For fine-arts models, see Model (art). This article needs attention from an expert on the subject. See the talk page for details. WikiProject Fashion or the Fashion Portal may be able to help recruit an expert. (February 2010) Modeling a dress A model (from Middle French modèle),1 sometimes called a mannequin, is a person who is employed for the purpose of displaying and promoting fashion clothing or other products and for advertising or promotional purposes or who poses for works of art. Modelling is distinguished from other types of public performance, such as an acting, dancing or mime artist, although the boundary is not well defined. Appearing in a movie or a play is not considered modelling. However, models may be considered to express emotion in their photographs or video. Types of modelling include fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, and body-part models. Models are features in a variety of media formats including books, magazines, movies, newspapers, and TV. The models themselves can be a featured part of a movie like "Lois Pretty" (Looker, Tattoo), reality television show (America's Next Top Model, The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency), or music video ("Freedom! '90", "Wicked Game", "Daughters"). Contents 1 Social construction 2 Modeling agency 3 Fashion models 3.1 History 3.2 Print modeling 3.3 Runway modeling 3.4 Supermodels 4 Glamour models 5 Fitness models 6 Bikini models 7 Models with other objects 8 Artist's models 9 Gravure idols 10 Alternative models 11 Body-parts models 12 Salary 13 See also 14 References Social construction Various representations of beauty and fashion using models have caused controversy and is known to have some social impact, particularly on young people - both male and female. Modeling agency A modeling agency is a company that comprises modeling agents. A modeling agent (also called "bookers" or "model managers") is a group of people who manages a model's career. An agent helps a model find jobs, book jobs, gives advice, and gives photographs to various companies. An agent may send models to various clients and schedules modeling interviews (also called go and see).

A model does not have to work with an agent. It is up to the individual.2 Fashion models History Fashion models on the runway. The first person described as a fashion model is Parisian shopgirl, Marie Vernet Worth. She was a house model in 1852, to her fashion designer husband, Charles Frederick Worth.34 Because clothing is needed to be modeled for all people, a variety of shapes and sizes is required in models. The job ranking for fashion models are: print (part time), print modelling (full time), runway modelling, and supermodel. Print modeling Print modeling showcases clothes for photographs used in magazines, newspapers, advertisements, billboards, press kits, etc. Fashion models may be used to display or promote various types of clothing, such as lingerie, swimsuit, and bikini. They are known as a "editorial model" or "photographic model". They work in different locations where fashion is well known - London, Milan, New York, etc. It depends on the location of the photograph and the setting. Print models work in the direction of a photographer. They must work in a variety of working conditions depending on the photographer. Models can work under cold weather or hot weather. Print models can work part-time or full-time. For example, a part-time model can only work one week out of an entire year. Full-time print models work with a variety of photographers and clients.5:188 A model must accommodate his/her time and must be flexible. He/She must be willing to work any day of the week, at any hour, depending on who they're working for, how much money they'll get, and how much they're willing to accept. Print models go to interviews (called go and see) and must keep a portfolio of their work. Because they are self-employed, they have to go to modeling interviews in order to get more work. The average career span of a print model is 10 years for men and 20 years for women. Models that advanced quickly can venture into other areas like acting, launching merchandise, etc.

