary to the government’s objectives. In some countries an early solution to this perceived problem was government provision of the utility service. However, this approach raised its own problems. Some governments used the state-provided utility services to pursue political agendas, as a source of cash flow for funding other government activities, or as a means of obtaining "hard cash". These and other consequences of state provision of utility services often resulted in inefficiency and poor service quality. As a result, governments began to seek other solutions, namely regulation and providing services on a commercial basis, often through private participation.1

The term utilities can also refer to the set of services provided by these organizations consumed by the public: electricity, natural gas, water and sewage. Telephone services may also be included. In the United States of America they are often natural monopolies because the infrastructure required to produce and deliver a product such as electricity or water is very expensive to build and maintain.2 As a result, they are often government monopolies, or if privately owned, the sectors are specially regulated by a public utilities commission. Developments in technology have eroded some of the natural monopoly aspects of traditional public utilities. For instance, electricity generation, electricity retailing, telecommunication and postal services have become competitive in some countries and the trend towards liberalization, deregulation and privatization of public utilities is growing, but the network infrastructure used to distribute most utility products and services has remained largely monopolistic.

Public utilities can be privately owned or publicly owned. Publicly owned utilities include cooperative and municipal utilities. Municipal utilities may actually include territories outside of city limits or may not even serve the entire city. Cooperative utilities are owned by the customers they serve. They are usually found in rural areas. Private utilities, also called investor owned utilities, are owned by investors.citation needed In poorer developing countries, public utilities are often limited to wealthier parts of major cities, as used to be the case in developed countries in the nineteenth century, but in some developing countries utilities do provide services to a large share of the urban population, such as in the case of water and sanitation in Latin America. Contents 1 Public Utility Quality of Service for Telecommunications 1.1 Basic Safety Precautions in a Telecommunications Public Utility 2 Common classifications of utilities in the United States 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Public Utility Quality of Service for Telecommunications

Maintaining the infrastructure for a public service or utility demands a set of sound practices to enable Quality of Service (QoS). Uniform construction procedures especially must be followed by all parties. In particular, the recent boom in new architectures/services in telecommunications demands a whole new set of rules to maintain uninterrupted service. With new construction in public utility areas, the basic considerations and requirements relative to the construction practices and procedures are critical in a telecommunications company operating area. It is important that any construction should minimize the possibility of creating conditions that are hazardous to the general public and to any personnel working on, in, or around supporting structures could impair service or the restoration of service to customers of all parties using the supporting structures.

A set of practices that promotes reliable network performance and complies with all national codes; and that is consistent with current OSHA Rules, EPA regulations, and DOT requirements; are imperative. SR-1421, Blue Book - Manual of Construction Procedures provides a basis for developing productive Joint Use agreements and collaboration with other utilities such as power supply companies. There are many OSHA rules, EPA regulations, DOT requirements, and other agencies that can affect the operations of a telecommunications company that are not directly covered in SR-1421, although cross references where appropriate are present. These auxiliary issues are properly addressed in specific work rules issued by individual companies. Basic Safety Precautions in a Telecommunications Public Utility There are general safety precautions to be observed when working on poles, cables, guys, wire, strand, joint-use and joint-owned structures, pole-mounted aerial equipment, and underground and buried plant.

All personnel must conform with the federal, state, and local laws requiring Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) to be worn when performing particular work operations. Examples of personal protection equipment are hard hats, safety glasses or goggles, insulating gloves, proper foot wear, work gloves, etc. Construction, maintenance, and repair work of telecommunications plant involves potentially dangerous situations since the work is often performed In aerial lifts, bucket trucks, buried trenches, and confined spaces In the vicinity of high-voltage and high-current power supply cables and apparatus With heavy equipment and structures including utility poles, excavators, and large cable reels Using significant forces particularly during strand and guy tensioning, cable deployment, cabinet placement and pole setting operations.

It is critical that management and construction personnel be cognizant of these hazards and abides by the appropriate methods and practices to limit as far as reasonably possible the risks associated with telecommunications plant procedures. Common classifications of utilities in the United States This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2009) CWD – County Water District FCWCD – Flood Control and Water Conservation District FWSD – Fresh Water Supply District ID – Irrigation District IOU - Investor-owned utility MWA – Municipal Water Authority MWD – Municipal Water District MUD – Municipal Utility District POU - Public-oberchine Utility PUD – Public Utility District WA – Water Agency WCID – Water Control and Improvement District WD – Water District WS – Water System WSC – Water Supply Corporation See also Lists of public utilities Electric utility Telephone company Water industry Airline deregulation Common utility duct Electricity market Energy Firm service Liberalization NAICS 22 American Public Power Association National Rural Water Association Off-the-grid Public services Rate Case Telecommunications Universal service Utility cooperative Infrastructure References ^ Body of Knowledge on Infrastructure Regulation ^ West's Encyclopedia of American Law External links Look up utility in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. refabrica.com - Latest News in Utilities and Information Technology