Hezbollah

For other uses, see Hezbollah (disambiguation). Hezbollah Flag of Hezbollah Leader Hassan Nasrallah Founded 1982 - 1985 (officially) Ideology Shia Islamism Islamic Socialism Religion Shia Islam Official colours Yellow, Green Parliament of Lebanon 14 / 128 Website See List of official sites. Hezbollah1 (Arabic: حزب الله‎ ḥizbu-llāh(i), literally "Party of God") is a Shi'a Muslim militant group and political party based in Lebanon,234 and leads the March 8 Alliance, which withdrew from the government in January 2011 over its refusal to reject the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. It receives financial and political support from Iran and Syria, and its paramilitary wing is regarded as a resistance movement throughout much of the Arab and Muslim worlds.2 Multiple countries, including predominantly-Sunni Arab countries such as Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan,5 have condemned Hezbollah's actions. The United States, the Netherlands6 United Kingdom, Egypt,7 Israel, Australia, and Canada classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organization, in whole or in part.8 Hezbollah first emerged in response to the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon, during the Lebanese civil war.9 Its leaders were inspired by Ayatollah Khomeini, and its forces were trained and organized by a contingent of Iranian Revolutionary Guards.10 Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto listed its four main goals as "Israel's final departure from Lebanon as a prelude to its final obliteration," ending "any imperialist power in Lebanon," submission of the Phalangists to "just rule" and bringing them to trial for their crimes, and giving the people the chance to choose "with full freedom the system of government they want," while not hiding its commitment to the rule of Islam.1112 Hezbollah leaders have also made numerous statements calling for the destruction of Israel, which they refer to as a "Zionist entity... built on lands wrested from their owners."1112 Hezbollah, which started with only a small militia, has grown to an organization with seats in the Lebanese government, a radio and a satellite television-station, and programs for social development.13 Hezbollah maintains strong support among Lebanon's Shi'a population, and is able to mobilize demonstrations of hundreds of thousands.14 Hezbollah alongside with some other groups began the 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.15 A later dispute over Hezbollah preservation of its telecoms network led to clashes and Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to Fouad Siniora. These areas were then handed over to the Lebanese Army.16 A national unity government was formed in 2008, giving Hezbollah and its opposition allies control of eleven of thirty cabinets seats; effectively veto power.4 Hezbollah receives military training, weapons, and financial support from Iran, and political support from Syria. Following the end of the Israeli occupation of Lebanon in 2000, its military strength grew significantly.17 Despite a June 2008 certification by the United Nations that Israel had withdrawn from all Lebanese territory,18 in August, Lebanon's new Cabinet unanimously approved a draft policy statement which secures Hezbollah's existence as an armed organization and guarantees its right to "liberate or recover occupied lands." Since 1992, the organization has been headed by Hassan Nasrallah, its Secretary-General. Hezbollah Articles Flag of Hezbollah Ideology History Political activities 2008 conflict in Lebanon 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests Doha Agreement Military activities South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) Operation Accountability Operation Grapes of Wrath 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict 2006 Lebanon War Military capabilities Imam al-Mahdi Scouts Armed strength Foreign relations Funding of Hezbollah Hezbollah's organizations: Bayt al-Mal Jihad Al Binna IRSO Media: Al-Manar Al-Nour Secretary General: Subhi al-Tufayli Abbas al-Musawi Hassan Nasrallah Contents 1 History 1.1 1980s 1.2 After 1990 1.3 Islamic Jihad Organization 2 Ideology 2.1 Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism 2.2 Attitudes and actions concerning Jews and Judaism 3 Organization 3.1 Funding 4 Social services 5 Political activities 5.1 Media operations 6 Military activities 6.1 Suicide attacks and kidnappings 6.2 Conflict with Israel 6.2.1 South Lebanon conflict 6.2.2 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid 6.2.3 2006 Lebanon War 6.2.4 2010 Gas Field Claims 6.3 2010 Lebanon Takeover Drills 6.4 Armed strength 6.5 Current estimates 6.6 Targeting policy 7 Attacks on Hezbollah leaders 8 Foreign relations 9 Outside views 9.1 Public opinion 9.2 Designation as a terrorist organization or resistance movement 9.2.1 In the Western World 9.2.2 In the Arab and Muslim World 9.2.3 In Lebanon 9.2.4 Scholarly views 9.3 Other views 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Official sites 13.2 UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah 13.3 Other links History Main article: History of Hezbollah 1980s Main article: South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) Ending Israel's occupation of Southern Lebanon was the primary focus of