The requirements for print models depends on the needs of the employer. Models must have healthy hair, clear skin, and attractive features.5:189 Runway modeling Main articles: Size zero and Female body shape Runway models showcases clothes from fashion designers, fashion media, and consumers. They are also called "live models" and they are self employed. Runway models work in different locations. Models constantly travel to large cities where fashion is well known - London, Milan, New York City, and Paris. Some runway models were discovered as print models. The requirement to become a runway model includes certain height and weight requirements. During runway shows, models have to constantly change clothes and makeup. The models turns and stands to demonstrate the garment's key features. Models also go to interviews (called go and sees) and must keep a portfolio of their work. They go to modeling interviews to find more work. The more experience a model have, the more that she is likely to be hired for a fashion show. Girls who do not get cast on the fashion show are sent home. A model can work in other areas, such as department store fashion shows, creating product lines, acting etc.5:191-192 The British Association of Model Agents (AMA) says that female models should be around 34-24-34 in (86-61-86 cm) and 5 ft 9 in (1.75 m) tall.6 The model must be slender and in shape. The preferred dimensions for a male model are a height of 6 ft 0 in (1.83 m) to 6 ft 2 in (1.91 m), a waist of 28–32 in (71.12–81.28 cm) and a chest measurement of 36–40 in (91.44–101.60 cm).6 Male runway models have been noted as being skinny and well toned.7 Male and female models must also possess clear skin, healthy hair, and attractive facial features. The former requirement measurements for models used to be 35.5-23.5-35.5 in (90-60-90 cm), which were the alleged measurements of Marilyn Monroe.citation needed Today's fashion models tend to have measurements closer to the AMA recommended shape. Although in some fashion industries, a size 00 is more ideal than a size 0.

The often thin shape of many fashion models has been criticized for warping girls' body image and encouraging eating disorders.8 Organizers of a fashion show in Madrid in September 2006 turned away models who were judged to be underweight by medical personnel who were on hand.9 In February 2007, six months after her sister, Luisel Ramos - also a model - died, Uruguayan model Eliana Ramos became the third fashion model to die of malnutrition in six months. The second victim was Ana Carolina Reston.10 Luisel Ramos died of heart failure caused by anorexia nervosa just after stepping off the catwalk. In general, the runway strut today isn't as flamboyant as it was in the late '80s and early '90s, when Naomi Campbell and other supermodels would lean way back or add an exaggerated swing of the hips. Today, most designers want a natural stroll, and some even post signs backstage saying, "Please, walk naturally."11 Supermodels According to Forbes and the Guinness Book, the richest model in the world is Brazilian Gisele Bündchen12 Main article: Supermodel Supermodels are highly paid, high profile fashion models. These (usually female) celebrities appear on top fashion magazine covers, in catalogues, and in fashion shows. The first model widely considered to have paved the way for what would become the supermodel was Lisa Fonssagrives.13 The relationship between her image on over 200 Vogue covers and her name recognition led to the importance of Vogue in shaping future supermodels. Her image appeared on the cover of fashion magazine during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s from Town & Country, Life and Vogue to the original Vanity Fair. Models like Dorian Leigh and Meg Patti have also been dubbed the first supermodels. Glamour models Glamour models posing on the red carpet - Hollywood, California, USA 03/09/2008 Main article: Glamour model Glamour photography emphasizes the model and the model's sexuality rather than products, fashion or the environment. Glamour modelling often focuses on the body of the subject and insinuations of sexuality serve to enhance a product's attractiveness. Glamour models may be used for mass-produced calendars, pinup and for men's magazines, such as Playboy magazine. Famous glamour models include Pamela Anderson, Jordan, Jodie Marsh, Lucy Pinder, and Louise Glover. Fitness models See also: Fitness and figure competition Fitness model posing with dumbbell

Fitness modeling centers on displaying an athletic physique. Fitness models usually have defined muscles like bodybuilders, but with less emphasis on muscle size. Their body weight is usually similar to (or heavier than) fashion models, but they have a lower body fat percentage due to increased muscle mass relative to fat mass. Bikini models Bikini models are also usually required to be obviously fit and with an appealing body shape. Bikini models can usually be shorter, around 5 ft 5 in (1.65 m) to 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) Models with other objects Stainless steel chair in use in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The model is used in order to combine her beauty with the chair design and supposedly, increase sales. Due to various aspects, models are used to increase sell of a wide variety of products including: cars, food, furniture, electronic devices, etc. Artist's models Artist's model at work Main article: Model (art) Art models are models who pose for photographers, painters, sculptors, and other artists as part of their work of art. Models are frequently used for training art students, but are also employed by accomplished artists. The most common types of art created using models are figure drawing, figure painting, sculpture and photography. Although commercial motives dominate over the esthetics in advertising, its 'artwork' commonly employs models. Throughout the history of Western Art, drawing the human figure from living models was considered the most useful tool in developing the skill of draftsmanship. In the art school classroom setting, the purpose is to learn how to draw humans of all different shapes, ages and ethnicities, so there are no real limitations on who the model can be. In some cases, the model may pose with various props, one or more other models, animals etc., against real or artificial background, in natural or artificial light and so on.

