This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (January 2011) Philip II King of Naples Reign 25 July 1554 – 13 September 1598 (&000000000000004400000044 years, &000000000000005000000050 days) Predecessor Charles V Successor Philip III King of England jure uxoris (more...) Reign 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 (&00000000000000040000004 years, &0000000000000115000000115 days) Co-monarch Mary I Duke of Burgundy, Lord of the Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy Reign 25 October 1555 – 6 May 1598 Predecessor Charles V Successor Albert and Isabella King of Spain Reign 16 January 1556 – 13 September 1598 (&000000000000004200000042 years, &0000000000000240000000240 days) Predecessor Charles I Successor Philip III Spouse Maria Manuela of Portugal Mary I of England Elizabeth of Valois Anna of Austria more Issue Charles, Prince of Asturias Isabella Clara Eugenia, Duchess of Luxembourg Catherine Michelle, Duchess of Savoy Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias Diego, Prince of Asturias Philip III of Spain House House of Habsburg Father Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor Mother Isabella of Portugal Born 21 May 1527(1527-05-21) Valladolid, Spain Died 13 September 1598(1598-09-13) (aged 71) Madrid, Spain Burial El Escorial Philip II (Spanish: Felipe II; Portuguese: Filipe I ; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (kingdoms of Castile, Navarra, this one disputed by the French and the Crown of Aragon) and Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland.12 He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as Duke or Count. Also known as Philip the Prudent, he ruled one of the world's largest empires which included territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip was born in Valladolid, the son of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire, and his consort, Isabella of Portugal. During his reign, Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents. He was described by the Venetian ambassador Paolo Fagolo in 1563 as "slight of stature and roundfaced, with pale blue eyes, somewhat prominent lip, and pink skin, but his overall appearance is very attractive." The Ambassador went on to say "He dresses very tastefully, and everything that he does is courteous and gracious."3 The Philippines was named after him. Contents 1 Domestic policy 2 Economy 3 Foreign policy 4 Ottoman-Habsburg conflict 5 Revolt in the Netherlands 6 King of Portugal 7 Relations with England and Ireland 7.1 King of England and Ireland 7.2 After Mary I's death 8 War with France 9 Death 10 Family 11 Legacy 12 Historical assessment 13 Ancestry 14 Gallery 15 See also 16 Notes 17 Sources 18 External links Domestic policy 'The Baptism of Phillip II' in Valladolid, Spain. Historical ceiling preserved in Prado Museum. After living in the Netherlands in the early years of his reign,4 Philip II decided to return to Spain. Although sometimes described as an absolute monarch, Philip faced many constitutional constraints on his authority. The "Spanish" Empire was not a single monarchy with one legal system but a federation of separate realms, each jealously guarding its own rights against those of the House of Habsburg. In practice, Philip often found his authority overruled by local assemblies, and his word less effective than that of local lords.5 The Crown of Aragon, where Philip was obliged to put down a rebellion in 1591–92, was particularly unruly. He also grappled with the problem of the large Morisco population in Spain, forcibly converted to Christianity by his predecessors. In 1569, the Morisco Revolt broke out in the southern province of Granada in defiance of attempts to suppress Moorish customs; and Philip ordered the expulsion of the Moriscos from Granada and their dispersal to other provinces. Despite its immense dominions, Spain was a country with a sparse population that yielded a limited income to the crown (in contrast to France, for example much more populated). Philip faced major difficulties in raising taxes, the collection of which was largely farmed out to local lords. He was able to finance his military campaigns only by taxing and exploiting the local resources of his empire. The flow of income from the New World proved vital to his militant foreign policy, but nonetheless his exchequer several times faced bankruptcy. Philip's reign saw a flourishing of cultural excellence in Spain, the beginning of what is called the Golden Age, creating a lasting legacy in literature, music, and the visual arts. Economy Titian's portrait of Philip as prince, aged about twenty-four dressed in a magnificent, lavishly decorated set of armour. The whiteness of his skin corresponds to his white stockings and the greenish golden sheen on his armour. In this way, the prince's pale complexion appears more distinguished. Charles V had left Philip with a debt of about 36 million ducats and an annual deficit of 1 million ducats. Aside from reducing state revenues for overseas expeditions, the domestic policies of Philip II further burdened Spain, and would, in the following century, contribute to its decline.citation needed Spain was subject to different assemblies: the Cortes in Castile along with the assembly in Navarre and three for each of the three regions of Aragon, each of which guarded their traditional rights and laws inherited when they were separate kingdoms. This made Spain and its possessions difficult to rule, unlike France which, while divided by regional states, had a single Estates-General. The lack of a viable supreme assembly would lead to power being concentrated in Philip's hands, but this was made necessary by the constant conflict between different authorities that required his direct intervention as the final arbiter. To deal with the difficulties arising from this situation, authority was administered by local agents appointed by the crown and viceroys carrying-out crown instructions. Philip felt it necessary to be involved in the detail and presided over specialized councils for state affairs, finance, war, and the Inquisition. He played a David Brawley against each other, leading to a system of checks and balances that managed affairs in an inefficient manner, sometimes damaging state business, such as the Perez affair. Calls to move the capital to Lisbon from the Castilian stronghold of Madrid — the new capital Philip established following the move from Valladolid — could have led to a degree of decentralization, but Philip opposed such efforts. Because of the inefficiencies of the Spanish state, industry was overburdened by government regulations, though this was common to many contemporary countries. The dispersal of the Moriscos from Granada – motivated by the fear they might support a Muslim invasion - had serious negative economic effects, particularly in that region.

