New Zealand

This article is about the country. For other uses, see New Zealand (disambiguation). "NZ" redirects here. For other uses, see NZ (disambiguation). New Zealand Aotearoa Flag Coat of arms Anthem:  "God Defend New Zealand" "God Save the Queen"n 1 The hemisphere centred on New Zealand Capital Wellington 41°17′S 174°27′E / 41.283°S 174.45°E / -41.283; 174.45 Largest city Aucklandn 2 Official language(s) English (98%)n 3 Māori (4.2%) NZ Sign Language (0.6%) Ethnic groups  78% European/Othern 4 14.6% Māori 9.2% Asian 6.9% Pacific peoples Demonym New Zealander, Kiwi (colloquial) Government Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy  -  Monarch HM Queen Elizabeth II  -  Governor-General Sir Anand Satyanand  -  Prime Minister John Key  -  Speaker Dr Lockwood Smith  -  Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias Independence from the United Kingdomn 5   -  1st Parliament 25 May 1854   -  Dominion 26 September 1907{   -  Statute of Westminster 11 December 1931 (adopted 25 November 1947)   -  Constitution Act 1986 13 December 1986  Area  -  Total 268,021 km2 (74th) 103,483 sq mi   -  Water (%) 2.1 Population  -  June 2010 estimate 4,367,7005 (123rd)  -  2006 census 4,027,947   -  Density 16.1/km2 (201st) 41.6/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2010 estimate  -  Total $115.412 billion6   -  Per capita $28,7226  GDP (nominal) 2010 estimate  -  Total $135.723 billion6   -  Per capita $31,0676  Gini (1997) 36.2 (medium)  HDI (2010) 0.9077 (very high) (3rd) Currency New Zealand dollar (NZD) Time zone NZSTn 6 (UTC+12)  -  Summer (DST) NZDT (UTC+13) (Sep to Apr) Date formats dd/mm/yyyy Drives on the left ISO 3166 code NZ Internet TLD .nzn 7 Calling code +64 New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Māori name for New Zealand is Aotearoa, commonly translated as land of the long white cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau; the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free association); and the Ross Dependency, New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation; it is situated about 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi) southeast of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. During its long isolation New Zealand developed a distinctive fauna dominated by birds, a number of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and the mammals they introduced. The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent; the indigenous Māori are the largest minority. Asians and non-Māori Polynesians are also significant minority groups, especially in urban areas. The most commonly spoken language is English. New Zealand is a developed country that ranks highly in international comparisons on many topics, including lack of corruption, high educational attainment and economic freedom. The 2010 and 2009 Global Peace Index surveys ranked New Zealand as the most peaceful country in the world.8 Its cities also consistently rank among the world's most liveable. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the country's head of state and is represented by a Governor-General, and executive political power is exercised by the Cabinet of New Zealand. Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Polynesian settlers 2.2 European explorers 2.3 Treaty of Waitangi 2.4 Early government 2.5 20th and 21st centuries 3 Politics 3.1 Government 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Defence Force 3.4 Local government and external territories 4 Environment 4.1 Geography 4.2 Climate 4.3 Biodiversity 5 Economy 5.1 Trade 5.2 Infrastructure 6 Demography 6.1 Ethnicity and immigration 6.2 Language 6.3 Education and Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Art and Entertainment 7.2 Sports 8 See also 9 Notes and references 10 External links // Etymology Main article: New Zealand place names 1657 map showing western coastline of "Nova Zeelandia" It is unknown whether New Zealand had a Māori name before the arrival of Europeans, with Aotearoa (which literally translates as "land of the long white cloud")9 originally just referring to the North Island. The use of the term to describe the whole country only occurred post-colonially and it is now commonly used in New Zealand English.10 Abel Tasman sighted the islands in 1642 and named them Staten Landt, assuming they were connected to land off the southern tip of South America.11 In 1645 Dutch cartographers renamed the islands Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland.1213 British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand.n 8 Māori traditionally had several names for the two main islands; including Te Ika a Māui (the fish of Māui) for the North Island and Te Wai Pounamu (the waters of greenstone) or Te Waka o Aoraki (the canoe of Aoraki) for the South Island.14 Early European maps labelled the islands North (North Island), Middle (South Island) and South (Stewart Island / Rakiura).15 In 1830 maps began using North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907 this was the accepted norm.16 The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the Islands were never officially named and is seeking to formalise the names North Island and South Island.17 The board is also looking for alternative Māori names,18 with Te Ika-a-Māui and Te Wai Pounamu the most likely choices according to the chairman of the Māori Language Commission.19 History Main article: History of New Zealand The Māori settled New Zealand from Eastern Polynesia, concluding a long chain of voyages Polynesian settlers New Zealand, one of the last uninhabited major landmasses, was settled when Eastern Polynesians arrived by canoes.20 Radiocarbon dating of the oldest known archaeological site, evidence of deforestation and mitochondrial DNA variability within Māori populations suggest the islands were permanently settled between 1250–1300 AD.21 Remains of Polynesian Rats, which arrived with the settlers, were initially dated as early as 200 BC, suggesting an earlier arrival which did not result in permanent human settlement.22 Later dating of rat bones was more consistent with 13th century settlement21 and this is the most widely accepted hypothesis.202314 Over the following centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Māori. The population was divided into iwi (tribes) and hapū (subtribes) which would cooperate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.2425 European explorers The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Tasman and his crew in 1642.26 In a hostile encounter, four crew members and several Māori27 were killed, and Europeans did not revisit New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768–71.26 Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded food, metal tools, weapons and other goods for timber, food, artefacts, water, and on occasion sex.28 The introduction of the potato and the musket transformed Māori agriculture and warfare. Potatoes provided a reliable food surplus, enabling longer and more sustained military campaigns.29 The resulting Musket Wars encompassed over 600 battles between 1801 and 1840, killing between 30,000–40,000 Māori.30 From the early 19th century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the Māori population. Many early converts were amongst captives from the Musket Wars and later conversion was driven by the desire for literacy.31 The Māori population declined to around 40 percent of its pre-contact level during the 19th century, with introduced diseases being the major factor.32 Treaty of Waitangi Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and of increasing French interest in the territory, the British government appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832.33 Busby failed to bring law and order to European settlement, but did oversee the introduction of the first national flag on 20 March 1834. In