Models for life drawing classes are often entirely nude, apart from visually non-obstructive personal items such as small jewelry and sometimes eyeglasses. In a job advertisement seeking nude models, this may be referred to as being "undraped" or "disrobed". (Alternatively, a cache-sexe may be worn. Eadward Muybridge's historic scientific studies of the male and female form in motion, for example, has examples of both usages.) In Western countries, there is generally no objection to either sex posing nude for or drawing members of the opposite sex. However, this was not always so in the past, particularly prior to the 20th century. In 1886 Thomas Eakins was famously dismissed from the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Art for removing the loincloth from a male model in a mixed classroom. Similarly, Victorian modesty required the female model to pose nude with her face draped (illustration). European arts academies did not allow women to study the nude at all until the end of the nineteenth century. Up into the present day some rare art classes prefer male models to wear a jockstrap. Masked nude, drawing by Thomas Eakins (c. 1863–66) Policies vary regarding male models having an erection. Some instructors don't mind at all (especially with younger or inexperienced models), while others, including the Register of Artists' Models (RAM) in the United Kingdom, consider this as cause for termination.14 In any case, it may be inconvenient for the artists, as the subject is not exactly the same as when the drawing session commenced. Gravure idols Gravure models posing in Akihabara. A gravure idol (グラビアアイドル, gurabia aidoru?), often abbreviated to gradol (グラドル, guradoru?),15 is a Japanese female model who primarily models on magazines, especially those marketed to men, photobooks or DVDs. Gravure idols, in most cases, emphasize their sexual attractiveness and often model in swimsuits.

"Gravure" (グラビア) is Wasei-eigo term from "Rotogravure" a type of intaglio printing process that was once a staple of newspaper photo features. The rotogravure process is still used for commercial printing of magazines, postcards, and cardboard product packaging. Gravure idols appear in a wide range of photography styles and genres. Their photos are largely aimed at male audiences. Contrary to popular foreign belief, gravure idols never appear fully nude in their photos but their poses often can be labeled as semi-provocative. Gravure models may be of any age but usually range from their late teens to their mid-twenties. In addition to appearing in mainstream magazines, gravure idols often release their own professional photobooks and DVDs for their fans. Many popular female idols in Japan launched their careers by starting out as gravure idols. Gravure models are commonly photographed wearing bikinis or lingerie, but may also appear wearing schoolgirl uniforms, Japanese street fashion, and kimonos. Since 2008, zakzak magazine has awarded a Gravure Idol Award.16 Alternative models Main article: Fetish model An alternative model is any model that does not fit into the conventional model types, and may include punk, goth, fetish, tattooed models or models having a distinctive attribute. These mix with high fashion and art models. Publishers such as Goliath in Germany have enabled alternative models and punk photography to become known to a larger audience. Body-parts models Some models are employed for their particularly attractive body parts. For example, hand models may be used to promote nail products and are frequently part of most television commercials.17 Hand model, Ashly Covington18 has worked on television commercials that are shown around the world.17 Another hand model, Kimbra Hickey, found fame after being featured on the cover of Twilight.19 Leg models are useful for showcasing tights, and wrist models are used to showcase watches or bracelets. Petite models or females who are under 5 ft 6 in (1.68 m) have found success through body part modeling. Salary