Inflation throughout Europe in the sixteenth century was a broad and complex phenomenon, with the flood of bullion from the Americas arguably being the main cause of it in Spain, along with population growth, and government spending.67 Under Philip's reign, Spain saw a fivefold increase in prices.citation needed Because of inflation and a high tax burden for Spanish manufacturers and merchants, Spanish industry was harmed and much of Spain’s wealth was spent on imported manufactured goods by an opulent, status-oriented aristocracy and wars. Increasingly the country became dependent on the revenues flowing in from the mercantile empire in the Americas, leading to Spain's first bankruptcy (moratorium) in 1557 due to rising military costs. Dependence on sales taxes from Castile and the Netherlands, Spain's tax base, was too narrow to support Philip's plans. Philip became increasingly dependent on loans from foreign bankers, particularly in Genoa and Augsburg. By the end of his reign, interest payments on these loans alone accounted for 40% of state revenue. Even though Philip was bankrupt by 1596 (for the fourth time, after France had declared war on Spain), in the last decade of his life, more silver and gold were shipped safely to Spain than ever before. This allowed Spain to continue its military efforts, but led to an increased dependency on the precious metals and jewels. Foreign policy Philip's foreign policies were determined by a combination of Catholic fervour and dynastic self-interest. He considered himself by default the chief defender of Catholic Europe, both against the Ottoman Turks and against the forces to fight on every front at whatever cost rather than countenance freedom of worship within his territories.8 These territories included his patrimony in the Netherlands, where Protestantism had taken deep root. Following the Revolt of the Netherlands in 1568, Philip waged a bitter campaign against Dutch heresy and secession. It dragged in the English and the French and expanded into the German Rhineland, with the devastating Cologne War and lasted for the rest of his life. In 1588 the English defeated Philip's Spanish Armada, thwarting his planned invasion of the country. But the war would continue for the next sixteen years, and itself be linked to a complex series of struggles that included France, Ireland and the main battle zone, the Low Countries. It would not end until all the leading protagonists, including himself, had died. Earlier, however, after several setbacks in his reign and especially that of his father, Philip did achieve a decisive victory against the Turks at the Lepanto in 1571, with the allied fleet of the Holy League, which he had put under the command of his illegitimate brother, John of Austria. He also successfully secured his succession to the throne of Portugal. Ottoman-Habsburg conflict Further information: Ottoman-Habsburg wars Flag of Spanish armies under Philip II. In the early part of his reign Philip was concerned with the rising power of the Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificent. Fear of Islamic domination in the Mediterranean caused him to pursue an aggressive foreign policy. In 1558 Turkish admiral Piyale Pasha captured the Balearic Islands, especially inflicting great damage on Minorca and enslaving many, while raiding the coasts of the Spanish mainland. Philip appealed to the Pope and other powers in Europe to bring an end to the rising Ottoman threat. Since his father's losses against the Ottomans and against Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha in 1541, the major European sea powers in the Mediterranean, namely Spain and Venice, became hesitant in confronting the Ottomans. The myth of "Turkish invincibility" was becoming a popular story, causing fear and panic among the people. In 1560 Philip II organized a Holy League between Spain and the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Papal States, the Duchy of Savoy and the Knights of Malta. The joint fleet was assembled at Messina and consisted of 200 ships (60 galleys and 140 other vessels) carrying a total of 30,000 soldiers under the command of Giovanni Andrea Doria, nephew of the famous Genoese admiral Andrea Doria. On 12 March 1560, the Holy League captured the island of Djerba which had a strategic location and could control the sea routes between Algiers and Tripoli. As a response, Suleiman the Magnificent sent an Ottoman fleet of 120 ships under the command of Piyale Pasha, which arrived at Djerba on 9 May 1560. The battle lasted until 14 May 1560, and the forces of Piyale Pasha and Turgut Reis (who joined Piyale Pasha on the third day of the battle) had an overwhelming victory at the Battle of Djerba. The Holy League lost 60 ships (30 galleys) and 20,000 men, and Giovanni Andrea Doria could barely escape with a small vessel. The Ottomans retook the Fortress of Djerba, whose Spanish commander, D. Alvaro de Sande, attempted to escape with a ship but was followed and eventually captured by Turgut Reis. In 1565 the Ottomans sent a large expedition to Malta, which laid siege to several forts on the island, taking some of them. The Spanish sent a small relief force, which drove the Ottoman army, exhausted from a long siege, away from the island. The grave threat posed by the increasing Ottoman domination of the Mediterranean was reversed in one of history's most decisive battles, with the destruction of nearly the entire Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, by the Holy League under the command of Philip's half brother, Don Juan of Austria. A fleet sent by Philip, again commanded by Don John, reconquered Tunis from the Ottomans in 1573. However, the Turks soon rebuilt their fleet and in 1574 Uluç Ali Reis managed to recapture Tunis with a force of 250 galleys and a siege which lasted 40 days. However, Lepanto marked a permanent reversal in the balance of naval power in the Mediterranean and the end of the threat of complete Ottoman control of that sea. In 1585 a peace treaty was signed with the Ottomans. Revolt in the Netherlands Main article: Dutch Revolt Philip's rule in the seventeen separate provinces known collectively as the Netherlands faced many difficulties; this led to open warfare in 1568. He insisted on direct control over events in the Netherlands despite being over a fortnight ride away in Madrid. There was discontent in the Netherlands about Philip's taxation demands. In 1566, Protestant preachers sparked anti-clerical riots known as the Iconoclast Fury; in response to growing heresy, the Duke of Alba's army went offensive, further alienating the local aristocracy. In 1572 a prominent member of the Dutch aristocracy, William the Silent, invaded the Netherlands, but he only succeeded in holding two provinces, Holland and Zeeland. The States-General of the Dutch provinces, united in the 1579 Union of Utrecht, passed an Act of Abjuration declaring that they no longer recognized Philip as their king. The southern Netherlands (what is now Belgium and Luxembourg) remained under Spanish rule. The rebel leader, Prince of Orange (William the Silent) was assassinated in 1584 by Balthasar Gérard, after Philip had offered a reward of 25,000 crowns to anyone who killed him, calling him a "pest on the whole of Christianity and the enemy of the human race". The Dutch forces continued to fight on under Orange's son Maurice of Nassau, who received modest help from Queen Elizabeth I in 1585. The Dutch gained an advantage over the Spanish because of their growing economic strength, in contrast to Philip's burgeoning economic troubles. King of Portugal Main article: Iberian Union António, Prior of Crato

In 1578 young king Sebastian of Portugal died at the Battle of Alcácer Quibir without descendants, triggering a succession crisis. His uncle, the elderly Cardinal Henry, succeeded him as King, but as Henry was a clergyman, he also had no descendants. When the Cardinal-King died two years after Sebastian's disappearance, three grandchildren of Manuel I claimed the throne: Infanta Catarina, Duchess of Braganza, António, Prior of Crato, and Philip II of Spain. António was acclaimed King of Portugal in many cities and towns throughout the country, but members of the Council of Governors of Portugal who had supported Philip escaped to Spain and declared him to be the legal successor of Henry. Philip II marched then into Portugal and defeated Prior Anthony's troops in the Battle of Alcântara. The troops commanded by the 3rd Duke of Alba9 imposed subjection to Philip before entering Lisbon, where he seized an immense treasure.10 Philip II of Spain was crowned 'Philip I of Portugal in 1581 (recognized as king by the Cortes of Tomar) and a sixty-year personal union under the rule of the Portuguese House of Habsburg began. When Philip left for Madrid in 1583, he made his nephew Albert of Austria his viceroy in Lisbon. In Madrid he established a Council of Portugal to advise him on Portuguese affairs, giving excellent positions to Portuguese nobles in the Spanish courts, and allowing Portugal to maintain autonomous law, currency, and government. Relations with England and Ireland King of England and Ireland Further information: Anglo-Spanish War (1585) Portrait of Philip II by Titian, c.1554. Philip's father arranged his marriage to 37-year old Queen Mary I of England. In order to elevate Philip to Mary's rank, his father ceded the crown of Naples, as well as his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, to him. Their marriage at Winchester Cathedral on 25 July 1554 took place just two days after their first meeting. Philip's view of the affair was entirely political. Lord Chancellor Gardiner and the House of Commons petitioned Mary to consider marrying an Englishman, fearing