IBM

This article is about the technology company sometimes referred to as "Big Blue". For other uses of these terms, see IBM (disambiguation) and Big Blue (disambiguation). International Business Machines Type Public (NYSE: IBM) Dow Jones Industrial Average Component Industry Computer systems, hardware, and software Consulting and IT services Founded Endicott, New York June 16, 1911 Headquarters Armonk, New York Area served Worldwide Key people Samuel J. Palmisano (Chairman, President and CEO) Products See products listing Revenue US$ 99.9 billion (2010)1 Operating income US$ 17.01 billion (2009)2 Net income US$ 14.8 billion (2010)1 Total assets US$ 109.02 billion (2009)2 Total equity US$ 22.63 billion (2009)2 Employees 399,409 (2009)3 Subsidiaries ADSTAR, FileNet, ILOG, Informix, Iris Associates, Lotus, Rational, Sequent Computer Systems, Telelogic, Tivoli Software Website ibm.com International Business Machines (IBM) (NYSE: IBM) is a United States multinational technology and consulting firm headquartered in Armonk, New York. IBM manufactures and sells computer hardware and software, and it offers infrastructure, hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology.4 The company was founded in 1911 as the Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation, following a merger of the Computer Scale Company of America and the International Time Recording Company with the Tabulating Machine Company. CTR adopted the name International Business Machines in 1924, using a name previously designated to CTR's subsidiary in Canada and later South America. Its distinctive culture and product branding has given it the nickname Big Blue. In 2010, IBM was ranked the 20th largest firm in the U.S. by Fortune and the 33rd largest globally by Forbes.56 Other rankings that year include #1 green company (Newsweek), #1 company for leaders (Fortune), #2 best global brand (Interbrand), #15 most admired company (Fortune), and #18 most innovative company (Fast Company).7 IBM employs almost 400,000 employees (called "IBMers" by IBM) in over 200 countries, with occupations including scientists, engineers, consultants, and sales professionals.8 IBM holds more patents than any other U.S.-based technology company and has nine research laboratories worldwide.9 Its employees have garnered five Nobel Prizes, four Turing Awards, nine National Medals of Technology, and five National Medals of Science.10 The company has undergone several organizational changes since its inception, acquiring companies like SPSS (2009) and PwC consulting (2002) and spinning off companies like SAP (1972) and Lexmark (1991). Contents 1 History 1.1 Logos 2 Corporate affairs 3 Selected current projects 3.1 developerWorks 3.2 alphaWorks 3.3 Semiconductor design and manufacturing 3.4 Open Client Offering 3.5 UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration 3.6 IBM Redbooks 3.7 Internal programs 4 Environmental record 4.1 Solar power 4.2 Green Sigma 5 Corporate culture 5.1 Sales 5.2 Uniform 5.3 Company values and "Jam" 5.4 Open source 6 People 6.1 Diversity in the Workforce 6.2 Gay rights 6.3 Board of directors 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links // History Main article: History of IBM The company which became IBM was founded in 1896 as the Tabulating Machine Company11 by Herman Hollerith, in Broome County, New York (Endicott, New York or Binghamton, New York), where IBM still maintains very limited operations. It was incorporated as Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation on June 16, 1911, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1916 by George Winthrop Fairchild. CTR's Canadian and later South American subsidiary was named International Business Machines in 1917, and the whole company took this name in 1924 when Thomas J. Watson took control of it. IBM logo history Logo Years 1924–1946 1947–1956 1956–1972 1972–present Since November 1910, a Hollerith subsidiary existed in Germany, the DEHOMAG (Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen GmbH), founded as a license holder from the Tabulating Machine Company. In 1922, the renamed CTR took over 90% of DEHOMAG, which was in license debt due to the German inflation 1914-1923. In 1949 DEHOMAG finally took the name IBM Germany. In 2001, author Edwin Black released evidence contending that IBM played an integral administrative part in the systematic genocide of the European Jewish community from 1939 to 1944,12 leasing punched card equipment and support services to the Third Reich.13 These "Hollerith machines"14 were allegedly sold and operated by the company’s subsidiary, Deutsche Hollerith Maschinen GmbH (Dehomag).15 IBM responded that it had no control over its subsidiaries after the Nazis took control of them16 and has released any documents that existed on the subject from company archives to assist research and historical scholarship.17 IBM has an important history of acquisitions and spin-offs. Among the famous ones, German SAP was founded in 1972 by five former IBM engineers. Chinese Lenovo became world-famous after acquiring IBM's Thinkpad business in 2005. Logos IBM's current "8-bar" logo was designed in 1972 by graphic designer Paul Rand.18 Logos designed in the 