Despite the stereotype of modeling as a lucrative and glamorous profession, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics the median wage for commercial and print models was only $11.22 per hour in 2006.20 MarketWatch listed modeling as one of the ten worst jobs in America.20 Print models may work for manufacturers, stores, etc. for little or no pay. Experienced print models can make about $200- $ 500 per hour. Some print models do not work with an agent. The ones that work with an agent must give 15 - 20 % of the model's earnings to the agent. Famous print models can make thousands of dollars.5:189 Beginner female runway model make less money than models that have experience. The average wage for a female runway model can range from $ 250 -$1,000 an hour per runway walk. The average salary of a runway model is $ 500,000.5:191 Well known runway models can make thousands and millions per year. Costs of travel, transportation, food, hotels, etc. are deducted from the model's pay. Fashion models can get discovered by editors, cosmetic companies, photographers, fashion industry professionals, etc. A contract girl for a cosmetic company can make about $ 300,000 to $ 2 million per year.21 Male runway model makes less than female runway models. Beginner models can earn up to $ 150 per shoot. The famous male models make at least $500,000 per year. Designer clothing and fragrance ads pay the most money. A male runway model can earn up to $8,000-$15,000 per day for high end catalogues.22 See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Models (people) Child modeling Hip hop model House model Internet modeling List of black fashion models Modeling agency Plus-size model Promotional model Spokesmodel Supermodel Time for print References ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/model ^ Williams, Roshumba; Anne Marie O'Connor (1999). The Complete Idiot's Guide to Being A Model. Penguin. pp. 159–160. ISBN 9781592575923.  ^ History from Modelworker ^ Walker, Harriet (4 May 2009). "Fabulous faces of fashion: A century of modelling". The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/features/fabulous-faces-of-fashion-a--century-of-modelling-1678417.html.  ^ a b c d e Vogt, Peter; Angie Wojak (2007). Career Opportunities in the Fashion Industry. Infobase Publishing. pp. 191–192. ISBN 0816068410.  ^ a b AMA - AMA code of practice - Getting Started as a Model ^ The Vanishing Point ^ Nanci Hellmich, Do thin models warp girls' body image? USA Today 9/26/2006 ^ Skinny models banned from catwalk. CNN. September 13, 2006. ^ Ban on stick-think models illegal, Jennifer Melocco, The Daily Telegraph, February 16, 2007. ^ O'Connell, Vanessa (20 March 2008). "How to Walk Like a Model". Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, Inc. http://online.wsj.com/public/article/SB120597258876350391.html?mod=2_1356_topbox. Retrieved 19 February 2011.  ^ Forbes, The World's Top-Earning Models, 16 de julio de 2007. ^ Rosemary Ranck, "The First Supermodel", The New York Times February 9, 1997. Retrieved September 24, 2006 ^ RAM Guidelines on selection of life models - Register of Artists' Models ^ Goo Dictionary : "Gravure idol" (Japanese) ^ http://www.japantoday.com/category/entertainment/view/yuko-ogura-given-1st-japan-gravure-idol-award ^ a b http://www.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/personal/08/10/hand.modeling/index.html#cnnSTCText ^ http://www.handmodelusa.com ^ http://www.csmonitor.com/Books/chapter-and-verse/2010/1004/How-Twilight-made-hand-model-Kimbra-Hickey-a-star ^ a b Mantell, Ruth (November 1, 2007). "The 10 worst jobs in America: Low pay, no benefits put these workers in a tough spot". MarketWatch (Dow Jones). http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/10-worst-jobs-america/story.aspx?guid=%7B6345DDB1%2D03BA%2D4760%2DB763%2D4F98BA9D9145%7D&dist=MostReadHome. Retrieved 2008-01-31.  ^ "How To Be A Supermodel". Forbes Magazine. October 3, 2007. http://www.forbes.com/2007/10/02/modeling-moss-bundchen-biz-media_cz_kb_1003supermodels.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.  ^ "The World's Most Successful Male Models". Forbes Magazine. May 7, 2008. http://www.forbes.com/2008/05/05/fashion-modeling-magazines-biz-media-cz_ls_0506malemodels.html. Retrieved December 22, 2010.