October 1835, following an announcement of impending French sovereignty, the nebulous United Tribes of New Zealand sent the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand to King William IV of the United Kingdom, asking him for protection.33 Ongoing unrest and the legal standing of the Declaration of Independence prompted the Colonial Office to send Captain William Hobson to claim sovereignty for the British Crown and negotiate a treaty with the Māori.34 The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840.35 Although it was drafted hastily and disagreements continue to surround the translation, the Treaty is regarded as one of the nation's founding documents and is valued by Māori as a guarantee of their rights.36 In response to the commercially run New Zealand Company's attempts to establishing an independent settlement in Wellington37 and French settlers "purchasing" land in Akaroa,38 Hobson declared British sovereignty over all of New Zealand on 21 May 1840, even though copies of the Treaty were still circulating.3940 With the signing of the Treaty and declaration of sovereignty the number of immigrants, particularly from the United Kingdom, began to increase.41 Early government New Zealand, originally part of the colony of New South Wales, became a separate Crown colony in 184142 and Hobson moved the capital from Okiato to Auckland. The Māori were initially eager to trade with the settlers and many iwi became wealthy. As immigrant numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss and confiscation of much Māori land.43 The colony gained a representative government in 1852 and the 1st New Zealand Parliament met in 1854.44 In 1856 the colony effectively became self-governing, gaining responsible over all domestic matters other than native policy (control over native policy was granted in the mid-1860s).44 Following concerns that the South Island might form a separate colony, premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution to transfer the capital to a locality near the Cook Strait.45 Wellington was chosen due to its harbour and central location, with parliament officially sitting there for the first time in 1865. In 1893 the country became the first nation in the world to grant all women the right to vote.46 20th and 21st centuries In 1907 New Zealand declared itself a Dominion within the British Empire and in 1947 the country adopted the Statute of Westminster, making New Zealand a Commonwealth realm.44 While the country became more politically independent, however, it also became more dependent economically. With the development of refrigerated shipping in the 1890s meat and dairy products were exported to Britain, a trade which provided the basis for strong economic growth in New Zealand.47 New Zealand was involved in world affairs, fighting with the British Empire in the first and second World Wars48 and suffered through the Great Depression.49 The depression led to the election of the first Labour government and the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy.50 New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II51 and Māori began to leave their traditional rural life and move to the cities in search of work.52 A Māori protest movement developed, which criticised Eurocentrism and worked for greater recognition of Māori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi.53 In 1975, a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and it was enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985.54 Britain joined the European Economic Community in 1973 drastically reducing New Zealand's export market55 leading the fourth Labour government to initiate a radical market liberalisation programme.56 Politics Main article: Politics of New Zealand John Key, Prime Minister Government Main article: Government of New Zealand New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy57 and has a constitution, although it is not codified.58 Queen Elizabeth II is the Queen of New Zealand and the head of state.59 The Queen is represented by the Governor-General,60 whom she appoints on the exclusive advice of the Prime Minister.61 The Governor-General can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers (such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of Cabinet ministers, ambassadors and other key public officials)62 and in rare situations, the reserve powers (the power to dismiss a Prime Minister, dissolve Parliament or refuse the Royal Assent of a bill into law).63 The Queen and Governor-General powers are limited by constitutional constraints and they normally can not be exercised without the advice of Cabinet.6463 Elizabeth II Sir Anand Satyanand The Queen of New Zealand and her representative, the Governor-General The Parliament of New Zealand is the supreme legislative power and consists of the Sovereign (represented by the Governor-General) and the House of Representatives.64 The supremacy of the House over the Sovereign was established in England by the Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in New Zealand.64 The House of Representatives is democratically elected and a Government is formed from the party or coalition with the majority of seats.64 If no majority is formed a minority government can be formed if support from other parties is obtained through confidence votes. The Governor-General appoints ministers under advice from the Prime Minister, who is by convention, the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.65 Cabinet, led by the Prime Minister, is the highest policy-making body in government and is formed by most of the ministers.66 The first judge of the judiciary was appointed in 1842 when New Zealand become a crown colony and was no longer under the jurisdiction of the New South Wales Supreme Court.67 Judges and judicial officers are appointed non-politically and under strict rules regarding tenure in order to maintain constitutional independence from the government.58 This theoretically allows the judiciary to interpret the law based solely on policies passed by Parliament without other influences on their decision.68 The Privy Council in London was the final court of appeal until 2004 when it was abolished and replaced with the Supreme Court of New Zealand, now New Zealands highest court. The judiciary, headed by the Chief Justice,69 includes the Court of Appeal, the High Court, and subordinate courts58 New Zealand government "Beehive" and the Parliament Buildings, in Wellington Almost all parliamentary general elections between 1853 and 1996 were held under the first past the post system.70 Under this system the elections since 1930 have been dominated by two political parties, National and Labour.70 Since 1996, a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional (MMP) has been used.58 Under the MMP system each person has two votes, one is for the 65 electoral seats (including seven reserved for Māori) and the other is for a party. The remaining 55 seats are assigned so that representation in parliament reflects the party vote. A party has to win one electoral seat or 5 percent of the total party vote before it is eligible for one of the 120 seats in Parliament. Between March 2005 and August 2006 New Zealand became the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land (Head of State, Governor-General, Prime Minister, Speaker and Chief Justice) were occupied simultaneously by women.71 Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of New Zealand Early colonial New Zealand allowed the British Government to determine external trade and be responsible for foreign policy.72 The 1923 and 1926 Imperial Conferences decided that New Zealand should be allowed to negotiate their own political treaties, with the first successful commercial treaty being with Japan in 1928. Despite this independence New Zealand readily followed Britain