1970s tended to be sensitive to the technical limitations of photocopiers, which were then being widely deployed. A logo with large solid areas tended to be poorly copied by copiers in the 1970s, so companies preferred logos that avoided large solid areas. The 1972 IBM logos are an example of this tendency. With the advent of digital copiers in the mid-1980s this technical restriction had largely disappeared; at roughly the same time, the 13-bar logo was abandoned for almost the opposite reason – it was difficult to render accurately on the low-resolution digital printers (240 dots per inch) of the time. Corporate affairs Various IBM facilities IBM corporate headquarters employee entrance in Armonk, New York IBM Rochester (Minnesota), nicknamed the "Big Blue Zoo" IBM Avenida de América Building in Madrid, Spain Somers (New York) Office Complex, designed by I.M. Pei IBM Japan Makuhari Technical Center, designed by Yoshio Taniguchi IBM Haifa Research Lab, Haifa, Israel IBM Kolkata Building, Kolkata, India IBM's headquarter complex is located in Armonk, Town of North Castle, New York, United States.192021 The 283,000 square foot IBM building has three levels of custom curtainwall. The building is located on a 25 acre site.22 IBM has been headquartered in Armonk since 1964.citation needed The company has nine research labs worldwide—Almaden, Austin, Brazil, China, Haifa, India , Tokyo, Watson (New York), and Zurich—with Watson (dedicated in 1961) serving as headquarters for the research division and the site of its annual meeting. Other campus installations include towers in Montreal, Paris, and Atlanta; software labs in Raleigh-Durham, Rome and Toronto; buildings in Chicago, Johannesburg, and Seattle; and facilities in Hakozaki and Yamato. The company also operates the IBM Scientific Center, the Hursley House, the Canada Head Office Building, IBM Rochester, and the Somers Office Complex Selected current projects developerWorks Main article: developerWorks developerWorks is a website run by IBM for software developers and IT professionals. It contains how-to articles and tutorials, as well as software downloads and code samples, discussion forums, podcasts, blogs, wikis, and other resources for developers and technical professionals. Subjects range from open, industry-standard technologies like Java, Linux, SOA and web services, web development, Ajax, PHP, and XML to IBM's products (WebSphere, Rational, Lotus, Tivoli and Information Management). In 2007, developerWorks was inducted into the Jolt Hall of Fame.23 alphaWorks Main article: alphaWorks alphaWorks is IBM's source for emerging software technologies. These technologies include: Flexible Internet Evaluation Report Architecture – A highly flexible architecture for the design, display, and reporting of Internet surveys. IBM History Flow Visualization Application – A tool for visualizing dynamic, evolving documents and the interactions of multiple collaborating authors. IBM Linux on POWER Performance Simulator – A tool that provides users of Linux on Power a set of performance models for IBM's POWER processors. Database File Archive And Restoration Management – An application for archiving and restoring hard disk drive files using file references stored in a database. Policy Management for Autonomic Computing – A policy-based autonomic management infrastructure that simplifies the automation of IT and business processes. FairUCE – A spam filter that verifies sender identity instead of filtering content. Unstructured Information Management Architecture (UIMA) SDK – A Java SDK that supports the implementation, composition, and deployment of applications working with unstructured data. Accessibility Browser – A web-browser specifically designed to assist people with visual impairments, to be released as open source software. Also known as the "A-Browser," the technology will aim to eliminate the need for a mouse, relying instead completely on voice-controls, buttons and predefined shortcut keys. Semiconductor design and manufacturing IBM's Wii "Broadway" CPU Virtually all console gaming systems of the latest generation use microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months.24 Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM. In May 2002, IBM and Butterfly.net, Inc. announced the Butterfly Grid, a commercial grid for the online video gaming market.25 In March 2006, IBM announced separate agreements with Hoplon Infotainment, Online Game Services Incorporated (OGSI), and RenderRocket to provide on-demand content management and blade server computing resources.26 Open Client Offering IBM announced it will launch its new software, called "Open Client Offering" which is to run on Linux, Microsoft Windows and Apple's Mac OS X. The company states that its new product allows businesses to offer employees a choice of using the same software on Windows and its alternatives. This means that "Open Client Offering" is to cut costs of managing whether to use Linux or Apple relative to Windows. There will be no necessity for companies to pay Microsoft for its licenses for operating systems since the operating systems will no longer rely on software which is Windows-based. One alternative to Microsoft's