This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. Its references would be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting or external linking. Tagged since October 2009. It needs additional references or sources for verification. Tagged since October 2009. Physiology is the science of the function of living systems. It is a subcategory of biology. In physiology, the scientific method is applied to determine how organisms, organ systems, organs, cells and biomolecules carry out the chemical or physical function that they have in a living system. The word physiology is from Ancient Greek: φύσις, physis, "nature, origin"; and -λογία, -logia, "study of". Contents 1 Human physiology 2 History 3 Schools 4 Honors and awards 5 See also 6 References 7 External links // Human physiology Main article: Human physiology Human physiology is the science of the mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of humans in good health, their organs, and the cells of which they are composed. The principal level of focus of physiology is at the level of organs and systems within systems. Much of the foundation of knowledge in human physiology was provided by animal experimentation.citation needed Physiology is closely related to anatomy; anatomy is the study of form, and physiology is the study of function. Due to the frequent connection between form and function physiology and anatomy are intrinsically linked and are studied in tandem as part of a medical curriculum. History

Human physiology dates back to at least 420 B.C. and the time of Hippocrates,1 the father of medicine. The critical thinking of Aristotle and his emphasis on the relationship between structure and function marked the beginning of physiology in Ancient Greece, while Claudius Galenus (c. 126-199 A.D.), known as Galen, was the first to use experiments to probe the function of the body. Galen was the founder of experimental physiology.2 The ancient Indian books of Ayurveda, the Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita, also had descriptions on human anatomy and physiology. The medical world moved on from Galenism only with the appearance of Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey.3 During the Middle Ages, the ancient Greek and Indian medical traditions were further developed by Muslim physicians, most notably Avicenna (980-1037), who introduced experimentation and quantification into the study of physiology in The Canon of Medicine. Many of the ancient physiological doctrines were eventually discredited by Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), who was the first physician to correctly describe the anatomy of the heart, the coronary circulation, the structure of the lungs, and the pulmonary circulation, for which he is considered the father of circulatory physiology.4verification needed He was also the first to describe the relationship between the lungs and the aeration of the blood, the cause of pulsation,5 and an early concept of capillary circulation.6verification needed

Following from the Middle Ages, the Renaissance brought an increase of physiological research in the Western world that triggered the modern study of anatomy and physiology. Andreas Vesalius was an author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica.7 Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy.8 Anatomist William Harvey described the circulatory system in the 17th century,9 demonstrating the fruitful combination of close observations and careful experiments to learn about the functions of the body, which was fundamental to the development of experimental physiology. Herman Boerhaave is sometimes referred to as a father of physiology due to his exemplary teaching in Leiden and textbook Institutiones medicae (1708).citation needed In the 18th century, important works in this field were by Pierre Cabanis, a french doctor and physiologist.citation needed In the 19th century, physiological knowledge began to accumulate at a rapid rate, particularly with the 1838 appearance of the Cell theory of Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann. It radically stated that organisms are made up of units called cells. Claude Bernard's (1813–1878) further discoveries ultimately led to his concept of milieu interieur (internal environment), which would later be taken up and championed as "homeostasis" by American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871–1945).clarification needed

In the 20th century, biologists also became interested in how organisms other than human beings function, eventually spawning the fields of comparative physiology and ecophysiology.10 Major figures in these fields include Knut Schmidt-Nielsen and George Bartholomew. Most recently, evolutionary physiology has become a distinct subdiscipline.11 The biological basis of the study of physiology, integration refers to the overlap of many functions of the systems of the human body, as well as its accompanied form. It is achieved through communication which occurs in a variety of ways, both electrical and chemical. In terms of the human body, the endocrine and nervous systems play major roles in the reception and transmission of signals which integrate function. Homeostasis is a major aspect with regards to the interactions within an organism, humans included.. Schools There is an abundance of different universities that allow students to major in physiology.1213 It is considered one of the fastest growing majors for undergraduate studentscitation needed. Honors and awards The highest honor awarded in physiology is the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, awarded since 1901 by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. v · d · eNobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine 1901 – 1925

Behring (1901) · Ross (1902) · Finsen (1903) · Pavlov (1904) · Koch (1905) · Golgi / Ramón y Cajal (1906) · Laveran (1907) · Metchnikoff / Ehrlich (1908) · Kocher (1909) · Kossel (1910) · Gullstrand (1911) · Carrel (1912) · Bárány (1913) · Bordet (1919) · Krogh (1920) · Hill / Meyerhof (1922) · Banting / Macleod (1923) · Einthoven (1924) 1926 – 1950 Fibiger (1926) · Wagner-Jauregg (1927) · Nicolle (1928) · Eijkman / Hopkins (1929) · Landsteiner (1930) · Warburg (1931) · Sherrington / Adrian (1932) · Morgan (1933) · Whipple / Minot / Murphy (1934) · Spemann (1935) · Dale / Loewi (1936) · Szent-Györgyi (1937) · Heymans (1938) · Domagk (1939) · Dam / Doisy (1943) · Erlanger / Gasser (1944) · Fleming / Chain / Florey (1945) · Muller (1946) · C.Cori / G.Cori / Houssay (1947) · Müller (1948) · Hess / Moniz (1949) · Kendall / Reichstein / Hench (1950) 1951 – 1975 Theiler (1951) · Waksman (1952) · Krebs / Lipmann (1953) · Enders / Weller / Robbins (1954) · Theorell (1955) · Cournand / Forssmann / Richards (1956) · Bovet (1957) · Beadle / Tatum / Lederberg (1958) · Ochoa / Kornberg (1959) · Burnet / Medawar (1960) · Békésy (1961) · Crick / Watson / Wilkins (1962) · Eccles / Hodgkin / Huxley (1963) · Bloch / Lynen (1964) · Jacob / Lwoff / Monod (1965) · Rous / Huggins (1966) · Granit / Hartline / Wald (1967) · Holley / Khorana / Nirenberg (1968) · Delbrück / Hershey / Luria (1969) · Katz / Euler / Axelrod (1970) · Sutherland (1971) · Edelman / Porter (1972) · Frisch / Lorenz / Tinbergen (1973) · Claude / Duve / Palade (1974) · Baltimore / Dulbecco / Temin (1975) 1976 – 2000