in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939 with then Prime Minister Michael Savage proclaiming, "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand."73 In 1951 New Zealand joined Australia and the United States in the ANZUS security treaty,74 while the United Kingdom became increasingly focused on its European interests.75 The influence of the United States on New Zealand weakened following protests over the Vietnam War,76 the failure of the United States to admonish France after the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior,77 disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.7879 Despite the USA's suspension of ANZUS obligations the treaty remained in effect between New Zealand and Australia, whose foreign policy has followed a similar historical trend.80 Close political contact is maintained between the two countries, with free trade agreements and travel arrangements that allow citizens to visit, live and work in both countries without restrictions.81 Currently over 500,000 New Zealanders live in Australia and 65,000 Australians live in New Zealand.81 New Zealand has a strong presence among the Pacific Island countries. A large proportion of New Zealand's aid goes to the islands and many migrate to New Zealand for employment.82 New Zealand is involved in the Pacific Islands Forum, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum (including the East Asia Summit).81 New Zealand is also a member of the United Nations,83 the Commonwealth of Nations,84 the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development85 and the Five Powers Defence Arrangements.86 2007 ANZAC Dawn Service in Wellington. From left to right, the flags of NZ, the UK and Australia. Defence Force Main article: New Zealand Defence Force The New Zealand Defence Force has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy and the Royal New Zealand Air Force.87 New Zealand's national defence needs are modest due to the unlikelihood of direct attack,88 although it does have a global presence; fighting in both world wars, with notable campaigns in Gallipoli, Crete,89 El Alamein90 and Cassino.91 The Gallipoli campaign played an important part in fostering a national identity9293 and strengthened the ANZAC tradition between New Zealand and Australia.94 New Zealand also played key parts in the naval Battle of the River Plate95 and the Battle of Britain air campaign.9697 During the Pacific part of World War II, the United States had more than 400,000 American military personnel stationed in New Zealand.98 In addition to Vietnam and the two world wars, New Zealand fought in the Korean War, the Second Boer War,99 the Malayan Emergency,100 the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War. It contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, such as those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran–Iraq border, Bougainville, East Timor, and the Solomon Islands.101 New Zealand also sent a unit of army engineers to help rebuild Iraqi infrastructure for one year during the Iraq War. Local government and external territories Main articles: Local government in New Zealand and Realm of New Zealand Realm of New Zealand The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces, which had a degree of autonomy.102 These were abolished in 1876 and government was centralised due to financial pressure and the desire to consolidate railways, education, land sales and other policies.103 As a result, New Zealand now has no separately represented subnational entities. However remnants of the provinces live on in competitive rivalries exhibited in sporting and cultural events.104 Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand.102 In 1989, the government decentralised local government into the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.105 The 249 municipalities105 that existed in 1975 have now been consolidated into 73 territorial authorities and 11 regional councils.106 The regional councils role is to regulate "the natural environment with particular emphasis on resource management",105 while territorial authorities are responsible for sewage, water, local roads, building consents and other local matters.107 Five of the territorial councils are unitary authorities and also act as regional councils.108 The territorial authorities consist of 16 city councils, 57 district councils, and the Chatham Islands Council. While officially the Chatham Islands Council is not a Unitary Authority it undertakes many functions of a regional council.109 New Zealand is part of the monarchy and one of 16 realms within the comonwealth.110111 The Realm of New Zealand comprises New Zealand, Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue.111 The Cook Islands and Niue are self-governing in free association with New Zealand.112113 The New Zealand Parliament can not pass legislation, but with the countries consent can act on behalf of them in foreign affairs and defence. Tokelau is a non-self-governing territory that uses the New Zealand flag and anthem, but is administered by a council of three elders (one for each of the countries atolls).114115 The Ross Dependency is New Zealand's Antarctic territory, where it operates the Scott Base research facility.116 v · d · eAdministrative divisions of New Zealand Supranational level Realm of New Zealand National level New Zealand Tokelau Cook Islands Niue   Ross Dependency Regions 11 non-unitary regions 5 unitary regions Chatham Islands   Kermadec Islands sub-Antarctic islands Territorial authorities 13 cities and 53 districts Notes Some districts lie in more than one region These combine the regional and the territorial authority levels in one Special territorial authority Areas outside regional authority; these, plus the Chatham Islands and the Solander Islands, form the New Zealand outlying islands State administered by New Zealand States in free association with New Zealand Claimed by New Zealand Environment Main article: Environment of New Zealand Geography Main article: Geography of New Zealand New Zealand from space. The snow-capped Southern Alps dominate the South Island, while the North Island's Northland Peninsula stretches towards the subtropics. New Zealand is made up of two main islands, and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere. The country's islands lie between latitudes 29° and 53°S, and longitudes 165° and 176°E. The main North and South Islands are separated by the Cook Strait, 22 kilometres (14 mi) wide at its narrowest point.117 The total land area of 268,021 square kilometres (103,483 sq mi)118 is a little less than that of Italy or Japan, and a little more than the United Kingdom.119 New Zealand is long (over 1,600 kilometres (990 mi) along its north-north-east axis) and narrow (a maximum width of 400 kilometres (250 mi)),120 with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) of coastline.121 The five largest inhabited islands behind the North and South Island are Stewart Island/Rakiura, the Chatham Islands (named Rēkohu by Moriori), Great Barrier Island (in the Hauraki Gulf),122 d'Urville Island (in the Marlborough Sounds)123 and Waiheke Island (about 17.7 km (11.0 mi) from Auckland).122 The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million square miles), more than 15 times its land area.124 The South Island is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps.125 There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), the highest of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).126 The top of South Island contains areas of forest in Abel Tasman, Kahurangi and other national parks.127 Fiordland, in the south-western corner of the South Island, is an area of high mountains cut through with steep fjords.128 The North Island is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism.129 The highly active Taupo volcanic zone has formed a large volcanic plateau. The