MPEG-2

Not to be confused with MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2). MPEG-2 is used in Digital Video Broadcast and Digital Versatile Discs. The MPEG transport stream, TS, and MPEG program stream, PS, are container formats. MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information".1 It describes a combination of lossy video compression and lossy audio data compression methods which permit storage and transmission of movies using currently available storage media and transmission bandwidth. Contents 1 Main characteristics 1.1 Systems 1.2 Video 1.3 Audio 1.3.1 MPEG-2 Part 3 1.3.2 MPEG-2 Part 7 2 ISO/IEC 13818 3 History 4 File extension 5 Applications 5.1 DVD-Video 5.2 HDV 5.3 MOD and TOD 5.4 XDCAM 5.5 DVB 5.6 ATSC 5.7 ISDB-T 6 Patent holders 6.1 MPEG-LA patents (U.S. Only) 6.2 Non-MPEG-LA patents 7 See also 8 References 9 External links // Main characteristics MPEG-2 is widely used as the format of digital television signals that are broadcast by terrestrial (over-the-air), cable, and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. It also specifies the format of movies and other programs that are distributed on DVD and similar discs. As such, TV stations, TV receivers, DVD players, and other equipment are often designed to this standard. MPEG-2 was the second of several standards developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) and is an international standard (ISO/IEC 13818). Parts 1 and 2 of MPEG-2 were developed in a joint collaborative team with ITU-T, and they have a respective catalog number in the ITU-T Recommendation Series. While MPEG-2 is the core of most digital television and DVD formats, it does not completely specify them. Regional institutions can adapt it to their needs by restricting and augmenting aspects of the standard. See Video profiles and levels. Systems MPEG-2 includes a Systems section, part 1, that defines two distinct, but related, container formats. One is the MPEG transport stream, designed to carry digital video and audio over possibly lossy media, where the beginning and the end of the stream may not be identified, such as broadcasting or magnetic tape, examples of which include ATSC, DVB, SBTVD and HDV. MPEG-2 Systems also defines the MPEG program stream, a container format designed for file-based media such as hard disk drives, optical discs and flash memory. MPEG-2 Systems is formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-1 and as ITU-T Rec. H.222.0.23 ISO authorized the "SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC" as the registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers. The registration descriptor of MPEG-2 transport is provided by ISO 13818-1 in order to enable users of the standard to unambiguously carry data when its format is not necessarily a recognized international standard. This provision will permit the MPEG-2 transport standard to carry all types of data while providing for a method of unambiguous identification of the characteristics of the underlying private data.4 Video Main article: H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2 The Video section, part 2 of MPEG-2, is similar to the previous MPEG-1 standard, but also provides support for interlaced video, the format used by analog broadcast TV systems. MPEG-2 video is not optimized for low bit-rates, especially less than 1 Mbit/s at standard definition resolutions. All standards-compliant MPEG-2 Video decoders are fully capable of playing back MPEG-1 Video streams conforming to the Constrained Parameters Bitstream syntax. MPEG-2/Video is formally known as ISO/IEC 13818-2 and as ITU-T Rec. H.262.5 With some enhancements, MPEG-2 Video and Systems are also used in some HDTV transmission systems. Audio MPEG-2 introduces new audio encoding methods compared to MPEG-1:6 MPEG-2 Part 3 The MPEG-2 Audio section, defined in Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) of the standard, enhances MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel. This method is backwards-compatible (also known as MPEG-2 BC78910), allowing MPEG-1 audio decoders to decode the two main stereo components of the presentation.11 MPEG-2 part 3 also defined additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III.12 MPEG-2 BC (backward compatible with MPEG-1 audio formats)7811 low bitrate encoding with halved sampling rate (MPEG-1 Layer 1/2/3 LSF - a.k.a. MPEG-2 LSF - "Low Sampling Frequencies") multichannel encoding with up to 5.1 channels, a.k.a. MPEG Multichannel MPEG-2 Part 7 Part 7 (ISO/IEC 13818-7) of the MPEG-2 standard specifies a rather different, non-backwards-compatible audio format9 (also known as MPEG-2 NBC7813). Part 7 is referred to as MPEG-2 AAC. AAC is more efficient than the previous MPEG audio standards, and is in some ways less complicated than its predecessor, MPEG-1 Audio, Layer 3, in that it does not have the hybrid filter bank. It supports from 1 to 48 channels at sampling rates of 8 to 96 kHz, with multichannel, multilingual, and multiprogram capabilities.6 Advanced Audio is also defined in Part 3 of the MPEG-4 standard. MPEG-2 NBC (Non-Backward Compatible)78 MPEG-2 AAC multichannel encoding with up to 48 channels ISO/IEC 13818 MPEG-2 standards were published as parts of ISO/IEC 13818. Each part covers a certain aspect of the whole specification. Part 1 Systems – describes synchronization