office document formats is the Open Document Format software, whose development IBM supports. It is going to be used for several tasks like: word processing, presentations, along with collaboration with Lotus Notes, instant messaging and blog tools as well as an Internet Explorer competitor – the Mozilla Firefox web browser. IBM plans to install Open Client on 5% of its desktop PCs. The Linux offering has been made available as the IBM Client for Smart Work product on the Ubuntu and Red Hat Enterprise Linux platforms.27 UC2: Unified Communications and Collaboration UC2 (Unified Communications and Collaboration) is an IBM and Cisco Systems joint project based on Eclipse and OSGi. It will offer the numerous Eclipse application developers a unified platform for an easier work environment. The software based on UC2 platform will provide major enterprises with easy-to-use communication solutions, such as the Lotus based Sametime. In the future the Sametime users will benefit from such additional functions as click-to-call and voice mailing.28 IBM Redbooks Redbooks are publicly available online books about best practices with IBM products. They describe the products features, field experience and dos and don'ts, while leaving aside marketing buzz. Available formats are Redbooks, Redpapers and Redpieces. Internal programs Extreme Blue is a company initiative that uses experienced IBM engineers, talented interns, and business managers to develop high-value technology. The project is designed to analyze emerging business needs and the technologies that can solve them. These projects mostly involve rapid-prototyping of high-profile software and hardware projects.29 In May 2007, IBM unveiled Project Big Green, a re-direction of $1 billion per year across its businesses to increase energy efficiency. On November 2008, IBM’s CEO, Sam Palmisano, during a speech at the Council on Foreign Relations, outlined a new agenda for building a Smarter Planet.30 In addition, an official company blog exists. Smarter Planet @ IBM Environmental record IBM has a long history in dealing with environmental problems. It established a corporate policy on environmental protection in 1971, with the support of a comprehensive global environmental management system. According to IBM, its total hazardous waste decreased by 44% over the past five years, and has decreased by 94.6% since 1987. IBM's total hazardous waste calculation consists of waste from both non-manufacturing and manufacturing operations. Waste from manufacturing operations includes waste recycled in closed-loop systems where process chemicals are recovered for subsequent reuse, rather than just disposing of them and using new chemical materials. Over the years, IBM has redesigned processes to eliminate almost all closed loop recycling and now uses more environmental-friendly materials in their place. IBM has also now built a modelling solution to help protect the environment and reduce its own Carbon Footprint using Lean and Six Sigma principles Green Sigma.31 IBM was recognized as one of the "Top 20 Best Workplaces for Commuters" by the United States Environmental Protection Agency‎ (EPA) in 2005. The award was to recognize Fortune 500 companies which provided employees with excellent commuter benefits to help reduce traffic and air pollution.32 The birthplace of IBM, Endicott, suffered pollution for decades, however. IBM used liquid cleaning agents in circuit board assembly operation for more than two decades, and six spills and leaks were recorded, including one leak in 1979 of 4,100 gallons from an underground tank. These left behind volatile organic compounds in the town's soil and aquifer. Trace elements of volatile organic compounds have been identified in Endicott’s drinking water, but the levels are within regulatory limits. Also, from 1980, IBM has pumped out 78,000 gallons of chemicals, including trichloroethane, freon, benzene and perchloroethene to the air and allegedly caused several cancer cases among the townspeople. IBM Endicott has been identified by the Department of Environmental Conservation as the major source of pollution, though traces of contaminants from a local dry cleaner and other polluters were also found. Despite the amount of pollutant, state health officials could not verify whether air or water pollution in Endicott has actually caused any health problems. According to city officials, tests show that the water is safe to drink.33 Solar power Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd. (TOK) and IBM are collaborating to establish new, low-cost methods for bringing the next generation of solar energy products, called CIGS (Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide) solar cell modules, to market. Use of thin film technology, such as CIGS, has great promise in reducing the overall cost of solar cells and further enabling their widespread adoption.3435 IBM is exploring four main areas of photovoltaic research: using current technologies to develop cheaper and more efficient silicon solar cells, developing new solution processed thin film photovoltaic devices, concentrator photovoltaics, and future generation photovoltaic architectures based upon nanostructures such