Blumberg / Gajdusek (1976) · Guillemin / Schally / Yalow (1977) · Arber / Nathans / Smith (1978) · Cormack / Hounsfield (1979) · Benacerraf / Dausset / Snell (1980) · Sperry / Hubel / Wiesel (1981) · Bergström / Samuelsson / Vane (1982) · McClintock (1983) · Jerne / Köhler / Milstein (1984) · Brown / Goldstein (1985) · Cohen / Levi-Montalcini (1986) · Tonegawa (1987) · Black / Elion / Hitchings (1988) · Bishop / Varmus (1989) · Murray / Thomas (1990) · Neher / Sakmann (1991) · Fischer / Krebs (1992) · Roberts / Sharp (1993) · Gilman / Rodbell (1994) · Lewis / Nüsslein-Volhard / Wieschaus (1995) · Doherty / Zinkernagel (1996) · Prusiner (1997) · Furchgott / Ignarro / Murad (1998) · Blobel (1999) · Carlsson / Greengard / Kandel (2000) 2001 – present Hartwell / Hunt / Nurse (2001) · Brenner / Horvitz / Sulston (2002) · Lauterbur / Mansfield (2003) · Axel / Buck (2004) · Marshall / Warren (2005) · Fire / Mello (2006) · Capecchi / Evans / Smithies (2007) · Barré-Sinoussi / Montagnier / zur Hausen (2008) · Blackburn / Greider / Szostak (2009) · Edwards / Steptoe (2010) Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present See also Anatomy Biophysical Society Comparative physiology Defense Physiology Ecophysiology Evolutionary physiology Human physiology Physio Wiki Physiome The Physiological Society Somatopsychic Applied Physiology American Physiological Society List of Russian physiologists References ^ "Physiology - History of physiology, Branches of physiology". Scienceclarified.com. http://www.scienceclarified.com/Ph-Py/Physiology.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.  ^ Thoracic Surgery Clinics: Historical Perspectives of Thoracic Anatomy, C. Fell and F. Griffith Pearson ^ "Galen". Discoveriesinmedicine.com. http://www.discoveriesinmedicine.com/General-Information-and-Biographies/Galen.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.  ^ Chairman's Reflections (2004), "Traditional Medicine Among Gulf Arabs, Part II: Blood-letting", Heart Views 5 (2), p. 74-85 [80]. ^ Nahyan A. G. Fancy (2006), "Pulmonary Transit and Bodily Resurrection: The Interaction of Medicine, Philosophy and Religion in the Works of Ibn al-Nafīs (died 1288)", pp. 224-229, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, University of Notre Dame.[1] ^ Paul Ghalioungui, Ibn an-Nafis, Cairo, 1966, pp. 109-129, and "The West denies Ibn Al Nafis's contribution to the discovery of the circulation" for the Symposium on Ibn al-Nafis, Second International Conference on Islamic Medicine: Islamic Medical Organization, Kuwait, 1982. ^ "Page through a virtual copy of Vesalius's ''De Humanis Corporis Fabrica''". Archive.nlm.nih.gov. http://archive.nlm.nih.gov/proj/ttp/books.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-29.  ^ "Andreas Vesalius (1514-1567)". Ingentaconnect.com. 1999-05-01. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/apl/uivs/1999/00000012/00000003/art00002?crawler=true. Retrieved 2010-08-29.  ^ Zimmer, Carl. 2004. Soul Made Flesh: The Discovery of the Brain - and How It Changed the World. New York: Free Press. ^ Feder, M. E., A. F. Bennett, W. W. Burggren, and R. B. Huey, eds. 1987. New directions in ecological physiology. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York. ^ http://www.biology.ucr.edu/people/faculty/Garland/GarlCa94.pdf Garland, T., Jr., and P. A. Carter. 1994. Evolutionary physiology. Annual Review of Physiology 56:579-621. ^ "© The American Physiological Society - Departments and Programs (US)". http://www.the-aps.org/sites/us.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-21.  ^ "© The American Physiological Society - Departments and Programs (Non-US)". http://www.the-aps.org/sites/non-us.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-21.  External links Look up physiology in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Developmental physiology physiologyINFO.org, a public information website sponsored by The American Physiological Society Physiwiki v · d · eMajor subfields of biology Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry · Biogeography  · Biomechanics · Biophysics · Bioinformatics · Biostatistics · Botany · Cell biology · Cellular microbiology · Chemical biology · Chronobiology · Conservation biology · Developmental biology · Ecology · Epidemiology · Epigenetics · Evolutionary biology · Genetics · Genomics · Histology · Human biology · Immunology · Marine biology · Mathematical biology · Microbiology · Molecular biology · Mycology · Neuroscience · Nutrition · Origin of life · Paleontology · Parasitology · Pathology · Pharmacology · Physiology · Quantum biology · Systems biology · Taxonomy · Toxicology · Zoology