and multiplexing of video and audio. (It is also known as ITU-T Rec. H.222.0.2) See MPEG transport stream and MPEG program stream. Part 2 Video – compression codec for interlaced and non-interlaced video signals (Also known as ITU-T Rec. H.262). Part 3 Audio – compression codec for perceptual coding of audio signals. A multichannel-enabled extension and extension of bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III of MPEG-1 audio. Part 4 Describes procedures for testing compliance. Part 5 Describes systems for Software simulation. Part 6 Describes extensions for DSM-CC (Digital Storage Media Command and Control). Part 7 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC). Part 9 Extension for real time interfaces. Part 10 Conformance extensions for DSM-CC. Part 11 Intellectual property management (IPMP) (Part 8: 10-bit video extension. Primary application was studio video. Part 8 has been withdrawn due to lack of interest by industry.) MPEG-2 Parts1415 Part Number First public release date (First edition) Latest public release date (edition) Latest amend- ment Identical ITU-T Rec. Title Description Part 1 ISO/IEC 13818-1 1996 2007 200916 (20111718) H.222.0 Systems Part 2 ISO/IEC 13818-2 1996 2000 2010519(201120) H.262 Video Part 3 ISO/IEC 13818-3 1995 1998 Audio MPEG-2 BC - backwards compatible with MPEG-1 Audio Part 4 ISO/IEC 13818-4 1998 2004 200921 Conformance testing Part 5 ISO/IEC TR 13818-5 1997 2005 Software simulation Part 6 ISO/IEC 13818-6 1998 1998 200122 Extensions for DSM-CC extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control2324 Part 7 ISO/IEC 13818-7 1997 2006 200725 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) MPEG-2 NBC Audio - Non-Backwards Compatible with MPEG-1 Audio Part 8 dropped 10-Bit Video The work was terminated because of low industry's interest.2627 It was started in recognition of the need to support studio-quality video signals quantized with 10 bits per component. Part 9 ISO/IEC 13818-9 1996 1996 Extension for real time interface for systems decoders Part 10 ISO/IEC 13818-10 1999 1999 Conformance extensions for Digital Storage Media Command and Control (DSM-CC) Part 11 ISO/IEC 13818-11 2004 2004 IPMP on MPEG-2 systems Intellectual Property Management and Protection on the MPEG-2 system2829 (XML IPMP messages are also defined in ISO/IEC 23001-330) History MPEG-2 evolved out of the shortcomings of MPEG-1. MPEG-1's known weaknesses: an audio compression system limited to two channels (stereo.) no standardized support for interlaced video with poor compression when used for interlaced video only one standardized "profile" (Constrained Parameters Bitstream) which was unsuited for higher resolution video. MPEG-1 could support 4k video but there was no easy way to encode video for higher resolutions, and identify hardware capable of supporting it, as the limitations of such hardware were not defined. Support for only one color space, 4:2:0. This section requires expansion. File extension .mpg is one of a number of file extensions for MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video compression. Applications DVD-Video Main article: DVD-Video The DVD-Video standard uses MPEG-2 video, but imposes some restrictions: Allowed Dimensions 720 × 480, 704 × 480, 352 × 480, 352 × 240 pixel (NTSC) 720 × 576, 704 × 576, 352 × 576, 352 × 288 pixel (PAL) Allowed Aspect ratios (Display AR) 4:3 16:9 (1.85:1 and 2.35:1, among others, are often listed as valid DVD aspect ratios, but are actually a "letterboxed" 16:9 image) Allowed Frame rates 29.97 frame/s (NTSC) 25 frame/s (PAL) Note: By using a pattern of REPEAT_FIRST_FIELD flags on the headers of encoded pictures, pictures can be displayed for either two or three fields and almost any picture display rate (minimum ⅔ of the frame rate) can be achieved. This is most often used to display 23.976 (approximately film rate) video on NTSC. Audio+video bitrate Video peak 9.8 Mbit/s Total peak 10.08 Mbit/s Minimum 300 kbit/s YUV 4:2:0 Additional subtitles possible Closed captioning (NTSC only) Audio Linear Pulse Code Modulation (LPCM): 48 kHz or 96 kHz; 16- or 24-bit; up to six channels (not all combinations possible due to bitrate constraints) MPEG Layer 2 (MP2): 48 kHz, up to 5.1 channels (required in PAL players only) Dolby Digital (DD, also known as AC-3): 48 kHz, 32–448 kbit/s, up to 5.1 channels Digital Theater Systems (DTS): 754 kbit/s or 1510 kbit/s (not required for DVD player compliance) NTSC DVDs must contain at least one LPCM or Dolby Digital audio track. PAL DVDs must contain at least one MPEG Layer 2, LPCM, or Dolby Digital audio track. Players are not required to play back audio with more than two channels, but must be able to downmix multichannel audio to two channels. GOP structure (Group Of Pictures) Sequence header must be present at the beginning of every GOP Maximum frames per GOP: 18 (NTSC) / 15 (PAL), i.e. 0.6 seconds both Closed GOP required for multi-angle DVDs HDV Main article: HDV HDV is a format for recording and playback of high-definition MPEG-2 video on a DV cassette tape. MOD and TOD Main article: MOD and TOD (video format) MOD and TOD are recording formats for use in consumer digital file-based camcorders. XDCAM Main article: XDCAM XDCAM is a professional file-based video recording format. DVB Application-specific restrictions on MPEG-2 video in the DVB standard: Allowed resolutions for SDTV: 720, 640, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 480 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s 352 × 240 pixel, 24/1.001, 24, 30/1.001 or 30 frame/s 720, 704, 544, 528, 480 or 352 × 576 pixel, 25 frame/s 352 × 288 pixel, 25 frame/s For HDTV: 720 x 576 x 50 frame/s progressive (576p50) 1280 x 720 x 25 or 50 frame/s progressive (720p50) 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s progressive (1080p25 = film mode) 1440 or 1920 x 1080 x 25 frame/s interlace (1080i50) ATSC Main article: ATSC Standards The ATSC A/53 standard used in the United States, uses MPEG-2 video at the Main Profile @ High Level, with additional restrictions such as the maximum bitrate of 19.4 Mbit/s for broadcast television and 38.8 Mbit/s for cable television, 4:2:0 chroma subsampling format, and mandatory colorimetry information. ATSC allows the following video resolutions, aspect ratios, and frame/field rates: 1920 × 1080 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, 59.94i. 1280 × 720 pixel (16:9, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, or 23.976p 704 × 480 pixel (4:3 or 16:9, non-square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i 640 × 480 pixel (4:3, square pixels), at 60p, 59.94p, 30p, 29.97p, 24p, 23.976p, 60i, or 59.94i ATSC standard A/63 defines additional resolutions and aspect rates for 50 Hz (PAL) signal. The ATSC specification and MPEG-2 allow the use of progressive frames, even within an interlaced video sequence. For example, a station that transmits 1080i60 video sequence can use a coding method where those 60 fields are coded with 24 progressive frames and metadata instructs the decoder to interlace them and perform 3:2 pulldown before display. This allows broadcasters to switch between 60 Hz interlaced (news, soap operas) and 24 Hz progresive (prime-time) content without ending the MPEG-2 sequence and introducing a several seconds of delay as the TV switches formats. This is the reason why 1080p30 and 1080p24 sequences allowed by the ATSC specification are not used in practice. The 1080-line formats are encoded with 1920 × 1088 pixel luma matrices and 960 × 540 chroma matrices, but the last 8 lines are discarded by the MPEG-2 decoding and display process. ATSC A/72 is the newest revision of ATSC standards for digital television which allows the use of H.264/AVC codec and 1080p60 signal. MPEG-2 audio was a contender for the ATSC standard during the DTV "Grand Alliance" shootout, but lost out to Dolby AC-3. ISDB-T Technical features of MPEG-2 in ATSC are also valid for ISDB-T, except that in the main TS has aggregated a second program for mobile devices compressed in MPEG-4 H.264 AVC for video and AAC-LC for audio, mainly known as 1seg. Patent holders This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this section if you can. The talk page may contain suggestions. (February 2007) MPEG Licensing Authority, a private patent licensing organization, has acquired rights from over 20 corporations and one university to license a patent pool of approximately 640 worldwide patents, which it claims are the "essential" to use of MPEG-2 technology, although many of the patents have since expired.3132 Where software patentability is upheld, the use of MPEG-2 requires the payment of licensing fees to the patent holders. Other patents are licensed by Audio MPEG, Inc.33 The development of the standard itself took less time than the patent negotiations.3435 Patent pooling between essential and peripheral patent holders in the MPEG-2 pool is the subject of a study by the University of Wisconsin.36 MPEG-LA patents (U.S. Only) Alcatel-Lucent US 4,833,543 Expired [2] US 4,970,590 Expired [3] US 5,453,790—Video decoder having asynchronous operation with respect to a video display—Filed: March 26, 1993 Granted: September 26, 1995 [4] British Telecommunications plc US 5,291,284—Predictive coding and decoding with error drift reduction—Filed: July 23, 1991 Granted: March 1, 1994 [5] Canon Inc. US 4,982,270 Expired [6] CIF LICENSING, LLC US 5,068,724 Expired [7] US 5,091,782 Expired [8] US 5,093,720—Motion compensation for interlaced digital television signals—Filed: August 20, 1990 Granted: March 3, 1992 [9] Columbia University US Re 35,093—Systems and methods for coding even fields of interlaced video sequences—Filed: December 9, 1994 Granted: November 21, 1995 [10] Reissue of 05193004 Filed: December, 1990 Granted: March, 1993 France Telecom (CNET) US 4,796,087 Expired [11] Fujitsu US 5,235,618—Video signal coding apparatus, coding method used in the video signal coding apparatus and video signal coding transmission system having the video signal coding apparatus—Filed: November 6, 1990 Granted: August 10, 1993 [12] General Electric Capital Corporation US 4,706,260 Expired [13] US 4,813,056 Expired [14] General Instrument Corp. (now the broadband division of Motorola) US 4,394,774 Expired [15] US 4,698,672 Expired [16] GE Technology Development, Inc. US 5,426,464—Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system—Filed: October 18, 1994 Granted: June 20, 1995 [17] US 5,486,864—Differential time code method and apparatus as for a compressed video signal—Filed: May 13, 1993 Granted: January 23, 1996 [18] US 5,491,516—Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system—Filed: January 14, 1993 Granted: February 