North Island's highest mountain, Mount Ruapehu 2,797 metres (9,177 ft), and the country's largest lake, Lake Taupo, are found on this plateau.130 The island's north is a flatter area, once covered by huge kauri trees.131 Abel Tasman National Park in the South Island The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates.132 New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a microcontinent nearly half the size of Australia that gradually submerged after breaking away from the Gondwanan supercontinent.133 About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to contort and crumple the region. This is now most evident in the Southern Alps, formed by compression of the crust beside the Alpine Fault. Elsewhere the plate boundary involves the subduction of one plate under the other, producing the Puysegur Trench to the south, the Hikurangi Trench east of the North Island, and the Kermadec and Tonga Trenches134 further north.132 Climate Main article: Climate of New Zealand The latitude of New Zealand corresponds closely to that of Italy in the Northern Hemisphere, but its isolation from continental influences and exposure to cold southerly winds and ocean currents give the climate a much milder character.135 The climate throughout the country is mild and temperate, mainly maritime, with mean annual temperatures ranging from 10°C in the south to 16°C in the north. Historical maxima and minima are 42.4 °C (108.3 °F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and −21.6 °C (−6.9 °F) in Ophir, Otago.136 Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to almost semi-arid in Central Otago and the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland.137 Of the seven largest cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving on average only 640 millimetres (25 in) of rain per year and Auckland the wettest, receiving almost twice that amount.138 Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2,000 hours of sunshine. The southern and south-western parts of the South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1400–1600 hours; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2400–2500 hours.139 Biodiversity Main article: Biodiversity of New Zealand New Zealand's geographic isolation for 80 million years140 and island biogeography is responsible for the country's unique species of flora and fauna. They have either evolved from Gondwanan wildlife or the few organisms that have managed to reach the shores through flight, swimming or being carried across the sea.141 About 82 percent of New Zealand's indigenous vascular plantsn 9 are endemic, covering 1944 species across 65 genera and includes a single family.142144 The two main types of forest are those dominated by podocarps and/or the giant kauri, and in cooler climates the southern beech.145 The remaining vegetation types consist of grasslands, the majority of which are tussock.146 The endemic flightless kiwi is a national icon Before the arrival of humans an estimated 80 percent of the land was covered in forest, with only high alpine, wet, infertile and volcanic areas without trees.147 The forests were dominated by birds, the lack of mammalian predators led to some like the kiwi, kakapo and takahē evolving flightlessness.148 The arrival of humans, and the introduction of rats, ferrets and other mammals led to the extinction of a number of bird species, including large birds like the moa and Haast's eagle.149150 Other indigenous animals are represented by reptiles (tuataras, skinks and geckos ),151 frogs, spiders (katipo) insects (weta) and snails.152153 Three species of bats (one since extinct) were the only sign of native land mammals in New Zealand until the 2006 discovery of bones from a unique, mouse-sized land mammal.154 Marine mammals however are abundant, with almost half the worlds cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) and large numbers of fur seals reported in New Zealand waters.155 Since human arrival an estimated fifty one birds, three frogs, three lizards, one freshwater fish, four plant species, one bat and a number of invertebrates have become extinct.149 Others are endangered or have had their habitat severely reduced.149 New Zealand conservationist's pioneered the use of island restoration as a means to protect these threatened wildlife156157158 and 220 islands larger than 5 hectares were marked as possible sanctuaries by 2009.159 Economy Main article: Economy of New Zealand See also: List of companies of New Zealand New Zealand has a modern, prosperous and developed market economy with an estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita between US$27,420 and $US29,352.n 10 The New Zealand dollar, informally known as the "Kiwi dollar", is the currency of New Zealand. It also circulates in the Cook Islands (see Cook Islands dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands.163 New Zealand has a relatively high standard of living, comparable to that of Southern Europe.164165 It was ranked 4th in the 2011 Index of Economic Freedom published by The Heritage Foundation166 and 8th out of 30 countries by the OECD for happiness.167 In 2010, Auckland was ranked the 4th most livable city and Wellington the 12th by the Mercer Quality of Life Survey168 Historically, New Zealand's strong relationship with the United Kingdom and the high demand for agricultural products helped the population achieving higher living standards than both Australia and Western Europe in the 1950s and 1960s.169 In 1973 New Zealand's export market was reduced when the United Kingdom joined the European Community and other compounding factors, such as the 1973 oil and 1979 energy crisis, led to a severe economic depression.170 Living standards in New Zealand fell behind those of Australia and Western Europe, and by 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.171 Since 1984, successive governments engaged in major macroeconomic restructuring (known first as Rogernomics and then Ruthanasia), rapidly transforming New Zealand from a highly protectionist economy to a liberalised free-trade economy.56172 Unemployment that was 10 percent following the 1987 share market crash reached a record low of 3.4 percent in 2007 (ranking fifth from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).173 The global finacial crisis that followed however had a major impact on New Zealand with the GDP shrinking for five consecutive quarters, the longest recession in over thirty years.174175 New Zealand has experienced a series of "brain drains" since the 1970s176 that still continue today.177 Nearly one quarter of highly-skilled workers live overseas, most in Australia and Britain, the most from any developed nation.178 In recent years, however, a "brain gain" has brought in educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries.179180 Milford Sound, one of New Zealand's most famous tourist destinations181 Trade New Zealand is heavily dependent on international trade,182 particularly in Agricultural products.183 Exports account for a high 24 percent of its output,121 making New Zealand vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing, forestry and mining, which make up about half of the country's exports.184 Its major export partners are Australia, United States, Japan, China, and the United Kingdom.121 On 7 April 2008, New Zealand and China signed the New Zealand China Free Trade Agreement, the first such agreement China has signed with a developed country.185186 The service sector is the largest sector in the economy, followed by manufacturing and construction and then farming and raw material extraction.121 Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy contributed $15.0 billion to New Zealand’s total GDP and supported 9.6 percent of the total workforce in 2010.187 International visitors to New Zealand increased by 3.1 percent in the year to October 2010188 and are