that England would be relegated to a dependency of Spain. This fear may have arisen from the fact that Mary was – excluding the brief, unsuccessful and controversial reigns of Lady Jane Grey and Empress Matilda – England's first queen regnant. Under the terms of the marriage treaty, Philip was to enjoy Mary I's titles and honours for as long as their marriage should last. All official documents, including Acts of Parliament, were to be dated with both their names, and Parliament was to be called under the joint authority of the couple. Coins were also to show the heads of both Mary and Philip. The marriage treaty also provided that England would not be obliged to provide military support to Philip's father in any war. The Privy Council instructed that Philip and Mary should be joint signatories of royal documents, and this was enacted by an Act of Parliament, which gave him the title of king and stated that he "shall aid her Highness ... in the happy administration of her Grace’s realms and dominions."11 In other words, Philip was to co-reign with his wife.12 As the new King of England could not read English, it was ordered that a note of all matters of state should be made in Latin or Spanish.121314 Philip and Mary I of England, 1558 Acts which made it high treason to deny Philip's royal authority were passed in Ireland15 and England.16 Philip and Mary appeared on coins together, with a single crown suspended between them as a symbol of joint reign. The Great Seal shows Philip and Mary seated on thrones, holding the crown together.12 The coat of arms of England was impaled with Philip's to denote their joint reign.1718 Philip's wife had succeeded to the Kingdom of Ireland, but the title of King of Ireland was created in 1542 by Henry VIII after he was excommunicated, so it was not recognised by Catholic monarchs. In 1555, Pope Paul IV rectified this by issuing a Papal Bull recognizing Philip and Mary as rightful King and Queen of Ireland.19 Their joint royal style after Philip ascended the Spanish throne in 1556 was: Philip and Mary, by the Grace of God King and Queen of England, Spain, France, Jerusalem, both the Sicilies and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, Archdukes of Austria, Dukes of Burgundy, Milan and Brabant, Counts of Habsburg, Flanders and Tirol. Mary not only became Queen Consort of Spain but also "Queen of the Spanish East and West Indies and of the Islands and Mainland of the Ocean Sea". However, they had no children; Queen Mary I, or "Bloody Mary" as she came to be known in English Protestant lore, died in 1558 before the union could revitalize the Roman Catholic Church in England. With her death, Philip lost his rights to the English throne and ceased being King of England and Ireland. During their joint reign, when they attacked the French against their marriage treaty as composed by Parliament, Calais was lost to England forever. As King of Ireland King's County and Philipstown were named after him in 1556. After Mary I's death Upon Mary's death, the throne went to Elizabeth I. Philip had no wish to sever his tie with England, and had sent a proposal of marriage to Elizabeth. However, she delayed in answering, and in that time learned Philip was also considering a Valois alliance. Elizabeth was the Protestant daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. This union was deemed illegitimate by English Catholics who did not recognize Henry's divorce and who claimed that Mary, Queen of Scots, the Catholic great granddaughter of Henry VII, was the legitimate heir to the throne. For many years Philip maintained peace with England, and had even defended Elizabeth from the Pope's threat of excommunication. This was a measure taken to preserve a European balance of power. Ultimately, Elizabeth allied England with the Protestant rebels in the Netherlands. Further, English ships began a policy of piracy against Spanish trade and threatened to plunder the great Spanish treasure ships coming from the new world. English ships went so far as to attack a Spanish port. The last straw for Philip was the Treaty of Nonsuch signed by Elizabeth in 1585 - promising troops and supplies to the rebels. Although it can be argued this English action was the result of Philip's Treaty of Joinville with the Catholic League of France, Philip considered it an act of war by England. House of Habsburg Spanish line Emperor Charles V (King Charles I) Children Philip II of Spain Maria, Holy Roman Empress Joan of Spain Don John (illegitimate) Margaret of Parma (illegitimate) Philip II Children include Carlos, Prince of Asturias Isabella of Spain Catherine, Duchess of Savoy Philip III of Spain Maria of Spain Philip III Children include Anne, Queen of France Philip IV of Spain Maria Ana, Holy Roman Empress Infante Carlos Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand Philip IV Children include Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias Maria Theresa, Queen of France Margaret, Holy Roman Empress Charles II of Spain Charles II

The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots in 1587 ended Philip's hopes of placing a Catholic on the English throne. He turned instead to more direct plans to invade England, with vague plans to return the country to Catholicism. In 1588, he sent a fleet, the Spanish Armada, to rendezvous with the Duke of Parma's army and convey it across the English Channel. However, the operation had little chance of success from the beginning, because of lengthy delays, lack of communication between Philip II and his two commanders and the lack of a deep bay for the fleet. There was a tightly fought battle against the English navy; it was by no means a slaughter, but the Spanish were forced into a disastrous retreat. Philip, in the prime of his life, by Giacomo Antonio Moro Eventually, three more Armadas were assembled; two were sent to England in 1596 and 1597, but both also failed; the third (1599) was diverted to the Azores and Canary Islands to fend off raids. This Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) would be fought to a grinding end, but not until both Philip II (d. 1598) and Elizabeth I (d. 1603) were dead. The defeat of the Spanish Armada gave great heart to the Protestant cause across Europe. The storm that smashed the retreating armada was seen by many of Philip's enemies as a sign of the will of God. Many Spaniards blamed the admiral of the armada for its failure, but Philip, despite his complaint that he had sent his ships to fight the English, not the elements, was not among them. A year later, Philip remarked: “ It is impiety, and almost blasphemy to presume to know the will of God. It comes from the sin of pride, Even kings, Brother Nicholas, must submit to being used by God's will without knowing what it is. They must never seek to use it. ” —Philip II The Spanish navy was rebuilt, and intelligence networks were improved. A measure of the character of Philip can be gathered by the fact that he personally saw to it that the wounded men of the Armada were treated and received pensions, and that the families of those who died were compensated for their loss, which was highly unusual for the time. While the invasion had been averted, England was unable to take advantage of this success. An attempt to use her newfound advantage at sea with a counter armada the following year failed disastrously. Likewise, English buccaneering and attempts to seize territories in the Caribbean were defeated by Spain's rebuilt navy and her improved intelligence networks (although Cadiz was destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch force after a failed attempt to seize the treasure fleet.) Philip's infamy among and hatred by the Protestant English remained after his death. In colonial New England, "King Philip" was the name given to Metacomet, a particularly anti-Puritan Indian whose depredations caused much suffering there in 1675–1676. War with France From 1590 to 1598, Philip was also at war against Henry IV of France, joining with the Papacy and the Duke of Guise in the Catholic League during the French Wars of Religion. Philip's interventions in the fighting – sending Alessandro Farnese, to end Henry IV's siege of Paris in 1590 – and the siege of Rouen in 1592 – saving the French Catholic Leagues's cause against a Protestant French monarchy. In 1593, Henry agreed to convert to Catholicism; weary of war, most French Catholics switched to his side against the hardline core of the Catholic League, who were portrayed by Henry's propagandists as puppets of a foreign monarch, Philip. In June 1595 the redoubtable French king defeated the Spanish-supported Catholic League in Fontaine-Française in Burgundy and reconquered Amiens from the overstretched Spanish forces in September 1597. The 1598 Treaty of Vervins was largely a restatement of the 1559 Peace of Câteau-Cambrésis and Spanish forces and subsidies were withdrawn; meanwhile, Henry issued the Edict of Nantes, which offered a high degree of religious toleration for French Protestants. The military interventions in France thus ended in an ironic fashion for Philip: they had failed to oust Henry from the throne or suppress Protestantism in France and yet they had played a decisive part in helping the French Catholic cause gain the conversion of Henry, ensuring that Catholicism would remain France's official and majority faith – matters of paramount importance for the devoutly Catholic Spanish king. Death Philip II died in El Escorial, near Madrid, in September 1598. His was a painful death, which involved a severe attack of gout, fever and dropsy. For 52 horrific days the King deteriorated. He could no longer be moved to be washed due to pain; thus a hole was cut in his mattress for the release of bodily fluids. He was succeeded by his son Philip III. Family Philip and Anna banqueting with family and courtiers, by Alonso Sánchez Coello Cenotaph of Philip and his family at the Escorial. Philip was married four times and had children with three of his wives. Even so, most of his children died young. Philip's first wife was his double first cousin, Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal. She was a daughter of John III of Portugal and Catherine of Habsburg. The marriage produced one son, at whose birth Maria died in 1545. Carlos, Prince of Asturias, (8 July 1545 – 24 July 1568), died unmarried and without issue. Philip's second wife was his first cousin once removed, Queen Mary I of England. The 1554 marriage to Mary was political. By this marriage, Philip became jure uxoris King of England, although the couple was apart more than together as they ruled their respective countries. The marriage produced no children and Mary died in 1558. Philip's third wife was Elisabeth of Valois, the eldest daughter of Henry II of France and Catherine de' Medici. Their marriage (1559–1568) produced five children. Elisabeth died hours after a miscarriage in 1568. Their children were: Miscarried twin daughters (1564). Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain (12 August 1566 – 1 December 1633), married Albert VII, Archduke of Austria, but had no issue. Catherine Michelle of Spain (10 October 1567 – 6 November 1597), married Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, and had issue. miscarried or stillbirth son (1568). Philip's fourth and final wife was Anna of Austria, who was also his niece and cousin to her stepdaughter Catherine Michelle of Spain. (This marriage would be the first of three uncle-niece marriages that would be in the pedigree of the great grandson of Philip II, Charles II of Spain. Charles's genetically caused diseases would end the Habsburg line in Spain.) By contemporary accounts, this was a convivial and satisfactory marriage (1570–1580) for both Philip and Anna. This marriage produced four sons and a daughter. Anna died after giving birth to Maria in 1580. Their children were: Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias: 4 December 1571 – 18 October 1578, died young Carlos Lorenzo: 12 August 1573 – 30 June 1575, died young Diego, Prince of Asturias: 15 August 1575 – 21 November 1582, died young Philip: 3 April 1578 – 31 March 1621 (future king, Philip III of Spain) Maria: 14 February 1580 – 5 August 1583, died young Legacy

Under Philip II, Spain reached the peak of its power. However, in spite of the great and increasing quantities of gold and silver flowing into his coffers from the American mines, the riches of the Portuguese spice trade, and the enthusiastic support of the Habsburg dominions for the Counter-Reformation, he would never succeed in suppressing Protestantism or defeating the Dutch rebellion. Early in his reign, the Dutch might have laid down their weapons if he had desisted in trying to suppress Protestantism, but his devotion to Catholicism and the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, as laid down by his father, would not permit him to do so. He was a devout Catholic and exhibited the typical 16th century disdain for religious heterodoxy. As he strived to enforce Catholic orthodoxy through an intensification of the Inquisition, students were barred from studying elsewhere and books printed by Spaniards outside the kingdom were banned. Even a highly respected churchman like Archbishop Carranza, was jailed by the Inquisition for seventeen years for publishing ideas that seemed sympathetic in some degree to Protestant reformism. Such strict enforcement of orthodox belief was successful and Spain avoided the religiously inspired strife tearing apart other European dominions. Yet the School of Salamanca flourished under his reign. Martín de Azpilcueta, highly honoured at Rome by several popes, and looked on as an oracle of learning, published his Manuale sive Enchiridion Confessariorum et Poenitentium (Rome, 1568), long a classical text in the schools and in ecclesiastical practice. Francisco Suárez, generally regarded as the greatest scholastic after Thomas Aquinas and regarded during his lifetime as being the greatest living philosopher and theologian, was writing and lecturing, not only in Spain but also in Rome (1680–1685), where Pope Gregory XIII attended the first lecture that he gave. Luis de Molina published his De liberi arbitrii cum gratiae donis, divina praescientia, praedestinatione et reprobatione concordia (1588), wherein he put forth the doctrine attempting to reconcile the omniscience of God with human free will that came to be known as Molinism, thereby contributing to what was one of the most important intellectual debates of the time; Molinism became the de facto Jesuit doctrine on the aforementioned matters, and is still advocated today by William Lane Craig and Alvin Plantinga, among others. Statue of Philip II at the Sabatini Gardens in Madrid (F. Castro, 1753). Because Philip II was the most powerful European monarch in an era of war and religious conflict,20 evaluating both his reign and the man himself has become a controversial historical subject.21 Even before his death in 1598, his supporters had started presenting him as an archetypical gentleman, full of piety and Christian virtues, whereas his enemies depicted him as a fanatical and despotic monster, keen in inhuman cruelties and barbarism.22 This dichotomy, further developed into the so-called Spanish Black Legend and White Legend, was helped by King Philip himself. Philip prohibited any biographical account of his life to be published while he was alive, and he ordered that all his private correspondence be burned shortly before he died.23 Moreover, Philip did nothing to defend himself after being betrayed by his ambitious secretary Antonio Perez, who published incredible calumnies against his former master; this allowed Perez's tales to spread all around Europe unchallenged.24 That way, the popular image of the king that survives to today was created on the eve of his death, at a time when many European princes and religious leaders were turned against Spain as a pillar of the Counter-Reformation. This means that many histories depict Philip from deeply prejudiced points of view, usually negative. Even in countries that remained Catholic, primarily France and the Italian states, fear and envy of Spanish success and domination created a wide receptiveness for the worst possible descriptions of Philip II. Although some efforts have been made to separate legend from reality,25 that task has been proven to be extremely hard, since many prejudices are rooted in the cultural heritage of European countries. Spanish-speaking historians tend to assess his political and military achievements, sometimes deliberately avoiding issues such as the king's lukewarmness (or even support) towards Catholic fanaticism.26 English-speaking historians tend to show Philip II as a fanatical, despotical, criminal, imperialist monster,27 minimizing his military victories (Battle of Lepanto, Battle of Saint Quentin, etc.) to mere anecdotes, and magnifying his defeats (namely the Invincible Armada28) even though at the time those defeats did not result in great political or military changes in the balance of power in Europe. Moreover, it has been noted that objectively assessing Philip's reign would suppose to re-analyze the reign of his greatest opposers, namely England's Queen Elizabeth I and the Dutch William the Silent, who are popularly regarded as great heroes in their home nations; if Philip II is to be shown to the English or Dutch public in a more favorable light, Elizabeth and William would lose their cold-blooded, fanatical enemy, thus decreasing their own patriotic accomplishments.29 In an example of popular culture, Philip II is portrayed in Fire Over England, a well known 1937 historical drama. Breaking with British artistic tradition, the portrayal of the former English co-monarch is not entirely unsympathetic. He is shown as a very hard working, intelligent, religious, somewhat paranoid ruler whose prime concern is his country. As he orders the Armada to sail to its doom he admits to having no understanding of the English. Philip II's reign can hardly be characterized by its failures. He ended French Valois ambitions in Italy and brought about the Habsburg ascendency in Europe. He commenced settlements in the Philippines, which were named after him, and established the first trans-Pacific trade route between America and Asia. He secured the Portuguese kingdom and empire. He succeeded in massively increasing the importation of silver in the face of English, Dutch, and French privateers, overcoming multiple financial crises and consolidating Spain's overseas empire. Although clashes would be ongoing, he ended the major threat posed to Europe by the Ottoman navy. He dealt successfully with a crisis that threatened to lead to the secession of Aragon. Finally, his efforts contributed substantially to the long-term success of the Catholic Counter-Reformation in checking the religious tide of Protestantism in Europe. The Philippines, a former Spanish colony, are named in his honor. Historical assessment Anglo-American societies have generally held a very low opinion of Philip II. The traditional approach is perhaps epitomized by James Johonnot's Ten Great Events in History, in which he describes Philip II as a "vain, bigoted, and ambitious" monarch who "had no scruples in regard to means... placed freedom of thought under a ban, and put an end to the intellectual progress of the country".30 However, some historians classify this anti-Spanish analysis as part of the Black Legend.