13, 1996 [19] US 5,600,376—Field elimination apparatus for a video compression/decompression system—Filed: March 20, 1995 Granted: February 4, 1997 [20] US 5,796,743—Data word indicator in a system for assembling transport data packets—Filed: November 30, 1993 Granted: August 18, 1998 [21] Hewlett-Packard Company US 5,867,501 (inheritated from Tandem Computers) [22] Hitachi, Ltd. - Japanese Patents Only KDDI Corporation (KDDI) - Japanese Patents Only LG Electronics Inc. US Re 37,057—Apparatus and method for converting an HDTV signal to a non-HDTV signal—Filed: May 18, 1998 Granted: February 20, 2001 [23] Reissue of 05519446 Filed: November, 1994 Granted: May., 1996 US Re 37,568—Inverse Quantizer—Filed: March 31, 1999 Granted: March 5, 2002 [24] Reissue of 05617094 Filed: November, 1993 Granted: April, 1997 Matsushita / Panasonic US Re 35,910 Expired [25] Reissue of 05113255 Filed: May., 1990 Granted: May., 1992 US Re 36,015—Apparatus and method for processing groups of fields in a video data compression system—Filed: October 2, 1995 Granted: December 29, 1998 [26] Reissue of 05293229 Filed: March, 1992 Granted: March, 1994 US Re 36,507—Apparatus and method for processing groups of fields in a video data compression system to encode a single frame as an I-field and a P-field—Filed: October 21, 1997 Granted: January 18, 2000 [27] Reissue of 05293229 Filed: March, 1992 Granted: March, 1994 US Re 39,276—Method for determining motion compensation—Filed: April 27, 2000 Granted: September 12, 2006 [28] Reissue of 05745182 Filed: July, 1994 Granted: April, 1998 US Re 39,278—Method for determining motion compensation—Filed: April 13, 2001 Granted: September 12, 2006 [29] Reissue of 05745182 Filed: July, 1994 Granted: April, 1998 US Re 39,280—Method for determining motion compensation—Filed: May 30, 2001 Granted: September 12, 2006 [30] Reissue of 05745182 Filed: July, 1994 Granted: April, 1998 US 5,223,949—Coding means for a signal processing system—Filed: April 17, 1992 Granted: June 29, 1993 [31] US 5,412,430—Image coding method and image coding apparatus—Filed: May 4, 1994 Granted: May 2, 1995 [32] US 5,784,107—Method and apparatus for picture coding and method and apparatus for picture decoding—Filed: January 23, 1996 Granted: July 21, 1998 [33] Mitsubishi US 4,954,892 Expired [34] US 5,072,295—Adaptive quantization coder/decoder with limiter circuitry—Filed: August 20, 1990 Granted: December 10, 1991 [35] US 5,268,846—Method and apparatus for nonsequential multimedia data interchange in a data processing system—Filed: April 10, 1991 Granted: December 7, 1993 [36] US 5,949,489—Image signal coding system—Filed: July 31, 1998 Granted: September 7, 1999 [37] US 5,963,258—Image signal coding system—Filed: July 31, 1998 Granted: October 5, 1999 [38] US 5,970,175—Image signal coding system—Filed: October 26, 1998 Granted: October 19, 1999 [39] US 5,990,960—Image signal coding system—Filed: December 9, 1998 Granted: November 23, 1999 [40] US 6,002,439—Image signal coding system—Filed: May 27, 1999 Granted: December 14, 1999 [41] US 6,097,759—Image signal coding system—Filed: November 22, 1999 Granted: August 1, 2000 [42] US 6,188,794—Image signal coding system—Filed: May 20, 1999 Granted: February 13, 2001 [43] US 6,307,973—Image signal coding system—Filed: December 4, 2000 Granted: October 23, 2001 [44] US 7,362,805 US 7,376,184 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) - Japanese Patents Only, all expired. NXP Philips US 4,849,812 Expired [45] US 4,901,075 Expired [46] US 5,021,879 Expired [47] US 5,027,206 Expired [48] US 5,128,758 Expired [49] US 5,179,442 Expired [50] US 5,333,135—Identification of a data stream transmitted as a sequence of packets—Filed: February 1, 1993 Granted: July 26, 1994 [51] US 5,606,539—Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier for use with such apparatus—Filed: August 31, 1994 Granted: February 25, 1997 [52] US 5,608,697—Record carrier containing an audio and/or video signal which has been encoded and includes a decoder delay time parameter indicating a time delay for one or more portions of the signal—Filed: March 18, 1996 Granted: March 4, 1997 [53] US 5,699,476 US 5,740,310—Method of maintaining display continuity from a CD with slow-motion or freeze capability—Filed: June 28, 1994 Granted: April 14, 1998 [54] US 5,844,867—Methods and apparatus for encoding and decoding an audio and/or video signal, and a record carrier used therewith or produced therefrom—Filed: September 9, 1996 Granted: December 1, 1998 [55] US 6,181,712 US 6,792,001 Robert Bosch GmbH European Patents only, all expired. Samsung US 5,461,421—Encoding and decoding method and apparatus thereof—Filed: November 29, 1993 Granted: October 24, 1995 [56] US 5,467,086—Apparatus and method of coding/decoding video data—Filed: June 18, 1993 Granted: November 14, 1995 [57] US 5,654,706—System for variable length decoding digital transmission data which has been compressed by selecting a scanning pattern—Filed: December 18, 1996 Granted: August 5, 1997 [58] US 6,680,975—Signal encoding and decoding system and method—Filed: November 2, 2000 Granted: January 20, 2004 [59] US 7,292,657—Signal compressing signal—Filed: July 3, 2003 Granted: November 6, 2007 [60] US 7,609,760 US 7,616,687 Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd. - Japanese Patent Only Scientific Atlanta