expected to increase at a rate of 2.5 percent annually up to 2015.187 A Romney ewe with her two lambs. Wool was New Zealand’s major agricultural export making up over a third of all export revenues, but since the 1960s the price has steadily dropped relative to other commodities189 and wool is no longer profitable for many farmers.190 In contrast dairy farming increased, with the number of dairy cows doubling between 1990 and 2007,191 to become New Zealands largest export earner.192 In the year to June 2009, dairy products accounted for 21 percent ($9.1 billion) of total merchandise exports,193 and the largest company in the country, Fonterra, controls almost one-third of the international dairy trade.194 Other agricultural exports in 2009 were meat 13.2 percent, wool 6.3 percent, fruit 3.5 percent and fishing 3.3 percent. New Zealand's wine industry has followed a similar trend to dairy, the number of vineyards doubling over the same period,195 overtaking wool exports briefly in 2007.196 The government offered a number of subsidies during the 1970s to assist farmers after the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community197 and by the early 1980s government support provided some farmers with 40 percent of their income.198 In 1984 the Labour government ended all farm subsidies,199 and by 1990 the agricultural industry became the most deregulated sector in New Zealand.200 To stay competive in the heavily subsidised European and US markets New Zealand farmers had to increase the efficiency of their operations.201202 Animal farming is pasture based, cows and sheep are rarely housed or fed large quantities of grain, with most farmers using grass based supplements such as hay and silage during feed shortages. Pigs are usually kept indoors, either in gestation crates, farrowing crates, fattening pens, or group housing.203 Infrastructure In 2008, oil, gas and coal generated approximately 69 percent of New Zealand's gross energy supply and 31 per cent was generated from renewable energy, primarily hydroelectric power and geothermal power.204 New Zealand's transport network consists of 93,906 kilometres of roads and is worth 23 billion dollars.205 Most major cities and towns are linked by bus services, although the private car is the predominant mode of transport.206 The Railways were privatised in 1993 and then re-purchased by the government in 2004 and vested into a state owned enterprise.207 Railways run the length of the country, although most lines now carry freight rather than passengers.208 Most international visitors arrive via air209 and New Zealand has seven international airports, although currently[update] only the Auckland and Christchurch airports connect directly with countries other than Australia or Fiji.210 The New Zealand Post Office had a monopoly over telecommunications until 1989 when Telecom New Zealand was formed, initially as state-owned enterprise and then privatised in 1990.211 Telecom still owns the majority of the telecommunications infrastructure, but competition from other providers has increased.212 Demography Main article: Demographics of New Zealand Ethnicity and immigration Main articles: New Zealanders and Immigration to New Zealand New Zealand's historical population (black) and projected growth (red). The population of New Zealand is approximately 4.4 million.213 In the 2006 census, 67.6 percent identified ethnically as European and 14.6 percent as Māori.214 Other major ethnic groups include Asian (9.2 percent) and Pacific peoples (6.9 percent), while 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a "New Zealander" (or similar) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities.215n 11 This contrasts with 1961, when the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent.217 While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally218 and by locals.219 The term Pākehā usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,220221 and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.222 New Zealand's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asian. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival. The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early European settlers. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australian due to restrictive policies similar to the white Australian policies.223 There was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,224 Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.225 Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).226 Twenty-three percent of New Zealand's population are born overseas, most living in the Auckland region.227 While most still come from the United Kingdom and Ireland (29 percent), immigration from East Asia (mostly mainland China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong) is increasing the fastest.228 The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.229 New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 72 percent of the population living in 16 main urban areas and 53 percent living in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.230 The life expectancy of a child born in 2008 was 82.4 years for a girl, and 78.4 years for a boy.231 Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline 2050.232 In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people sixty years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29percent.232 Language English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 98 percent of the population.3 New Zealand English is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.233 After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (te reo Māori) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.234 It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,235236 being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,237 and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population.3 There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.238 Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.3 percent),n 12 followed by French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese.3239n 13 New Zealand Sign Language is used by approximately 28,000 people and was made New Zealands third official language in 2006.240241 A Ratana church Education and Religion Main articles: Education in New Zealand and Religion in New Zealand Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.242 There are 13 school years and attending public schools is free. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,121 and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.242n 14 In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.243 Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand, held by 55.6 percent of the population with another 34.7 percent indicated that they had no religion, up from 29.6 percent in 2001, and around 4 percent affiliated with other religions.244n 15 The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. There are also significant numbers who identify themselves with Pentecostal, Baptist, and LDS (Mormon) churches. The New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.239245 List of cities in New Zealand (June 2010 Statistics New Zealand Subnational Population Estimates)246 Rank City Name Region Pop Rank City Name Region Pop. Auckland Wellington 1 Auckland Auckland Region 1,354,900 7 Dunedin Otago Region 116,600 2 Christchurch Canterbury Region 390,300 8 Palmerston North Manawatu-Wanganui Region 81,600 3 Wellington Wellington Region 389,700 9 Nelson Nelson 59,800 4 Hamilton Urban Area Waikato Region 203,400 10 Rotorua Bay of Plenty Region 55,900 5 Napier-Hastings Urban Area Hawke's Bay Region 124,400 11 New Plymouth Taranaki Region 52,200 6 Tauranga Bay of Plenty Region 120,000 12 Whangarei Northland Region 51,900 Culture Main article: Culture of New Zealand Late twentieth-century house-post depicting