as semiconductor quantum dots and nanowires.36 Green Sigma Green Sigma is an Active Management Six Sigma system which is currently being developed and enhanced through the Innovation Centre in Dublin. Its goal is to manage and reduce IBM's carbon footprint and achieve associated economic and environmental benefits. The system focuses on carbon, water, atmospheric emissions, liquid waste, solid waste, ground emissions, and the reporting on these elements. IBM Green SigmaTM consultants continually work with the client team to establish optimisation of core processes and KPMGs. Phase I: Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) Phase II: Establish Metering Phase III: Deploy Carbon Console Phase IV: Optimise Processes Phase V: Control Performance IBM’s goal with the Green Sigma offering is to business partner with clients, both for economic benefits for the business and a reduction of the company's impact on the environment.37 Corporate culture 1970s IBM System/3 with characteristic blue hardware Big Blue is a nickname for IBM. There are several theories explaining the origin of the name. One theory, substantiated by people who worked for IBM at the time, is that IBM field representatives coined the term in the 1960s, referring to the color of the mainframes IBM installed in the 1960s and early 1970s. "True Blue" was a term used to describe a loyal IBM customer, and business writers later picked up the term.3839 Another theory suggests that Big Blue simply refers to the Company's logo. A third theory suggests that Big Blue refers to a former company dress code that required many IBM employees to wear only white shirts and many wore blue suits.3840 In any event, IBM keyboards, typewriters, and some other manufactured devices have played on the "Big Blue" concept, using the color for enter keys and carriage returns. IBM has also used blue logos since 1947, making blue the defining color of the company's corporate design, which might be another, more plausible reason for the term. Sales IBM has often been described as having a sales-centric or sales-oriented business culture. Traditionally, many IBM executives and general managers are chosen from the sales force. The current CEO, Samuel J. Palmisano, for example, joined the company as a salesman and, unusually for CEOs of major corporations, has no MBA or post-graduate qualification. Middle and top management are often enlisted to give direct support to salespeople when pitching sales to important customers. Uniform A dark (or gray) suit, white shirt, and a "sincere" tie41 was the public uniform for IBM employees for most of the 20th century. During IBM's management transformation in the 1990s, CEO Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. relaxed these codes, normalizing the dress and behavior of IBM employees to resemble their counterparts in other large technology companies. Since then IBM's dress code is business casual although employees often wear formal clothes during client meetings.citation needed Company values and "Jam" In 2003, IBM embarked on an ambitious project to rewrite company values. Using its Jam technology, the company hosted Internet-based online discussions on key business issues with 50,000 employees over 3 days. The discussions were analyzed by sophisticated text analysis software (eClassifier) to mine online comments for themes. As a result of the 2003 Jam, the company values were updated to reflect three modern business, marketplace and employee views: "Dedication to every client's success", "Innovation that matters - for our company and for the world", "Trust and personal responsibility in all relationships".42 In 2004, another Jam was conducted during which 52,000 employees exchanged best practices for 72 hours. They focused on finding actionable ideas to support implementation of the values previously identified. A new post-Jam Ratings event was developed to allow IBMers to select key ideas that support the values. The board of directors cited this Jam when awarding Palmisano a pay rise in the spring of 2005.43 IBM launched another Jam session called InnovationJam 2008.44 This jam began on October 5 at 6:00 p.m. US EDT and continued for 72 hours through October 8. Unlike past jams, Innovation Jam 2008 involved wide participation from hundreds of IBM's clients, business partners and academics from around the world as well as thousands of IBM's own employees. Open source IBM has been a leading proponent of the Open Source Initiative, and began supporting Linux in 1998.45 The company invests billions of dollars in services and software based on Linux through the IBM Linux Technology Center, which includes over 300 Linux kernel developers.46 IBM has also released code under different open source licenses, such as the platform-independent software framework Eclipse (worth approximately US$40 million at the time of the donation),47 the three-sentence International Components for Unicode (ICU) license, and the Java-based relational database management system (RDBMS) Apache Derby. IBM's open source involvement has not been trouble-free, however (see SCO v. IBM). People In 2010, IBM employed 105,000 workers in the U.S., a drop of 30,000 since 2003, and 75,000 