US 5,418,782—Methods and apparatus for providing virtual service selection in a multi-service communications system—Filed: January 6, 1994 Granted: May 23, 1995 [61] US 5,420,866—Methods for providing conditional access information to decoders in a packet-based multiplexed communications system—Filed: March 29, 1994 Granted: May 30, 1995 [62] US 5,457,701—Method for indicating packet errors in a packet-based multi-hop communications system—Filed: January 6, 1994 Granted: October 10, 1995 [63] Sharp Japanese Patent Only - Expired. Sony US 4,864,393 Expired [64] US Re 37,222—Video signal transmitting system—Filed: July 19, 1994 Granted: June 12, 2001 [65] Reissue of 05132792 Filed: October, 1990 Granted: July, 1992 US 5,191,436—Method for recording coded motion picture data—Filed: April 30, 1991 Granted: March 2, 1993 [66] US 5,291,486—Data multiplexing apparatus and multiplexed data demultiplexing apparatus—Filed: August 7, 1992 Granted: March 1, 1994 [67] US 5,298,991—Variable length coding apparatus and method for motion vector—Filed: July 24, 1992 Granted: March 29, 1994 [68] US 5,343,248—Moving image compressing and recording medium and moving image data encoder and decoder—Filed: July 16, 1992 Granted: August 30, 1994 [69] US 5,428,396—Variable length coding/decoding method for motion vectors—Filed: December 27, 1993 Granted: June 27, 1995 [70] US 5,461,420—Apparatus for coding and decoding a digital video signal derived from a motion picture film source—Filed: September 17, 1993 Granted: October 24, 1995 [71] US 5,481,553—Methods and apparatus for preventing rounding errors when transform coefficients representing a motion picture signal are inversely transformed—Filed: February 28, 1994 Granted: January 2, 1996 [72] US 5,510,840—Methods and devices for encoding and decoding frame signals and recording medium therefor—Filed: May 15, 1995 Granted: April 23, 1996 [73] US 5,539,466—Efficient coding apparatus for picture signal and decoding apparatus therefor—Filed: September 26, 1994 Granted: July 23, 1996 [74] US 5,543,847—Picture coding and decoding method for random accessing—Filed: December 13, 1993 Granted: August 6, 1996 [75] US 5,559,557—Motion video coding with adaptive precision for DC component coefficient quantization and variable length coding—Filed: September 28, 1993 Granted: September 24, 1996 [76] US 5,663,763—Picture signal encoding method and apparatus and picture signal decoding method and apparatus—Filed: October 18, 1993 Granted: September 2, 1997 [77] US 5,666,461—High efficiency encoding and decoding of picture signals and recording medium containing same—Filed: May 30, 1995 Granted: September 9, 1997 [78] US 5,701,164—Macroblock coding including difference between motion vectors—Filed: December 19, 1996 Granted: December 23, 1997 [79] US 5,946,042—Macroblock coding including difference between motion vectors—Filed: July 2, 1997 Granted: August 31, 1999 [80] US 5,982,437—Coding method and system, and decoding method and system—Filed: October 15, 1993 Granted: November 9, 1999 [81] US 6,040,863—Method of coding and decoding motion vector and apparatus therefor, and method of coding and decoding picture signal and apparatus therefor—Filed: December 18, 1998 Granted: March 21, 2000 [82] US 6,160,849—Selectable field and frame based predictive video coding—Filed: May 30, 1995 Granted: December 12, 2000 [83] Thomson Licensing S.A. US 4,800,432 Expired [84] US 4,969,055 Expired [85] US 5,289,276—Method and apparatus for conveying compressed video data over a noisy communication channel—Filed: June 19, 1992 Granted: February 22, 1994 [86] US 5,365,272—Method for formatting compressed video data into transport cells—Filed: July 2, 1993 Granted: November 15, 1994 [87] US 5,381,181—Clock recovery apparatus as for a compressed video signal—Filed: May 13, 1993 Granted: January 10, 1995 [88] US 5,422,676—System for coding an image representative signal—Filed: October 22, 1993 Granted: June 6, 1995 [89] US 5,442,400—Error concealment apparatus for MPEG-like video data—Filed: April 29, 1993 Granted: August 15, 1995 [90] US 5,459,789—Packet TV program component detector—Filed: April 22, 1994 Granted: October 17, 1995 [91] US 5,483,287—Method for forming transport cells for conveying compressed video data—Filed: August 3, 1994 Granted: January 9, 1996 [92] US 5,565,923—Apparatus for formatting a digital signal to include multiple time stamps for system synchronization—Filed: August 22, 1995 Granted: October 15, 1996 [93] US 5,784,110—Data processor for assembling transport data packets—Filed: May 23, 1996 Granted: July 21, 1998 [94] US 7,020,204 Expired [95] Toshiba US 5,317,397—Predictive coding using spatial-temporal filtering and plural motion vectors—Filed: May 29, 1992 Granted: May 31, 1994 [96] US 5,424,779—Video coding apparatus—Filed: November 24, 1993 Granted: June 13, 1995 [97] US 5,467,136—Video decoder for determining a motion vector from a scaled vector and a difference vector—Filed: February 17, 1994 Granted: November 14, 1995 [98] US 5,742,344—Motion compensated video decoding method and system for decoding a coded video signal using spatial and temporal filtering—Filed: April 3, 1996 Granted: April 21, 1998 [99] US 5,986,713—Video coding apparatus using inter-field prediction—Filed: June 11, 1998 Granted: November 16, 1999 [100] Victor Company of Japan, Limited (JVC). US Re 34,965 Expired [101] Reissue of 04985768 Filed: January, 1990 Granted: January, 1991 US Re 35,158 Expired [102] Reissue of 04982285 Filed: April, 1990 Granted: January, 1991 US Re 36,822—Moving image signal coding apparatus and coded signal decoding apparatus—Filed: October 2, 1998 Granted: August 15, 2000 [103] Reissue of 05748784 Filed: January, 1996 Granted: May., 1998 US 5,103,307—Interframe predictive coding/decoding system for varying interval between independent frames—Filed: January 18, 1991 Granted: April 7, 1992 [104] US 5,175,618—Compression method for interlace moving image signals—Filed: October 30, 1991 Granted: December 29, 1992 [105] Non-MPEG-LA patents Alcatel-Lucent [106] US 5,341,457—Perceptual coding of audio signals—Filed: August 20, 1993 Granted: August 23, 1994 [107] US RE39,080—Rate loop processor for perceptual encoder/decoder—Filed: August 13, 2002 Granted: April 25, 2006 [108] Reissue of 05627938 Filed: September, 1994 Granted: May., 1997 Audio MPEG, Inc [109] US 4,972,484—Method of transmitting or storing masked sub-band coded audio signals—Filed: July 21, 1988 Granted: November 20, 1990 [110] US 5,214,678—Digital transmission system using subband coding of a digital signal—Filed: May 31, 1990 Granted: May 25, 1993 [111] US 5,323,396—Digital transmission system, transmitter and receiver for use in the transmission system—Filed: December 21, 1992 Granted: June 21, 1994 [112] US 5,539,829—Subband coded digital transmission system using some composite signals—Filed: June 7, 1995 Granted: July 23, 1996 [113] US 5,606,618—Subband coded digital transmission system using some composite signals—Filed: December 27, 1993 Granted: February 25, 1997 [114] US 5,530,655—Digital sub-band transmission system with transmission of an additional signal—Filed: June 6, 1995 Granted: June 25, 1996 [115] US 5,777,992—Decoder for decoding and encoded digital signal and a receiver comprising the decoder—Filed: June 7, 1995 Granted: July 7, 1998 [116] US 6,289,308—Encoded wideband digital transmission signal and record carrier recorded with such a signal—Filed: March 8, 2000 Granted: September 11, 2001 [117] US 5,481,643—Transmitter, receiver and record carrier for transmitting/receiving at least a first and a second signal component—Filed: April 24, 1995 Granted: January 2, 1996 [118] US 5,544,247—Transmission and reception of a first and a second main signal component—Filed: October 25, 1994 Granted: August 6, 1996 [119] US 5,610,985—Digital 3-channel transmission of left and right stereo signals and a center signal—Filed: January 21, 1994 Granted: March 11, 1997 [120] US 5,740,317—Process for finding the overall monitoring threshold during a bit-rate-reducing source coding—Filed: August 30, 1995 Granted: April 14, 1998 [121] US 5,878,080—N-channel transmission, compatible with 2-channel transmission and 1-channel transmission—Filed: February 7, 1997 Granted: March 2, 1999 [122] US 5,960,037—Encoding of a plurality of information signals—Filed: April 9, 1997 Granted: September 28, 1999 [123] US 5,991,715—Perceptual audio signal subband coding using value classes for successive scale factor differences—Filed: August 31, 1995 Granted: November 23, 1999 [124] US 6,023,490—Encoding apparatus for encoding a plurality of information signals—Filed: April 9, 1997 Granted: February 8, 2000 [125] Thomson [126] US 4,821,260 Expired [127] US 4,942,607 Expired [128] US 5,214,742—Method for transmitting a signal—Filed: October 1, 1990 Granted: May 25, 1993 [129] US 5,227,990—Process for transmitting and receiving a signal—Filed: January 17, 1992 Granted: July 13, 1993 [130] US 5,384,811—Method for the transmission of a signal—Filed: August 24, 1992 Granted: January 24, 1995 [131] US 5,736,943—Method for determining the type of coding to be selected for coding at least two signals—Filed: May 31, 1996 Granted: April 7, 1998 [132] US 5,455,833—Process for the detecting of errors in the transmission of frequency-coded digital signals—Filed: April 26, 1993 Granted: October 3, 1995 [133] US 5,559,834—Method of reducing crosstalk in processing of acoustic or optical signals—Filed: April 15, 1994 Granted: September 24, 1996 [134] US 5,321,729—Method for transmitting a signal—Filed: April 26, 1993 Granted: June 14, 1994 [135] US 5,706,309—Process for transmitting and/or storing digital signals of multiple channels—Filed: May 2, 1995 Granted: January 6, 1998 [136] US 5,701,346—Method of coding a plurality of audio signals—Filed: September 12, 1996 Granted: December 23, 1997 [137] US 5,742,735—Digital adaptive transformation coding method—Filed: August 25, 1994 Granted: April 21, 1998 [138] US 5,812,672—Method for reducing data in the transmission and/or storage of digital signals of several dependent channels—Filed: December 15, 1994 Granted: September 22, 1998 [139] US 5,579,430—Digital encoding process—Filed: January 26, 1995 Granted: November 26, 1996 [140] US 6,185,539—Process of low sampling rate digital encoding of audio signals—Filed: May 26, 1998 Granted: February 6, 2001 [141] US 6,009,399—Method and apparatus for encoding digital signals employing bit allocation using combinations of different threshold models to achieve desired bit rates—Filed: April 16, 1997 Granted: December 28, 1999 [142] US 5,924,060—Digital coding process for transmission or storage of acoustical signals by transforming