The defense of the Catholic Church and the defeat of Protestantism was one of his most important goals. Although he did not fully accomplish this (England broke with Rome after the death of Mary, the Holy Roman Empire remained partly Protestant and the revolt in Holland continued) he prevented Protestantism from gaining a grip in Spain and Portugal and the colonies in the New World, and successfully re-established Catholicism in the reconquered southern half of the Low Countries. Philip was an austere and intelligent statesman. He was given to suspicion of members of his court, and was something of a meddlesome manager; but he was not the cruel tyrant painted by his opponents and subsequent Anglophile histories. He took great care in administering his vast dominions, and was known to intervene personally on behalf of the humblest of his subjects.citation needed Ancestry Ancestors of Philip II of Spain                                     16. Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor               8. Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor                       17. Eleanor of Portugal               4. Philip I of Castile                             18. Charles, Duke of Burgundy               9. Mary, Duchess of Burgundy                       19. Isabella of Bourbon               2. Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor                                   20. John II of Aragon               10. Ferdinand II of Aragon                       21. Juana Enriquez               5. Joanna I of Castile                             22. John II of Castile               11. Isabella I of Castile                       23. Isabella of Portugal               1. Philip II of Spain                                         24. Edward of Portugal               12. Infante Fernando, Duke of Viseu                       25. Leonor of Aragon               6. Manuel I of Portugal                             26. Infante João of Portugal               13. Beatriz of Portugal                       27. Isabella of Braganza               3. Isabella of Portugal                                   28. John II of Aragon (= 20)               14. Ferdinand II of Aragon (= 10)                       29. Juana Enriquez (= 21)               7. Maria of Aragon                             30. John II of Castile (= 22)               15. Isabella I of Castile (= 11)                       31. Isabella of Portugal (= 23)             Gallery Maria Von Portugal, Philip's first wife Mary I of England, Philip's second wife Isabel of Valois, Philip's third wife Anna of Austria, Philip's fourth wife Coat of Arms of the Prince Heir of Portugal Coat of Arms of Mary I and Phillip II Arms of Elisabeth of France, Queen of Spain Coat of Arms of Anna of Austria See also Cultural depictions of Philip II of Spain Descendants of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon Eighty Years' War List of Portuguese monarchs List of Spanish monarchs The empire on which the sun never sets The Philippines Notes ^ Geoffrey Parker. The Grand Strategy of Philip II, (2000) ^ Garret Mattingly. The Armada p. 22, p. 66 ISBN 0-395-08366-4 ^ Davis, James C. (1970). Pursuit of Power: Venetian Ambassadors ' Reports on Spain, Turkey, and France in the Age of Philip II 1560 - 1600. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 81–82.  ^ Parker, Geoffrey. The Dutch Revolt.. London: Penguin. p.41. ^ Parker, The Dutch Revolt. p.42. ^ Europe and England in the Sixteenth Century, T. A. Morris, 1998, p.121-122 ^ A History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day, Glyn Davies, rev. ed. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1996. p211-217. ISBN 0 7083 1351 5 ^ Aof the Protestant Reformation. He never relented from his war against what he regarded as heresy, preferring s Philip wrote in 1566 to Luis de Requesens: "You can assure his Holiness that rather than suffer the least injury to religion and the service of God, I would lose all my states and a hundred lives if I had them, for I do not intend to rule over heretics." Pettegree, p. 214. ^ Geoffrey Parker The army of Flanders and the Spanish road, London, 1972 ISBN 0-521-08462-8, p. 35 ^ Henry Kamen, The duke of Alba (New Haven–London: Yale University Press, 2004), Pp. x + 204. ^ 1 Mar. stat. 2 c. 2 ^ a b c Louis Adrian Montrose, The subject of Elizabeth: authority, gender, and representation, University of Chicago Press, 2006 ^ A. F. Pollard, The History of England - From the Accession of Edward VI. to the Death of Elizabeth (1547-1603), READ BOOKS, 2007 ^ Wim de Groot, The Seventh Window: The King's Window Donated by Philip II and Mary Tudor to Sint Janskerk in Gouda (1557), Uitgeverij Verloren, 2005 ^ Robert Dudley Edwards, Ireland in the age of the Tudors: the destruction of Hiberno-Norman civilization, Taylor & Francis, 1977 ^ Treason Act 1554 ^ Richard Marks, Ann Payne, British Museum, British Library; British heraldry from its origins to c. 1800; British Museum Publications Ltd., 1978 ^ American Numismatic Association, The Numismatist, American Numismatic Association, 1971 ^ Text of 1555 Bull ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7 In the introduction to this work, Felipe is mentioned as the most powerful European monarch by resources and army, depicting Europe at the time as a world full of unsolved issues and religious conflicts ^ Cfr. Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. Yet again, the several points of view towards his reign are mentioned in the Introduction ^ Kamen, Henry. Felipe de España, Madrid, Siglo XXI, 1997. Cultural depictions of the king are mentioned, although Kamen tends to place himself with those favouring the king ^ Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Felipe II y su tiempo. Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 6th Ed. ISBN 84-239-9736-7. He discusses the lack of correspondence of the king because he ordered it burned, thus avoiding any chance of getting further into Felipe's private life. ^ Vid. Marañón, Gregorio. Antonio Pérez: el hombre, el drama, la época. Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 1951, 2 vols. Judiciously argued review on the harm Perez did to the king, analyzing the king's responsibility on the assassination of Escobedo ^ Hume, Martin. Philip II of Spain, London, 1897. Martin tried to retrieve the prejudiced views on the king at his time, something Carl Bratli also tried to do in his Filip of Spanien (Koebenhaven, 1909). Their works oppose to those of Ludwig Pfandl, Felipe II. Bosquejo de una vida y un tiempo, Munich, 1938, who assessed very negatively Felipe's personality ^ In his work, Felipe II (Madrid, 1943) W.T. Walsh depicts Felipe's reign as a prosperous and successful one, tending to make an apology of it. Fernández Álvarez, in España y los españoles en la Edad Moderna (Salamanca, 1979), points out how White Legend supporters flourished during the 1940s and 1950s, and how they omitted the darkest issues of Felipe's reign ^ Those kinds of adjectives can be read in M. Van Durme's 1953 El Cardenal Granvela ^ Cabrera de Córdoba, Felipe II rey de España, ed. RAH, 1877, criticizes how Felipe's victories are being minimized by English historians, and points out the small consequences of defeats such as the Invincible Armada ^ This appreciation is noted by Martin Hume in his aforementioned work ("Philip II of Spain", London 1897), pointing out how difficult is to show Philip II in a more favorable light to his fellow Englishmen because of that. ^ [1] Sources Pettegree, Andrew (2002). Europe in the Sixteenth Century. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 063120704X. . Rodriguez-Salgado, M.J. "The Court of Philip II of Spain". In Princes Patronage and the Nobility: The Court at the Beginning of the Modern Age, cc. 1450-1650. Edited by Ronald G. Asch and Adolf M. Birke. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-19-920502-7. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Philip II of Spain Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Philip II of Spain "Philip of Spain: Renaissance Man" The Grand Strategy of Philip II" Letters of Philip II, King of Spain Letters of Philip II, King of Spain 1592-1597 Philip II of Spain (King of England) Philip II and the Paracelsian movement  "Philip II". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.  Philip II of Spain House of Habsburg Born: 1527 21 May Died: 1598 13 September Regnal titles Preceded by Emperor Charles V Ruler of the Seventeen Provinces of the Spanish Netherlands and Count Palatine of Burgundy Losing the provinces of Groningen and Ommelanden, Friesland, Overijssel, Lower Guelders and Zutphen, Holland, and Zeeland to the United Provinces after 26 July 1581 16 January 1556 – 6 May 1598 Succeeded by Isabella Clara Eugenia and Albert as Co-sovereigns of the Spanish Netherlands (Titular Duke of Burgundy, Duke of Brabant, Upper Guelders, Limburg, Lothier, Luxembourg, Count of Artois, Burgundy, Flanders, Hainaut and Namur) Succeeded by United Provinces as sovereign ruler of Groningen and Ommelanden, Friesland, Overijssel, Lower Guelders and Zutphen, Holland, and Zeeland King of Naples 1554–1598 Succeeded by Philip III of Spain II of Portugal King of Spain 1556–1598 Preceded by Anthony King of Portugal and the Algarves 1581–1598 Preceded by Mary I as sole monarch King of England King of Irelandjure uxoris 25 July 1554 – 17 November 1558 with Mary I Succeeded by Elizabeth I Spanish royalty Vacant Title last held by Charles I Prince of Asturias 1528–1556 Succeeded by Prince Carlos Titles in pretence Preceded by Charles II — TITULAR — Duke of Burgundy 1556–1598 Succeeded by Philip VI v · d · eMonarchs of Spain House of Trastámara (1479–1555) Ferdinand II and Isabella I · Joanna and Philip I House of Habsburg (1516–1700) Joanna and Charles I · Charles I · Philip II · Philip III · Philip IV · Charles II House of Bourbon (1700–1808) Philip V · Louis · Philip V · Ferdinand VI · Charles III · Charles IV · Ferdinand VII House of Bonaparte (1808–1813) Joseph Bonaparte House of Bourbon (1813–1868) Ferdinand VII · Isabella II House of Savoy (1868–1873) Amadeo House of Bourbon (1874–1931) Alfonso XII · Alfonso XIII House of Bourbon (since 1975) Juan Carlos I v · d · eMonarchs of Portugal House of Burgundy Afonso I • Sancho I • Afonso II • Sancho II • Afonso III • Denis • Afonso IV • Peter I • Ferdinand I House of Aviz John I • Edward • Afonso V • John II House of Aviz-Beja Manuel I • John III • Sebastian • Henry • Anthony (disputed) House of Habsburg Philip I • Philip II • Philip III House of Braganza John IV • Afonso VI • Peter II • John V • Joseph I • Maria I with Peter III • John VI • Pedro IV • Maria II • Miguel • Maria II with Ferdinand II House of Braganza-Coburg Pedro V • Luís • Charles • Manuel II v · d · eEnglish monarchs Kingdom of the English 886–1066 Alfred the Great · Edward the Elder · Ælfweard · Athelstan the Glorious1 · Edmund the Magnificent1 · Eadred1 · Eadwig the Fair1 · Edgar the Peaceable1 · Edward the Martyr · Æthelred the Unready · Sweyn Forkbeard · Edmund Ironside · Cnut1 · Harold Harefoot · Harthacnut · Edward the Confessor · Harold Godwinson · Edgar the Ætheling Kingdom of England 1066–1649 William I · William II · Henry I · Stephen · Matilda · Henry II2 · Henry the Young King · Richard I · John2 · Henry III2 · Edward I2 · Edward II2 · Edward III2 · Richard II2 · Henry IV2 · Henry V2 · Henry VI2 · Edward IV2 · Edward V2 · Richard III2 · Henry VII2 · Henry VIII2 · Edward VI2 · Jane2 · Mary I2 with Philip2 · Elizabeth I2 · James I3 · Charles I3 Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 1653–1659 Oliver Cromwell4 · Richard Cromwell4 Kingdom of England 1660–1707 Charles II3 · James II3 · William III and Mary II3 · Anne3 1Overlord of Britain. 2Also ruler of Ireland. 3Also ruler of Scotland. 4Lord Protector. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. v · d · eMonarchs of Luxembourg  Counts of Luxembourg (963–1354) Elder House of Luxembourg (963–1136) Siegfried (963–998) · Henry I (998–1026) · Henry II (1026–1047) · Giselbert (1047-1059) · Conrad I (1059-1086) · Henry III (1086-1096) · William I (1096-1131) · Conrad II (1131-1136) House of Namur (1136–1189) Henry IV (1136–1189) House of Hohenstaufen (1196–1197) Otto (1196–1197) House of Namur (1197–1247) Ermesinde (1197-1247), with · Theobald (1197–1214), and then · Waleran (1214–1226) House of Limburg (1247–1354) Henry V (1247–1281) · Henry VI (1281–1288) · Henry VII (1288–1313) · John I (1313–1346) · Charles I (1346–1353) · Wenceslaus I (1353–1354)  Dukes of Luxembourg (1354–1794) House of Limburg (1354–1443) Wenceslaus I (1354–1383) · Wenceslaus II (1383–1388) · Jobst (1388–1411) · Elisabeth (1411–1443) with · Anthony (1411–1415), and then · John II (1418–1425) House of Valois-Burgundy (1443–1482) Philip I (1443–1467) · Charles II (1467–1477) · Mary I (1477–1482) and  · Maximilian I (1477–1482) House of Habsburg (1482–1700) Philip II (1482–1506) · Charles III (1506–1556) · Philip III (1556–1598) · Isabella Clara Eugenia (1598–1621) and  · Albert (1598–1621) · Philip IV (1621–1665) · Charles IV (1665–1700) House of Bourbon (1700–1712) Philip V (1700–1712) House of Wittelsbach (1712–1713) Maximilian II (1712–1713) House of Habsburg (1713–1780) Charles V (1713–1740) · Mary II (1740–1780) House of Habsburg-Lorraine (1780–1794) Joseph (1780–1790) · Leopold (1790–1792) · Francis (1792–1794)  Grand Dukes of Luxembourg (since 1815) House of Orange-Nassau (1815–1890) William I (1815–1840) · William II (1840–1849) · William III (1849–1890) House of Nassau-Weilburg (since 1890) Adolphe (1890–1905) · William IV (1905–1912) · Marie-Adélaïde (1912–1919) · Charlotte (1919–1964) · Jean (1964–2000) · Henri (since 2000) v · d · eInfantes of Spain The generations indicate descent from Charles I, under whom the crowns of Castile and Aragon were united, forming the Kingdom of Spain. Previously, the title Infante had been largely used in the different realms. 