the navigator Kupe fighting two sea creatures Early Māori developed their own distinctive culture based on the Polynesian culture. Social organisation was largely communal with families (whanau), sub-tribes (hapu) and tribes (iwi) ruled by a chief (rangatira) whose position was subject to the communities approval.247 The British and Irish immigrants brought aspects of their own culture to New Zealand and also influenced Māori culture,248249 particularly with the introduction of Christianity.250 However, Māori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of their identity, and Māori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples.251 More recently American, Australian, Asian and other European cultures have exerted influence on New Zealand. Non-Māori Polynesian cultures are also apparent, with Pasifika, the world's largest Polynesian festival, now an annual event in Auckland. Cook Islands dancers at Auckland's Pasifika festival The largely rural life in early New Zealand led to the image of New Zealanders being rugged, industrious problem solvers and overly modest types.252 At this time New Zealand was not known as an intellectual country253 and the phenomena known as the "Tall poppy syndrome", where high achievers are criticised harsher than their less successful peers was evident.254 Māori culture was suppressed by the attempted assimilation of Māori into British New Zealanders.234 In the 1960s as higher education became more available and cities expanded255 urban culture began to dominate.256 Even though the majority of the population now lives in cities, much of New Zealand's art, literature, film and humour has rural themes. Art and Entertainment Main article: New Zealand art As part of the resurgence of Māori culture, the traditional crafts of carving and weaving are now more widely practiced and Māori artists are increasing in number and influence.257 Early New Zealand paintings and photographs were dominated by landscapes.258 The pre-eminent Māori architecture consisted of carved meeting houses (marae) decorated with symbolic carvings and illustrations. These buildings were diverse and originally designed to be constantly rebuilt, changing and adapting to different forms or needs.259 Prior to 2000 New Zealand fashion had a reputation for being casual, practical and lackluster.260261 The New Zealand fashion industry grew significantly over the next ten years, increasing from a handful to about 50 established labels and doubling exports and some labels gained international recognition.261 Māori quickly adopted writing as a means of sharing ideas, and many of their oral stories and poems were converted to the written form.262 Most early literature was obtained from Britain and it was not until the 1950s when publishing outlets increased that New Zealand Literature started to become widely known.263 New Zealand music has been influenced by blues, jazz, country, rock and roll and hip hop and many of these genres have been given a New Zealand and Polynesian interpretation.264 Immigrants have also brought over their ethnic music, one of the earliest being the Scottish pipe band.264 Some artists release Māori language songs and the Māori tradition-based art of kapa haka (song and dance) has made a resurgence.265 Radio first arrived in New Zealand in 1922 and television in 1960, with the number of New Zealand films significantly increased during the 1970.266 In 1978 the New Zealand Film Commission started assisting local film-makers and many films attained a world audience, some receiving international acknowledgement. Deregulation in the 1980s saw a sudden increase in the numbers of radio and television stations.266 New Zealand television broadcasts mostly American and British programming, along with a large number of Australian and local shows. The diverse scenery, small size and government incentives have meant that some big budget films have been filmed in New Zealand.267268 The New Zealand media industry is dominated by a small number of companies, most of which are foreign-owned, although the state retains ownership of some television and radio stations. Between 2003 and 2008, Reporters Without Borders consistently ranked New Zealands press freedom in the top twenty.269 Sports Main article: Sport in New Zealand Most of the major sporting codes played in New Zealand have English origins,270 and rugby union, cricket, bowls, netball, soccer, motorsports, golf, swimming and tennis are the most popular.271n 16 Victorious rugby football tours to Australia and the United Kingdom in the late 1880s and the early 1900s played an early role in instilling a national identity,272 although its influence has since reduced.273 Horse racing was also a popular spectator sport and became part of the "Rugby, Racing and Beer" culture during the 1960s.274 Māori participation in European sports was particularly evident in rugby and a haka (traditional Māori challenge) is performed before the start of international matches.275 Statue of mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary gazing towards Aoraki / Mount Cook New Zealand has competitive international teams in rugby union, netball, cricket, rugby league, and softball and has traditionally done well in triathlons, rowing, yachting and cycling. The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.276277 New Zealand is well known for its extreme sports, adventure tourism278 and strong mountaineering tradition.279 Other outdoor pursuits such as tramping, hunting and fishing are also popular. The Polynesian sport of waka ama racing has increased in popularity and is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific. See also New Zealand portal List of New Zealand-related topics Outline of New Zealand International rankings of New Zealand Notes and references Notes ^ "God Save the Queen" is officially a national anthem but is generally used only on regal and vice-regal occasions.12 ^ Auckland is the largest urban area; Auckland City is the largest incorporated city. ^ Percentages add to more than 100% because some people speak more than one language. They exclude unusable responses and those who spoke no language (e.g. too young to talk).3 ^ Percentages add to more than 100% because some people identify with more than one ethnic group.4 ^ There is a multitude of dates that could be considered to mark independence (see Independence of New Zealand). ^ The Chatham Islands have a separate time zone, 45 minutes ahead of the rest of New Zealand. ^ The territories of Niue, the Cook Islands and Tokelau have their own cctlds, .nu, .ck and .tk respectively. ^ Zeeland is spelt "Zealand" in English and the Dutch regional language of Zeelandic. The linguistic connection with the Danish island Zealand is purely coincidental. ^ New Zealand has appropriately 4,000 indigenous species of lichens and other non-vascular plants142 and only 40 percent of these are endemic143 ^ Estimates vary depending on which organisation conducts the research. The International Monetary Funds estimate is US$27,420.160 The CIA World Factbook estimate is $28,000.161 The World Banks estimate is US$29,352.162 ^ When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group (53 percent of Māori identified solely as Māori, while the remainder also identified with one or more other ethnicities).216 ^ Of the 85,428 people that replied they spoke Samoan in the 2006 Census, 57,828 lived in the Auckland region.239 ^ Languages listed here are those spoken by over 40,000 New Zealanders ^ Tertiary education in New Zealand is used to describe all aspects of post-school education and training. Its ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced, research-based postgraduate degrees. ^ Another 6 percent objected to stating their religion. Statistics NZ do not report a total percentage for "Other" religions. Depending on how many people claimed both Christian and other religions, this could range from 3 to 5 percent. These percentages are based on the usually resident population, excluding another 7 percent of people who did not provide usable information. ^ The sports listed are based on top participatory sports (downloadable at sport and recreation participation levels Sport and Recreation New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2011. References ^ "New Zealand's National Anthems". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/index.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.  ^ "Protocol for using New Zealand's National Anthems". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.mch.govt.nz/anthem/proto-cols.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.  ^ a b c d "Statistics New Zealand:Language spoken (total responses) for the 1996–2006 censuses (Table 16)". Statistics New Zealand. 21 December 2006. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006%20Census%20reports/QuickStats%20About%20A%20Subject/QuickStats%20About%20Culture%20and%20Identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.ashx. Retrieved 20 February 2008.  ^ Didham, Robert; Potter, Deb (April 2005). Understanding and Working with Ethnicity Data. Statistics New Zealand. ISBN 9780478315059. Archived from the original on November 25, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071125133402/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/F9967810-E15B-4D28-A8E3-DBAD6B80954C/0/UnderstandingWorkingEthnicityData.pdf. Retrieved 19 September 2010.  ^ "National Population Estimates: June 2010 quarter". Statistics New Zealand. 2010-08-13. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPJun10qtr.aspx. Retrieved 2010-11-08.  ^ a b c d "New Zealand". 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New Zealand Herald. 8 March 2006. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10371473.  ^ "Draft Report of a Review of the Official Ethnicity Statistical Standard: Proposals to Address the ‘New Zealander’ Response Issue" (pdf). Statistics New Zealand. April 2009. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Methods%20and%20Services/Review%20ethnicity/draft-reportof-reviewo-official-ethnicity-standard.ashx. Retrieved 18 January 2011.  ^ Ranford, Jodie. "'Pakeha', Its Origin and Meaning". Māori News. http://maorinews.com/writings/papers/other/pakeha.htm. Retrieved 20 February 2008.  ^ Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva (SOPEMI) (2000). Trends in international migration: continuous reporting system on migration. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. pp. 276–278.  ^ Walrond, Carl (21 September 2007). "Dalmatians". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/dalmatians. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ "New Zealand Peoples". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-peoples. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ Hoadley, Stephen (2004). "Our immigration policy: rationality, stability, and politics: Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls". New Zealand International Review 29 (2): 14. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=7CB5F506C6654DAA1FDF7478F60948D1.inst1_1a?docId=5002096410. Retrieved 20 February 2008.  ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Birthplace and people born overseas". Statistics New Zealand. March 2006. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx. Retrieved 19 January 2011.  ^ For the percentages: "QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Birthplace and people born overseas". 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  For further detail within East Asia: "Culture and identity – Birthplace". 2006 Census Population and dwellings tables. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/TableBuilder/2006-census-pop-dwellings-tables/culture-and-identity/birthplace.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ Butcher, Andrew; McGrath, Terry (2004). "International Students in New Zealand: Needs and Responses". International Education Journal 5 (4). http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v5n4/butcher/paper.pdf.  ^ "Subnational population estimates at 30 June 2009". Statistics New Zealand. 30 June 2007. http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/tables/subnational-pop-estimates.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ "Commentary". Births and Deaths: December 2009 quarter. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/births/BirthsAndDeaths_HOTPDec09qtr/Commentary.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2010.  ^ a b Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2009.  ^ Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). Dialects of English: New Zealand English. Edinburgh University Press. p. 14. ISBN 9780748625291.  ^ a b Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "The New Zealanders - Bicultural New Zealand". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/12. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ "Māori Language Week – Te Wiki o Te Reo Maori". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week. 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Retrieved 30 April 2010.  in ables 28 (Religious Affiliation) and 19 (Languages Spoken by Ethnic Group) ^ "New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006". Office for Disability Issues. http://www.odi.govt.nz/what-we-do/nzsl/. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ Dyson, Ruth (April 2006). "NZ Sign Language to be third official language". The New Zealand Government. http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sign-language-be-third-official-language. Retrieved 19 January 2011.  ^ a b Dench, Olivia (July 2010). "Education Statistics of New Zealand: 2009". Education Counts. http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ece/2507/80221. Retrieved 19 January 2011.  ^ "Educational attainment of the population" (xls). Education Counts. 2006. http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/17836/Education_attainment_of_the_population.xls. Retrieved 21 February 2008.  ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Religious affiliation". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/religious-affiliation.aspx. Retrieved 20 January 2011.  ^ "Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006-reports/quickstats-subject/Culture-Identity/qstats-about-culture-and-identity-2006-census.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2007.  ^ "Statistics New Zealand. Using table 3 of Subnational population estimates at 30 June 2006–09". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Methods%20and%20Services/Tables/Subnational%20population%20estimates/subnational-pop-estimate-jun2001-2010.ashx. Retrieved 2010-11-02.  ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 398. ^ Hearn, Terry (March 2009). "English - Importance and influence". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/english/. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ "Conclusions - British and Irish immigration". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. March 2007. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/home-away-from-home/conclusions. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Stenhouse, John (November 2010). "Religion and society - Māori religion". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/religion-and-society/4. Retrieved 21 Januawry 2011.  ^ "Māori Social Structures". Ministry of Justice. March 2001. http://www.justice.govt.nz/publications/publications-archived/2001/he-hinatore-ki-te-ao-maori-a-glimpse-into-the-maori-world/part-1-traditional-maori-concepts/maori-social-structures. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 400. ^ Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "The New Zealanders - Post-war New Zealanders". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/10. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Kennedy 2007, p. 399. ^ Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "The New Zealanders - Ordinary blokes and extraordinary sheilas". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/11. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "Rural mythologies - The cult of the pioneer". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/rural-mythologies/5. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). "Creative life - Visual arts and crafts". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/2.  ^ "History of New Zealand painting". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. December 2010. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/nz-painting-history. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ McKay, Bill (2004). "Māori architecture: transforming western notions of architecture". Fabrications: The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Australia and New Zealand 14 ((1&2)): 1–12. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/ojs/index.php/fab/article/viewFile/108/126.  ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (Jun2 2010). "Creative life - Design and fashion". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/3. Retrieved 22 January 2011.  ^ a b "Fashion in New Zealand – New Zealand's fashion industry". The Economist. 28 February 2008. http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=E1_TDSGGNTD. Retrieved 6 August 2009.  ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). "Creative life - Writing and publishing". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/6. Retrieved 22 January 2011.  ^ "The making of New Zealand literature". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. November 2010. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/literature-in-new-zealand-1930-1960. Retrieved 22 January 2011.  ^ a b Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). "Creative life - Music". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/7. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). "Creative life - Performing arts". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/8. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ a b Swarbrick, Nancy (June 2010). "Creative life - Film and broadcasting". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/creative-life/5. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ Cieply, Michael; Rose, Jeremy (October 2010). "New Zealand Bends and ‘Hobbit’ Stays". http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/28/business/media/28hobbit.html.  ^ "Production Guide: Locations". Film New Zealand. http://www.filmnz.com/production-guide/locations.html. Retrieved 21 January 2011.  ^ "Only peace protects freedoms in post-9/11 world". Reporters Without Borders. 22 October 2008. http://en.rsf.org/only-peace-protects-freedoms-in-22-10-2008,29031. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ Hearn, Terry (March 2009). "English - Popular culture". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/english/12. Retrieved 22 January 2022.  ^ "Sport and Recreation Participation Levels". Sport and Recreation New Zealand. 2009. http://www.activenzsurvey.org.nz/Documents/Participation-Levels.pdf. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  ^ Crawford, Scott (January 1999). "Rugby and the Forging of National Identity". In Nauright, John. Sport, Power And Society In New Zealand: Historical And Contemporary Perspectives. ASSH Studies In Sports History. http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/ASSHSSH/ASSHSSH11.pdf.  ^ Fougere, Geoff (1989). "Sport, culture and identity: the case of rugby football". In Novitz, David; Willmott, Bill. Culture and identity in New Zealand. pp. 110–122. ISBN 0–477–01422–4. http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19901879245.html.  ^ "Rugby, racing and beer". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. August 2010. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/media/photo/rugby-racing-and-beer. Retrieved 22 January 2011.  ^ Derby, Mark (December 2010). "Māori–Pākehā relations - Sports and race". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/maori-pakeha-relations/4.  ^ "ABS medal tally: Australia finishes third". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 30 August 2004. http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/57a31759b55dc970ca2568a1002477b6/be9f47591541e29eca256ef40004f25a!OpenDocument. Retrieved 17 February 2008.  ^ "Per Capita Olympic Medal Table". users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/. http://users.skynet.be/hermandw/olymp/reloly.html. Retrieved 17 February 2008.  ^ Bain 2006, p. 69. ^ "World mourns Sir Edmund Hillary". The Age (Australia). January 2008. http://news.theage.com.au/national/world-mourns-sir-edmund-hillary-20080111-1ldx.html.  Bibliography Bain, Carolyn (2006). New Zealand. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741045355.  Garden, Donald (2005). Stoll. ed. Australia, New Zealand, and the Pacific: an environmental history. Nature and Human Societies. ABC-CLIO/Greenwood.  Kennedy, Jeffrey (2007). "Leadership and Culture in New Zealand". In Chhokar, Jagdeep. Culture and Leadership Across the World: The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Societies. US: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-8058-5997-3.  King, Michael (2003). The Penguin History of New Zealand. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143018674.  Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). A Concise History of New Zealand. Australia: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521542286.  Further reading David Bateman, ed. Bateman New Zealand Encyclopedia (2005) Keith Sinclair and Raewyn Dalziel. A History of New Zealand (2000) A. H. McLintock, ed. Encyclopedia of New Zealand 3 vols (1966) New Zealand Official Yearbook (annual) External links Find more about New Zealand on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks New Zealand entry at The World Factbook New Zealand from UCB Libraries GovPubs New Zealand at the Open Directory Project Wikimedia Atlas of New Zealand Government New Zealand Government portal Ministry for Culture and Heritage – includes information on flag, anthems and coat of arms Statistics New Zealand Other Te Ara, The Encyclopedia of New Zealand New Zealand Plant Conservation Network website for information about the indigenous flora and species of introduced weed and animal pest New Zealand weather NZHistory.net.nz New Zealand history website Travel New Zealand travel guide from Wikitravel Tourism New Zealand  Articles Related to New Zealand v · d · e New Zealand topics History Timeline · Treaty of Waitangi · Land Wars · Military history · Women's suffrage · New Zealand and Antarctica · Independence People Māori · Pākehā / NZ European · Immigration · Demographics · Lists of New Zealanders Geography Time zones · Environment · National Parks · Marine reserves · Islands · Lakes · Rivers · Caves · Cities · Towns · Biodiversity Politics Law · Constitution · Queen · Parliament · Prime Minister · Political parties · Elections · Supreme Court · Foreign relations · Immigration  · Citizenship Economy Transport · Taxation · Rogernomics · Tourism · Companies · Communications · Energy Culture Māori culture · Māori language · NZ English · Art · Cinema · Literature · Music · Education · Sport · Public holidays · Religion · Media Main cities Wellington (capital) · Auckland (largest) · Christchurch · Hamilton · Tauranga · Dunedin · Napier-Hastings · Palmerston North Other topics Honours system · Kiwi (people) · Aotearoa · Society Book · Category · Portal · WikiProject   Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 41°17′S 174°27′E / 41.283°S 174.45°E / -41.283; 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