of scanning values into spectral coefficients—Filed: March 20, 1997 Granted: July 13, 1999 [143] US 5,703,999—Process for reducing data in the transmission and/or storage of digital signals from several interdependent channels—Filed: November 18, 1996 Granted: December 30, 1997 [144] According to the MPEG-LA Licensing Agreement MPEG-LA, any use of MPEG-2 technology is subject to royalties. Encoders are subject to a royalty of $2.00 per unit. Decoders are subject to a royalty of $2.00 per unit.37 Royalty-based sales of encoders and decoders are subject to different rules and $2.50 per unit.37 Also, any packaged medium (DVDs/Data Streams) is subject to licence fees according to length of recording/broadcast. In the case of free software such as VLC media player (which uses the ffmpeg library) and in which the software is not sold, the end-user bears the royalty.citation needed See also MPEG encoding MPEG-1 Audio Layer II (MP2) MPEG-1 Audio Layer III (MP3) DVD DVB-S2 References ^ ISO/IEC 13818 MPEG-2 at the ISO Store. ^ a b ITU-T. "H.222.0 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Systems". http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.222.0. Retrieved 2010-06-03.  ^ ITU-T (2006-05). "H.222.0 Summary". http://www.itu.int/dms_pubrec/itu-t/rec/h/T-REC-H.222.0-200605-I!!SUM-HTM-E.htm. Retrieved 2010-06-03.  ^ SMPTE Registration Authority, LLC - registration authority for MPEG-2 format identifiers Retrieved on 2009-07-06 ^ a b "H.262 : Information technology - Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information: Video". ITU-T Website. International Telecommunication Union - Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T). February 2000. http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-H.262. Retrieved 2009-08-13.  ^ a b D. Thom, H. Purnhagen, and the MPEG Audio Subgroup (1998-10). "MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG Audio". http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/audio.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31.  ^ a b c d ISO (1998-10). "MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9 - MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC". ISO. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.  ^ a b c d MPEG.ORG. "AAC". http://www.mpeg.org/MPEG/audio/aac.html. Retrieved 2009-10-28.  ^ a b ISO (2006-01-15) (PDF), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Fourth edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), http://webstore.iec.ch/preview/info_isoiec13818-7%7Bed4.0%7Den.pdf, retrieved 2009-10-28  ^ ISO (2004-10-15) (PDF), ISO/IEC 13818-7, Third edition, Part 7 - Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), http://jongyeob.com/moniwiki/pds/upload/13818-7.pdf, retrieved 2009-10-19  ^ a b Werner Oomen, Leon van de Kerkhof. "MPEG-2 Audio Layer I/II". chiariglione.org. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-aud/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-29.  ^ Predrag Supurovic, MPEG Audio Frame Header, Retrieved on 2009-07-11 ^ ISO (1996-03). "Florence Press Release". ISO. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/firenze/prfloren.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-28.  ^ MPEG. "MPEG standards - Full list of standards developed or under development". chiariglione.org. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31.  ^ ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29 (2009-11-09). "MPEG-2 (Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information)". http://www.itscj.ipsj.or.jp/sc29/29w42911.htm#MPEG-2. Retrieved 2009-11-10.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/Amd 3:2009, Transport of Scalable Video". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=50876. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/DAM 5 - Transport of JPEG 2000 Part 1 (ITU-T Rec T.800 - ISO/IEC 15444-1) video over ITU-T Rec H.222.0 - ISO/IEC 13818-1". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55694. Retrieved 2011-01-28.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-1:2007/DAM 6 - Extension to AVC video descriptor and signaling of operation points for MVC". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=55694. Retrieved 2011-01-28.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000/Amd 3:2010 - New level for 1080@50p/60p". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51746. Retrieved 2011-01-28.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-2:2000/PDAM 4". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=57624. Retrieved 2011-01-28.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-4:2004/Amd 3:2009". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=51747. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-6:1998/Amd 3:2001". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=34609. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ MPEG (1997-02-21). "DSM-CC FAQ Version 1.0". MPEG. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp2-dsm/mp2-dsm.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-01.  ^ IEEE (1996). "An Introduction to Digital Storage Media - Command and Control (DSM-CC)". MPEG. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/mpeg-2/mp02-dsm/dsmcc/dsmcc.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-01.  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 13818-7:2006/Amd 1:2007, Transport of MPEG Surround in AAC". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=45507. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ chiariglione.org (2010-02-04). "Riding the Media Bits, The development of MPEG-2 - Part A". http://ride.chiariglione.org/development_of_MPEG-2_part_A.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-09.  ^ chiariglione.org (2000-10). "Short MPEG-2 description". http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/standards/mpeg-2/mpeg-2.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-31.  ^ "MPEG Intellectual Property Management and Protection". MPEG. April 2009. http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/technologies/general/mp-drm/index.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-01.  ^ (PPT) IPMP in MPEG – W3C DRM workshop 22/23 January 2001, http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/pp/mpeg-koenen.ppt, retrieved 2010-08-01  ^ ISO. "ISO/IEC 23001-3:2008, Information technology -- MPEG systems technologies -- Part 3: XML IPMP messages". http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=46387. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ Mpeg La ^ audioMPEG.com - - - US Patents ^ audioMPEG.com - - - patent management and licensing company specializing in the licensing of audio technology ^ Richard M Stallman, Patents - Barriers to development Theora Video and Vorbis Audio ^ [1] ^ Quint, Dan; Amit Gandhi. "Economics of Patent Pools When Some (but not all) Patents are Essential". Working Paper. http://siepr.stanford.edu/publicationsprofile/163. Retrieved 2009-10-11.  ^ a b MPEG-2 License Agreement External links A Beginners Guide for MPEG-2 Standard MPEG-2 Overview (figures are lost) MPEG-2 video compression MIT 6.344 – Slides from lectures on video compression at MIT. A Discrete Cosine Transform tutorial IPTV MPEG and Quality of Experience Testing OpenIPMP: Open Source DRM Project for MPEG-2 ISO/IEC 13818 – MPEG-2 at the ISO Store. MPEG Books - A list of MPEG reference books. v · d · eMPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) MPEG-1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 7 • 21 • A • B • C • D • E • V • M • U MPEG-1 Parts Part 3: Audio (Layer I · Layer II · Layer III) MPEG-2 Parts Part 1: Systems (Transport stream · Program stream) · Part 2: Video (H.262) · Part 3: Audio (Layer I · Layer II · Layer III · MPEG Multichannel) · Part 6: DSM CC · Part 7: Advanced audio coding MPEG-4 Parts Part 2: Video · Part 3: Audio · Part 6: DMIF · Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264) · Part 11: Scene description · Part 12: ISO base media file format · Part 14: MP4 file format · Part 17: Streaming text format · Part 20: LASeR MPEG-7 Parts Part 2: Description definition language MPEG-21 Parts Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item · Part 5: Rights Expression Language MPEG-D Parts Part 1: MPEG Surround v · d · eMultimedia compression and container formats Video ISO/IEC MJPEG · Motion JPEG 2000 · MPEG-1 · MPEG-2 (Part 2) · MPEG-4 (Part 2/ASP · Part 10/AVC) · HEVC ITU-T H.120 · H.261 · H.262 · H.263 · H.264 · HEVC Others AVS · Bink · CineForm · Cinepak · Dirac · DV · Indeo · Microsoft Video 1 · OMS Video · Pixlet · RealVideo · RTVideo · SheerVideo · Smacker · Sorenson Video & Sorenson Spark · Theora · VC-1 · VC-2 · VC-3 · VP3 · VP6 · VP7 · VP8 · WMV Audio ISO/IEC MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3) · MPEG-1 Layer II (Multichannel) · MPEG-1 Layer I · AAC · HE-AAC · MPEG Surround · MPEG-4 ALS · MPEG-4 SLS · MPEG-4 DST · MPEG-4 HVXC · MPEG-4 CELP ITU-T G.711 · G.718 · G.719 · G.722 · G.722.1 · G.722.2 · G.723 · G.723.1 · G.726 · G.728 · G.729 · G.729.1 Others AC-3 · AMR · AMR-WB · AMR-WB+ · Apple Lossless · ATRAC · CELT · DRA · DTS · EVRC · EVRC-B · FLAC · GSM-HR · GSM-FR · GSM-EFR · iLBC · iSAC · Monkey's Audio · TTA (True Audio) · MT9 · A-law · μ-law · Musepack · Nellymoser · OptimFROG · OSQ · QCELP · RealAudio · RTAudio · SD2 · SHN · SILK · Siren · SMV · Speex · SVOPC · TwinVQ · VMR-WB · Vorbis · WavPack · WMA Image ISO/IEC/ITU-T JPEG · JPEG 2000 · JPEG XR · lossless JPEG · JBIG · JBIG2 · PNG Others APNG · BMP · DjVu · EXR · GIF · ICER · ILBM · MNG · PCX · PGF · TGA · QTVR · TIFF · WBMP · WebP Containers ISO/IEC MPEG-PS · MPEG-TS · ISO base media file format · MPEG-4 Part 14 · Motion JPEG 2000 · MPEG-21 Part 9 ITU-T H.222.0 · T.802 Others 3GP and 3G2 · AMV · ASF · AIFF · AVI · AU · Bink · DivX Media Format · DPX · EVO · Flash Video · GXF · M2TS · Matroska · MXF · Ogg · QuickTime File Format · RealMedia · REDCODE RAW · RIFF · Smacker · MOD and TOD · VOB · WAV · WebM See Compression methods for methods and Compression software implementations for codecs v · d · eHigh-definition (HD) Concepts High-definition video · High-definition television · Ultra High-definition television · High-definition audio Analog broadcast (All defunct): 819 line system · HD MAC · MUSE (Hi-Vision) Digital broadcast ATSC · DVB · ISDB · SBTVD · DMB-T/H Audio Dolby Digital (5.1) · MPEG-1 Layer II · PCM · LPCM · DXD · DSD · AAC Filming and storage HDV · DCI HD media and compression Blu-ray Disc · CBHD · HD DVD · HD VMD · D-VHS · Super Audio CD · DVD-Audio · MPEG-2 · H.264 · VC-1 · MVC Connectors Component · HDMI · DVI · DisplayPort · VGA · HDBaseT Deployments List of digital television deployments by country Resolutions 2K · 4K · 6K · 8K