Medical education

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2009) Medical education is education related to the practice of being a medical practitioner, either the initial training to become a doctor (i.e., medical school and internship) or additional training thereafter (e.g., residency and fellowship). Medical education and training varies considerably across the world. Various teaching methodologies have been utilised in medical education, which is an active area of educational research.1 Contents 1 Entry-level education 2 Postgraduate education 3 Continuing Medical Education 4 Medical Education Online (Medical e-Learning) 5 Example of medical education systems 6 Medical Education Journals 7 Online Resources 8 See also 9 References Entry-level education Main article: Medical school Entry-level medical education programs are tertiary-level courses undertaken at a medical school. Depending on jurisdiction and university, these may be either undergraduate-entry (most of Europe, India, China), or graduate-entry programs (mainly Australia, Canada, United States). Generally, initial training is taken at medical school. Traditionally initial medical education is divided between preclinical and clinical studies. The former consists of the basic sciences such as anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, pharmacology, pathology. The latter consists of teaching in the various areas of clinical medicine such as internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and surgery. Increasingly, however, medical programs are using systems-based curricula in which learning is integrated, and several institutions do this. There has been a proliferation of programmes that combine medical training with research (MD PhD or DO PhD) or management programmes (MD MBA or DO MBA), although this has been criticised.2 Postgraduate education Following completion of entry-level training, newly graduated doctors are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted; this is most often of one year duration and may be referred to as "internship" or "provisional registration" or "residency". Further training in a particular field of medicine may be undertaken. In some jurisdictions this is commenced immediately following completion of entry-level training, whilst other jurisdictions require junior doctors to undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing specialisation. Increasingly education theory itself is becoming an integral part of postgraduate medical training. Formal qualifications in education are becoming the norm for Medical School educators who are becoming increasingly accountable for their students. Continuing Medical Education In most countries, Continuing Medical Education or CME courses are required for continued licensing 3. CME requirements vary by state and by country. In the USA, accreditation is overseen by the ACCME. Medical Education Online (Medical e-Learning) Increasingly, Medical Education around the world is being supported by online teaching, usually within Learning Management Systems (LMSs) or Virtual Learning Environment (VLEs). Research areas into online medical education are wide-ranging, and include:45 The roles of the participants (student, teacher, administrators) Content generation, especially in a wide range of media The use of LMSs, VLEs and other systems, and open-source vs. proprietary, methods of interaction The use online medication education in Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Practical applications, virtual patients Distance learning Assessment Electronic Portfolios (e-Portfolios) Mobile Learning (M-Learning) Problems with technology Accessibility The Politics and Psychology of e-learning Legal and Ethical Issues Economics Design Issues Standards and Specifications Example of medical education systems Presently, in the United Kingdom, a typical medicine course at university is 5 years or 4 years if the student already holds a degree. Amongst some institutions and for some students, it may be 6 years (including the selection of an intercalated BSc—taking one year—at some point after the pre-clinical studies). All programs culminate in the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree (abbreviated MB BChir, BM BCh, MB BCh, MB ChB, BM BS, MB BS etc.). This is followed by 2 clinical foundation years afterwards, namely F1 and F2 similar to internship training. Students register with the UK General Medical Council at the end of F1. At the end of F2, they may pursue further years of study. In the US and Canada, a potential medical student must first complete an undergraduate degree in any subject before applying to a graduate medical school to pursue an (M.D. or D.O.) program. Some students opt for the research-focused D.O./PhD or M.D./PhD dual degree program, which is usually completed in 7–10 years. There are certain courses which are pre-requisite for being accepted to medical school, such as general chemistry, organic chemistry, physics, mathematics, biology, English, labwork, etc. The specific requirements vary by school. In Australia, there are two pathways to a medical degree. Students can choose to take a five or six year undergraduate medical degree Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS or BMed) as a first tertiary degree directly after secondary school graduation, or first complete a bachelors degree (generally three years, usually in the medical sciences) and then apply for a four year graduate entry Bachelor of Medicine/Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) program. See: Medical education in Australia Medical education in Canada Medical education in China Medical education in Hong Kong Medical education in India Medical education in Jordan Medical education in Panama Medical education in the Philippines Medical education in South Africa Medical education in Uganda Medical education in the United Kingdom Medical education in the United States Medical Education Journals As the field of medical education grows, it is being supported by a wide range of journals, both Open Access and Subscription, devoted exclusively to medical education. These include (in alphabetical order): Academic Medicine (Subscription) Advances in Health Sciences Education (Subscription) BMC Medical Education (Open Access) International Journal of Medical Education (Open Access) Internet Journal of Medical Education (Open Access) JK Science Journal of Medical Education & Research (Open Access) Journal of Medical Education (Open Access) Medical Education (Subscription) Medical Education Online (Open Access) Medical Teacher (Subscription) Open Medical Education Journal (Open Access) Teaching and Learning in Medicine (Subscription) Online Resources Medical Education Watch - a popular blog with daily updates on medical schools, teaching hospitals and physicians electronic Medicines Compendium - an up to date database of Summary of product characteristics (SPCs) and Patient Information Leaflets (PILs) for UK licensed medicines Medicine Guides - an online medicines information resource for patients and the general public in the UK See also Clinical Skills Online Doctors to Be (an occasional series on BBC television) List of medical education agencies List of medical schools Objective Structured Clinical Examination Validation of foreign studies and degrees Virtual Patients References ^ Flores-Mateo G, Argimon JM (26 July 2007). "Evidence based practice in postgraduate healthcare education: a systematic review". BMC Health Serv Res 7: 119. doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-119. PMC 1995214. PMID 17655743. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1995214.  ^ Dyrbye LN, Thomas MR, Natt N, Rohren CH (2007). "Prolonged delays for research training in medical school are associated with poorer subsequent clinical knowledge". J Gen Intern Med 22 (8): 1101. doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0200-x. PMC 2305740. PMID 17492473. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2305740.  ^ Ahmed K; Ashrafian H; Hanna GB; Darzi A; Athanasiou T. (Oct 2009). Assessment of specialists in cardiovascular practice. Nature Rev Cardiol [1] ^ Ellaway R, Masters K. (2008). "AMEE Guide 32: e-Learning in medical education Part 1: Learning, teaching and assessment". Med Teach 30 (5): 455–473. doi:10.1080/01421590802108331. PMID 18576185.  ^ Masters K, Ellaway R (2008). "e-Learning in medical education Guide 32 Part 2: Technology, management and design". Med Teach 30 (5): 474–489. doi:10.1080/01421590802108349. 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