Hezbollah's early activities.9 Israel had become militarily involved in Lebanon in combat with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had been invited into Lebanon after Black September in Jordan. Israel had been attacking the PLO in Southern Lebanon in the lead-up to the 1982 Lebanon War, and Israel had invaded and occupied Southern Lebanon and besieged Beirut.19 Hezbollah waged an asymmetrical guerrilla war against Israel using suicide attacks against the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) and against Israeli targets outside of Lebanon.20 Hezbollah is reputed to have been among the first Islamic resistance groups to use tactical suicide bombing, assassination, and capturing against foreign soldiers in the Middle East.10 Hezbollah turned into a paramilitary organization and used missiles, Katyusha, and other type of rocket launchers and detonations of explosive charges2122 instead of capturing,2324 murders,23 and hijackings.25 At the end of the Lebanese Civil War in 1990, despite the Taif Agreement asking for the "disbanding of all Lebanese and non-Lebanese militias," Syria, in control of Lebanon at that time, allowed Hezbollah to maintain their arsenal, and control the Shiite areas in Southern Lebanon along the border with Israel.26 After 1990 In the 1990s, Hezbollah transformed from a revolutionary group into a political one, in a process which is described as the Lebanonisation of Hezbollah. Unlike its uncompromising revolutionary stance in the 1980s, Hezbollah conveyed a lenient stance towards the Lebanese state.27 In 1992, Hezbollah decided to participate in elections, and Ali Khamenei, supreme leader of Iran, endorsed it. Former Hezbollah secretary general, Subhi al-Tufayli, contested this decision, which led to a schism in Hezbollah. Hezbollah won all twelve seats which were on its electoral list. At the end of that year, Hezbollah began to engage in dialog with Lebanese Christians. Hezbollah regards cultural, political, and religious freedoms in Lebanon as sanctified, although it does not extend these values to groups who have relations with Israel.28 In 1997, Hezbollah formed multi-confessional Lebanese Brigades to Fighting the Israeli Occupation, which was an attempt to revive national and secular resistance against Israel, which marks the Lebanonisation of resistance.29 Islamic Jihad Organization Whether the Islamic Jihad Organization (IJO) was a nom de guerre used by Hezbollah or a separate organization, is disputed. Hezbollah leaders reportedly admitted their involvement in IJO's attacks and the nominal nature of "Islamic Jihad" - that it was merely a "telephone organization,"3031 and32 whose name was "used by those involved to disguise their true identity."3334353637 A 2003 decision by an American court found IJO was the name used by Hezbollah for its attacks in Lebanon, and parts of the Middle East, and Europe.38 Hezbollah also used another name, Islamic Resistance, or al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya, for its attacks against Israel.39 The names Islamic Jihad Organization, Organization of the Oppressed on Earth and the Revolutionary Justice Organization are considered to be synonymous with Hezbollah by the United States,40 Israel,41 and Canada.42 Ideology Main article: Ideology of Hezbollah On February 16, 1985, Sheik Ibrahim al-Amin issued Hezbollah's manifesto. Translated excerpts from Hezbollah's original 1985 manifesto read: We are the sons of the umma (Muslim community) ... ... We are an ummah linked to the Muslims of the whole world by the solid doctrinal and religious connection of Islam, whose message God wanted to be fulfilled by the Seal of the Prophets, i.e., Prophet Muhammad. ... As for our culture, it is based on the Holy Quran, the Sunna and the legal rulings of the faqih who is our source of imitation...11 Hezbollah follows the Islamic Shi'a theology developed by Iranian revolutionary leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.43 Although Hezbollah originally aimed to transform Lebanon into a formal Faqihi Islamic republic, this goal has been abandoned.9 Since that time, Hezbollah has transformed from a revolutionary movement to a socio-political movement of Lebanese Shi'a and has accepted the multi-cultural situation of Lebanon. Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism Main article: Ideology of Hezbollah#Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Israel and Zionism See also: Hezbollah foreign relations, Islamic Resistance Support Organization, Lebanon hostage crisis, and Hezbollah armed strength From the inception of Hezbollah to the present,1011444546 the elimination of the State of Israel has been one of Hezbollah's primary goals. Some translations of Hezbollah's 1985 Arabic-language manifesto state that "our struggle will end only when this entity [Israel] is obliterated".11 Israel's occupation of the Shebaa Farms, along with the presence of Lebanese prisoners in Israeli jails, is often cited as justification—and invoked as a pretext, according to many474849—for Hezbollah's continued hostilities against Israel even after Israel's verified withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000. “ If they go from Shebaa, we won't stop fighting them. ... Our goal is to liberate the 1948 borders of Palestine, ... The Jews who