1st Generation Philip II · Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress · Joan, Queen Consort of Portugal 2nd Generation Charles, Prince of Asturias · Isabella Clara Eugenia , Archduchess of Austria · Catherine Michelle, Duchess of Savoy · Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias · Diego, Prince of Asturias · Philip III 3rd Generation Philip IV · Infante Carlos · Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand 4th Generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias · Maria Theresa, Queen of France · Margaret Theresa, Holy Roman Empress · Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias · Charles II 5th Generation none 6th Generation none 7th Generation Louis I · Ferdinand VI · Charles III  · Philip, Duke of Parma  · Louis, Count of Chinchón 8th Generation Philip, Duke of Calabria · Charles IV · Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies · Infante Gabriel · Infante Antonio Pascual · Ferdinand, Duke of Parma* 9th Generation Ferdinand VII · Carlos, Count of Molina · Infante Francisco de Paula · Infante Pedro Carlos* · Louis I of Etruria** 10th Generation Queen Isabella II · Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier · Antoine, Duke of Montpensier** · Carlos, Count of Montemolín* · Juan, Count of Montizón* · Infante Ferdinand* · Francis, Duke of Cádiz* · Enrique, Duke of Seville* · Infante Duarte Felipe* · Infante Sebastian* · Charles II, Duke of Parma* 11th Generation Alfonso XII · Gaetan, Count of Girgenti** · Infante Louis Ferdinand of Bavaria** · Infante Ferdinand of Orléans* · Antonio, Duke of Galliera* · Charles III, Duke of Parma* 12th Generation Infante Carlos of the Two Sicilies** · Infante Ferdinand of Bavaria** · Alfonso, Duke of Galliera* · Infante Luis Fernando of Orléans* · Robert I, Duke of Parma* 13th Generation Alfonso, Prince of Asturias · Jaime, Duke of Segovia · Infante Fernando · Juan, Count of Barcelona · Infante Gonzalo · Alfonso, Duke of Calabria* · Infante Luis Alfonso of Bavaria* · Infante José Eugenio of Bavaria* 14th Generation Juan Carlos I · Infante Alfonso · Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz · Margarita, Duchess of Soria and Hernani · Carlos, Duke of Calabria* 15th Generation Felipe, Prince of Asturias · Elena, Duchess of Lugo · Cristina, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca 16th Generation Infanta Leonor · Infanta Sofía *title granted by Royal Decree **consort to an Infanta who was naturalized as a Spanish Infante v · d · eAustrian archdukes 1st Generation Frederick V · Albert VI · Sigismund 2nd Generation Archduke Cristopher · Maximilian I · Archduke John · Archduke Wolfgang 3rd Generation Philip I of Castile · Archduke Francis 4th Generation Charles I · Ferdinand I 5th Generation Philip II of Spain* · Maximilian II · Ferdinand II · Archduke Ferdinand* · Archduke John* · Archduke John · Archduke Ferdinand* · Charles II 6th Generation Charles, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand · Rudolf V · Archduke Ernest · Matthias · Maximilian III · Albert VII · Archduke Wenzel · Archduke Frederick · Archduke Charles · Ferdinand, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand · Archduke Carlos Lorenzo* · Diego, Prince of Asturias* · Philip III of Spain* · Ferdinand III · Archduke Charles · Archduke Maximilian Ernest · Leopold V · Archduke Charles 7th Generation Archduke Charles · Philip IV of Spain* · Archduke Philipp · Archduke John-Charles · Archduke Albert · Archduke Charles* · Ferdinand IV · Archduke Ferdinand* · Archduke Alfonso Mauricio · Leopold Wilhelm · Ferdinand Charles · Sigismund Francis 8th Generation Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias* · Ferdinand IV of Hungary · Archduke Francisco Fernando* · Archduke Philip August · Archduke Maximilian Thomas · Leopold VI · Archduke Charles Joseph  · Archduke Ferdinand Joseph Alois · Philip Prospero, Prince of Asturias* · Archduke Ferdinand Thomas* · Charles II of Spain* 9th Generation Archduke Ferdinand Wenzel · Archduke John Leopold · Joseph I · Archduke Leopold Joseph · Charles III 10th Generation Archduke Leopold Joseph · Archduke Leopold John 11th Generation Joseph II** · Archduke Charles Louis** · Leopold VII** · Archduke Ferdinand** · Maximilian Franz, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne** 12th Generation Emperor Francis I** · Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Charles, Duke of Teschen** · Alexander Leopold, Palatine of Hungary** · Joseph, Palatine of Hungary** · Archduke Anton Victor** · Archduke John** · Archduke Rainier Joseph** · Archduke Louis** · Cardinal-Archduke Rudolf** · Archduke Josef Franz*** · Francis IV, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph*** · Archduke Maximilian*** · Karl, Primate of Hungary*** 13th Generation Emperor Ferdinand I · Francis Leopold, Grand Prince of Tuscany** · Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Archduke Joseph Franz · Archduke Franz Karl · Archduke Johann Nepomuk · Albert, Duke of Teschen · Stephen, Palatine of Hungary · Archduke Karl Ferdinand · Francis V, Duke of Modena*** · Archduke Frederick Ferdinand · Archduke Ferdinand Karl Viktor*** · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Leopold Ludwig · Archduke Ernest Karl · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Sigismund Leopold · Archduke Rainer Ferdinand · Archduke Wilhelm Franz · Archduke Heinrich Anton · Archduke Maximilian Karl · Archduke Joseph Karl 14th Generation Emperor Franz Joseph I · Maximilian I of Mexico · Archduke Charles Louis · Archduke Ludwig Viktor · Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Ludwig Salvator** · Archduke John Salvator** · Archduke Karl · Archduke Franz Joseph · Friedrich, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Charles Stephen · Archduke Eugen · Archduke Joseph August · Archduke Ladislaus 15th Generation Crown Prince Rudolf · Archduke Franz Ferdinand*** · Archduke Otto Francis · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Leopold Ferdinand** · Archduke Joseph Ferdinand** · Archduke Peter Ferdinand** · Archduke Heinrich Ferdinand** · Archduke Robert Ferdinand** · Archduke Leopold Salvator** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Albrecht Salvator** · Archduke Rainier Salvator** · Archduke Ferdinand Salvator** · Albrecht Franz, Duke of Teschen · Archduke Karl Albrecht · Archduke Leo Karl · Archduke Wilhelm · Archduke Joseph Francis · Archduke Ladislaus Joseph · Archduke Matthias 16th Generation Emperor Charles I · Archduke Maximilian Eugen · Archduke Gottfried** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Rainier** · Archduke Leopold Maria** · Archduke Anton** · Archduke Franz Joseph** · Archduke Karl Pius** · Archduke Franz Karl** · Archduke Hubert Salvator** · Archduke Theodor Salvator** · Archduke Clemens Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Arpád · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Géza · Archduke Michael Koloman 17th Generation Crown Prince Otto · Archduke Robert*** · Archduke Felix · Archduke Carl Ludwig · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Heinrich Maria · Archduke Leopold Franz** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Radbot** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Stephan** · Archduke Dominic** · Archduke Friederich Salvator** · Archduke Andreas Salvator** · Archduke Markus** · Archduke Johann** · Archduke Michael** · Archduke Franz Salvator** · Archduke Karl Salvator** · Archduke Joseph Karl · Archduke Andreas Agustinus · Archduke Nicholas Franz · Archduke Johann Jacob · Archduke Edward Karl · Archduke Paul Rudolf 18th Generation Archduke Karl · Archduke Georg · Archduke Lorenz*** · Archduke Gerhard*** · Archduke Martin*** · Archduke Karl Philipp · Archduke Raimund Joseph · Archduke Itsván · Archduke Rudolf · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Karl Peter · Archduke Simeon · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Maximilian Heinrich · Archduke Philipp Joachim · Archduke Ferdinand Karl · Archduke Konrad · Archduke Sigismund** · Archduke Georg** · Archduke Guntram** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Alexander Salvator** · Archduke Thaddäus Salvator** · Archduke Casimir Salvator** · Archduke Matthias** · Archduke Johannes** · Archduke Bernhard** · Archduke Benedikt · Archduke Joseph Albrecht · Archduke Paul Leo · Archduke Friedrich Cyprian · Archduke Benedikt Alexander · Archduke Nicolás · Archduke Santiago · Archduke Paul Benedikt 19th Generation Archduke Ferdinand Zvonimir · Archduke Karl Konstantin · Archduke Amedeo*** · Archduke Joachim*** · Archduke Bartholomaeus*** · Archduke Emmanuel*** · Archduke Luigi*** · Archduke Felix Carl · Archduke Andreas Franz · Archduke Paul Johannes · Archduke Carl Christian · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Thomas · Archduke Franz Ludwig · Archduke Michael · Archduke Joseph · Archduke Imre · Archduke Imre · Archduke Christoph · Archduke Alexander · Archduke Lorenz Carl · Archduke Wilhelm  · Archduke Johannes · Archduke Ludwig · Archduke Philipp · Archduke Nicholas · Archduke Constantin · Archduke Jacob Maximilian · Archduke Leopold Amedeo** · Archduke Maximilian** · Archduke Leopold** · Archduke Constantin Salvator** · Archduke Paul Salvator** *also an infante of Spain **also a prince of Tuscany ***also a prince of Modena v · d · eEnglish Royal Consorts George of Denmark (1702–1707) · Mary of Modena (1685–1688) · Catherine of Braganza (1662–1685) · Henrietta Maria of France (1625–1649) · Anne of Denmark (1603–1619) · (Lord Guilford Dudley?) (1553) · Catherine Parr (1543–1547) · Catherine Howard (1540–1542) · Anne of Cleves (1540) · Jane Seymour (1536–1537) · Anne Boleyn (1533–1536) · Catherine of Aragon (1509–1533) · Elizabeth of York (1486–1503) · Anne Neville (1483–1485) · Elizabeth Woodville (1464–1483) · Margaret of Anjou (1445–1471) · Catherine of Valois (1420–1422) · Joanna of Navarre (1403–1413) · Isabella of Valois (1396–1399) · Anne of Bohemia (1383–1394) · Philippa of Hainault (1328–1369) · Isabella of France (1308–1327) · Margaret of France (1299–1307) · Eleanor of Castile (1272–1290) · Eleanor of Provence (1236–1272) · Isabella of Angoulême (1200–1216) · Berengaria of Navarre (1191–1199) · Margaret of France (1170–1183) · Eleanor of Aquitaine (1154–1189) · Matilda I of Boulogne (1135–1152) · (Geoffrey V of Anjou?) (1141) · Adeliza of Louvain (1121–1135) · Matilda of Scotland (1100–1118) · Matilda of Flanders (1066–1083) v · d · ePrinces of Asturias

Infante Felipe of Spain (1977-present) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931)  · Infante Alfonso (1904-1907)  · Prince Emanuele Filiberto (1871-1873)  · Alfonso XII (1857-1868)  · Ferdinand VII (1788-1808)  · Charles IV (1759-1788)  · Ferdinand VI (1724-1746)  · Louis I (1709-1724)  · Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1698-1699)  · Charles II (1661-1665)  · Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)  · Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)  · Philip IV (1605-1621)  · Philip III (1582-1598)  · Infante Diego (1578-1582)  · Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)  · Infante Carlos (1556-1568)  · Philip II (1527-1556)  · Charles I (1504-1516)  · Infante Miguel da Paz (1498-1500)  · Infante Juan (1478–1497)  · Infante Alfonso (1464-1468)  · Infante Enrique (1425-1454)  · Infante Juan (1405-1406)  · Infante Enrique (1388-1390) Persondata Name Philip II of Spain Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1528-05-21 Place of birth Valladolid, Spain Date of death 1598-09-13 Place of death Madrid, Spain

Infante Felipe of Spain (1977-present) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931)  · Infante Alfonso (1904-1907)  · Prince Emanuele Filiberto (1871-1873)  · Alfonso XII (1857-1868)  · Ferdinand VII (1788-1808)  · Charles IV (1759-1788)  · Ferdinand VI (1724-1746)  · Louis I (1709-1724)  · Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1698-1699)  · Charles II (1661-1665)  · Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)  · Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)  · Philip IV (1605-1621)  · Philip III (1582-1598)  · Infante Diego (1578-1582)  · Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)  · Infante Carlos (1556-1568)  · Philip II (1527-1556)  · Charles I (1504-1516)  · Infante Miguel da Paz (1498-1500)  · Infante Juan (1478–1497)  · Infante Alfonso (1464-1468)  · Infante Enrique (1425-1454)  · Infante Juan (1405-1406)  · Infante Enrique (1388-1390) Persondata Name Philip II of Spain Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1528-05-21 Place of birth Valladolid, Spain Date of death 1598-09-13 Place of death Madrid, Spain

Infante Felipe of Spain (1977-present) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931)  · Infante Alfonso (1904-1907)  · Prince Emanuele Filiberto (1871-1873)  · Alfonso XII (1857-1868)  · Ferdinand VII (1788-1808)  · Charles IV (1759-1788)  · Ferdinand VI (1724-1746)  · Louis I (1709-1724)  · Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1698-1699)  · Charles II (1661-1665)  · Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)  · Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)  · Philip IV (1605-1621)  · Philip III (1582-1598)  · Infante Diego (1578-1582)  · Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)  · Infante Carlos (1556-1568)  · Philip II (1527-1556)  · Charles I (1504-1516)  · Infante Miguel da Paz (1498-1500)  · Infante Juan (1478–1497)  · Infante Alfonso (1464-1468)  · Infante Enrique (1425-1454)  · Infante Juan (1405-1406)  · Infante Enrique (1388-1390) Persondata Name Philip II of Spain Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1528-05-21 Place of birth Valladolid, Spain Date of death 1598-09-13 Place of death Madrid, Spain

Infante Felipe of Spain (1977-present) Infante Alfonso (1907–1931)  · Infante Alfonso (1904-1907)  · Prince Emanuele Filiberto (1871-1873)  · Alfonso XII (1857-1868)  · Ferdinand VII (1788-1808)  · Charles IV (1759-1788)  · Ferdinand VI (1724-1746)  · Louis I (1709-1724)  · Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria (1698-1699)  · Charles II (1661-1665)  · Infante Philip Prospero (1657-1661)  · Infante Balthasar Charles (1629–1646)  · Philip IV (1605-1621)  · Philip III (1582-1598)  · Infante Diego (1578-1582)  · Infante Ferdinand (1571–1578)  · Infante Carlos (1556-1568)  · Philip II (1527-1556)  · Charles I (1504-1516)  · Infante Miguel da Paz (1498-1500)  · Infante Juan (1478–1497)  · Infante Alfonso (1464-1468)  · Infante Enrique (1425-1454)  · Infante Juan (1405-1406)  · Infante Enrique (1388-1390) Persondata Name Philip II of Spain Alternative names Short description Date of birth 1528-05-21 Place of birth Valladolid, Spain Date of death 1598-09-13 Place of death Madrid, Spain