people in India, up from 9,000 seven years previous.48 Diversity in the Workforce IBM's efforts to promote workforce diversity and equal opportunity date back to 1899, when The Computing Scale Company, one of the three companies to later form what became IBM, hired Richard MacGregor, a black employee, as well as three women: Lilly J. Philp, Nettie A. Moore and Emma K. Manske.49 The company's first employee with a disability was hired in 1914.50 IBM was the only technology company ranked in Working Mother magazine's Top 10 for 2004, and one of two technology companies in 2005 (the other company being Hewlett-Packard).5152 On September 21, 1953, Thomas Watson, Jr., the company's president at the time, sent out a controversial letter to all IBM employees stating that IBM needed to hire the best people, regardless of their race, ethnic origin, or gender. He also publicized the policy so that in his negotiations to build new manufacturing plants with the governors of two states in the U.S. South, he could be clear that IBM would not build "separate-but-equal" workplaces.53 In 1984, IBM added sexual orientation to its nondiscrimination policy. The company stated that this would give IBM a competitive advantage because IBM would then be able to hire talented people its competitors would turn down.54 On October 10, 2005, IBM became the first major company in the world to commit formally to not using genetic information in employment decisions. The announcement was made shortly after IBM began working with the National Geographic Society on its Genographic Project. In the 1990s, two major pension program changes, including a conversion to a cash balance plan, resulted in an employee class action lawsuit alleging age discrimination. IBM employees won the lawsuit and arrived at a partial settlement, although appeals are still underway. IBM also settled a major overtime class-action lawsuit in 2006.55 The company has traditionally resisted labor union organizing,56 although unions represent some IBM workers outside the United States. In 2009, the Unite union stated that several hundred employees joined following the announcement in the UK of pension cuts that left many employees facing a shortfall in projected pensions.57 Historically, IBM has had a good reputation of long-term staff retention with few large scale layoffs. Recently, there have been cuts to the workforce in less profitable markets as IBM attempts to adapt to changing global market conditions. After posting weaker than expected revenues in the first quarter of 2005, IBM eliminated 14,500 positions, predominantly in Europe. In May 2005, IBM Ireland announced that the MD (Micro-electronics Division) facility was closing down by the end of the year and offered a settlement to staff. However, all staff that wished to stay with the Company were redeployed within IBM Ireland. The production moved to a company called Amkor in Singapore who purchased IBM's Microelectronics business in Singapore and is widely agreed that IBM promised this Company a full load capacity in return for the purchase of the facility. On June 8, 2005, IBM Canada Ltd. eliminated approximately 700 positions. IBM projects the moves as part of a strategy to "rebalance" its portfolio of professional skills and businesses. IBM India and other IBM offices in China, the Philippines and Costa Rica have been witnessing a recruitment boom and steady growth in the number of IBM employees due to lower wages, local revenue growth and increasing percentages of educated and skilled technical and business workers in other countries. Gay rights IBM provides same-sex partners of its employees with health benefits and provides an anti-discrimination clause. The Human Rights Campaign has consistently rated IBM 100% on its index of gay-friendliness since 2003 (in 2002, the year it began compiling its report on major companies, IBM scored 86%).58 In 2007 and again in 2010, IBM UK was ranked first in Stonewall's annual Workplace Equality Index for UK employers.59 IBM has won over forty gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender awards globally.59 As part of IBM's diversity program, there is a GLBT Diversity Network Group, as well as a GLBT employee group (called EAGLE – Employee Alliance for Gay and Lesbian Empowerment) with over 1000 registered members worldwide. Board of directors IBM PC 5150 with keyboard and green monochrome monitor (5151), running MS-DOS 5.0 IBM's Board of Directors, with 14 members, is responsible for the overall management of the company. With Cathie Black's resignation from the board in November 2010, the remaining 13 members (along with their affiliation and year of joining the board) are as follows: Alain J. P. Belda '08 (Alcoa), William R. Brody '07 (Salk Institute / Johns Hopkins University), Kenneth Chenault '98 (American Express), Michael L. Eskew '05 (UPS), Shirley Ann Jackson '05 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), Andrew N. Liveris '10 (Dow Chemical), W. James McNerney, Jr. '09 (Boeing), James W. Owens '06 (Caterpillar), Samuel J. Palmisano '00 (IBM), Joan Spero '04 (Doris Duke Charitable Foundation), Sidney Taurel '01 (Eli Lilly), and Lorenzo Zambrano '03 (Cemex).60 See also New York portal Companies portal Computer Science portal Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Itty bitty machine company List of computer system manufacturers Top 100 US Federal Contractors References ^ a b deb.techno (2011-01-19). "Annual Report 2010, Financial Highlights". IBM.com. IBM. http://www.ibm.com/investor/4q10/press.phtml. Retrieved 2011-01-19.  ^ a b c IBM Investor Relations (2009-09-01). "Annual Report 2009, Financial Highlights". Google.com. 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British Journal of Industrial Relations: 651–675. http://www.newunionism.net/library/organizing/Logan%20-%20The%20Union%20Avoidance%20Industry%20in%20the%20United%20States%20-%202006.pdf.  ^ IBM workers up in arms at pension cuts ^ HRC Corporate Equality Index Score International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) profile. ^ a b "IBM Valuing Diversity - Awards and Recognition". IBM. http://www-03.ibm.com/employment/us/diverse/awards.shtml#glbt. Retrieved 2009-05-27.  ^ "Board of Directors". IBM. http://www.ibm.com/investor/governance/board-of-directors.wss. Retrieved 17 December 2010.  Further reading Edwin Black 2008 IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation ISBN 0-914153-10-2 Ulrich Steinhilper 2006 Don't Talk – Do It! From Flying To Word Processing ISBN 1-872386-75-5 Samme Chittum 2004 In an I.B.M. Village, Pollution Fears Taint Relations With Neighbors New York Times Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. 2002 Who Says Elephants can't Dance? HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-715448-8 Doug Garr 1999 "IBM Redux: Lou Gerstner & The Business Turnaround of the Decade" Harper Business Robert Slater 1999 Saving Big Blue: IBM's Lou Gerstner McGraw Hill Emerson W. Pugh 1996 Building IBM: Shaping an Industry MIT Press Robert Heller 1994 The Fate of IBM Little Brown Paul Carroll 1993 Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM Crown Publishers Roy A Bauer et al. 1992 The Silverlake Project: Transformation at IBM (AS/400) Oxford University Press Thomas Watson, Jr. 1990 Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond ISBN 0-553-29023-1 David Mercer 1987 "IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed". Futureobservatory.dyndns.org. http://futureobservatory.dyndns.org/2013.htm.  Kogan Page Richard Thomas DeLamarter 1986 Big Blue: IBM's Use and Abuse of Power ISBN 0-396-08515-6 Buck Rodgers 1986 The IBM Way Harper & Row Robert Sobel 1986 IBM vs. Japan: The Struggle for the Future ISBN 0-812-83071-7 Robert Sobel 1981 IBM: Colossus in Transition ISBN 0-8129-1000-1 Robert Sobel 1981 Thomas Watson, Sr.: IBM and the Computer Revolution (biography of Thomas J. Watson) ISBN 1-893122-82-4 William Rodgers 1969 Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM ISBN 0812812263 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: IBM IBM official website IBM official mobile website IBM Archives Site Business data IBM Corp. at Google Finance IBM Corp. at Yahoo! Finance IBM Corp. at Hoover's IBM Corp. at Reuters IBM Corp. SEC filings at EDGAR Online IBM Corp. SEC filings at the Securities and Exchange Commission v · d · eIBM History Thomas J. 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Watson Research Center · IBM Rochester · Somers Office Complex Initiatives Extreme Blue Internship · Academy of Technology · Centers for Advanced Studies: CASCON · Deep Thunder · IBM Fellow · IBM Distinguished Engineer · Pulse conference · The Great Mind Challenge · DeveloperWorks: Develothon · ITUP · Linux Technology Center · IBM Virtual Universe Community Terminology Globally Integrated Enterprise · Commercial Processing Workload · Consumability · Technology dividend Other Deep Thought Chess · Watson Artificial Intelligence · Common Public License · Customer engineer · Dynamic infrastructure · IBM international chess tournament · International DB2 Users Group · Lucifer cipher · Mathematica · IBM Public License · SHARE computing · ScicomP · IBM and the Holocaust Annual revenue: US$103.6 billion (FY 2008) · Employees: 398,455 (2009) · Stock symbol: NYSE: IBM · Website: www.ibm.com v · d · eDow Jones Industrial Average components Current 3M · Alcoa · American Express · AT&T · Bank of America · Boeing · Caterpillar · Chevron · Cisco Systems · The Coca-Cola Company · DuPont · ExxonMobil · General Electric · Hewlett-Packard · The Home Depot · Intel · IBM · Johnson & Johnson · JPMorgan Chase · Kraft Foods · McDonald's · Merck & Co. · Microsoft · Pfizer · Procter & Gamble · The Travelers Companies · United Technologies Corporation · Verizon Communications · Wal-Mart · The Walt Disney Company Selected former Altria Group · American International Group · American Telephone & Telegraph · American Tobacco Company · Bethlehem Steel · Citigroup · Colorado Fuel and Iron · Eastman Kodak · General Foods · General Motors · Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company · Honeywell · International Harvester · International Paper · Johns-Manville · Nash Motors · Navistar International · North American Company · Owens-Illinois · Sears, Roebuck and Company · Union Carbide · United States Rubber Company · U.S. Steel · F. 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