survive this war of liberation can go back to Germany or wherever they came from. However, that the Jews who lived in Palestine before 1948 will be 'allowed to live as a minority and they will be cared for by the Muslim majority.' ” —Hezbollah's spokesperson Hassan Ezzedin, about an Israeli withdrawal from Shebaa Farms50 According to Joseph Alagha, Hezbollah's Deputy-General Na'im Qasim said during an interview on October 28, 2002 for the Daily Star that the struggle against Israel is a "core belief" of Hezbollah and "the central rationale of Hizbullah's existence".51 In November 2009, Hezbollah pressured a private English-language school to drop excerpts from The Diary of Anne Frank5253 after Hezbollah's Al-Manar television channel complained, asking how long Lebanon would "remain an open arena for the Zionist invasion of education"?53 Attitudes and actions concerning Jews and Judaism The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (January 2011) Main article: Ideology of Hezbollah#Attitudes, statements, and actions concerning Jews and Judaism Hezbollah officials say that the group distinguishes between Judaism and Zionism. However, various anti-Semitic statements have been attributed to them, and their Secretary General, Hassan Nasrallah.54555657neutrality is disputed58unreliable source? Amal Saad-Ghorayeb, a Lebanese political analyst, argues that although Zionism has influenced Hezbollah's anti-Judaism, "it is not contingent upon it" because Hezbollah's hatred of Jews is more religiously motivated than politically motivated.59 Robert S. Wistrich, a historian specializing in the study of anti-Semitism, described Hezbollah's ideology concerning Jews: "The anti-Semitism of Hezbollah leaders and spokesmen combines the image of seemingly invincible Jewish power ... and cunning with the contempt normally reserved for weak and cowardly enemies. Like the Hamas propaganda for holy war, that of Hezbollah has relied on the endless vilification of Jews as 'enemies of mankind,' 'conspiratorial, obstinate, and conceited' adversaries full of 'satanic plans' to enslave the Arabs. It fuses traditional Islamic anti-Judaism with Western conspiracy myths, Third Worldist anti-Zionism, and Iranian Shiite contempt for Jews as 'ritually impure' and corrupt infidels. Sheikh Fadlallah typically insists ... that Jews wish to undermine or obliterate Islam and Arab cultural identity in order to advance their economic and political domination."60 In 1992, Hezbollah declared, "It is an open war until the elimination of Israel and until the death of the last Jew on earth."61 "Conflicting reports say Al-Manar accused either Israel or Jews of deliberately spreading HIV and other diseases to Arabs throughout the Middle East.556263 Al-Manar, the Hezbollah-owned and operated television station, was criticized in the West for airing "anti-Semitic propaganda" in the form of a television drama depicting a Jewish world domination conspiracy.646566 Hezbollah also used anti-Semitic educational materials designed for 5-year-old scouts.6768 The group has been accused by American analysts of engaging in Holocaust denial.6970 Organization Organizational chart of Hezbollah, by Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh. At the beginning many Hezbollah leaders have maintained that the movement was "not an organization, for its members carry no cards and bear no specific responsibilities,"71 and that the movement does not have "a clearly defined organizational structure."72 Nowadays, as Hezbollah scholar Magnus Ranstorp reports, Hezbollah does indeed have a formal governing structure, and in keeping with the principle of Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists (velayat-e faqih), it "concentrate[s] ... all authority and powers" in its religious leaders, whose decisions then "flow from the ulama down the entire community." The supreme decision-making bodies of the Hezbollah were divided between the Majlis al-Shura (Consultative Assembly) which was headed by 12 senior clerical members with responsibility for tactical decisions and supervision of overall Hizballah activity throughout Lebanon, and the Majlis al-Shura al-Karar (the Deciding Assembly), headed by Sheikh Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah and composed of eleven other clerics with responsibility for all strategic matters. Within the Majlis al-Shura, there existed seven specialized committees dealing with ideological, financial, military and political, judicial, informational and social affairs. In turn, the Majlis al-Shura and these seven committees were replicated in each of Hizballah's three main operational areas (the Beqaa, Beirut, and the South).73 Since the Supreme Leader of Iran is the ultimate clerical authority, Hezbollah's leaders have appealed to him "for guidance and directives in cases when Hezbollah's collective leadership [was] too divided over issues and fail[ed] to reach a consensus."73 After the death of Iran's first Supreme Leader, Khomeini, Hezbollah's governing bodies developed a more "independent role" and appealed to Iran less often.73 Since the Second Lebanon War, however, Iran has restructured Hezbollah to limit the power of Hassan Nasrallah, and invested billions of dollars "rehabilitating" Hezbollah.7475 Deputy Secretary-General of Hezbollah, Naim Kassim, 2009 Structurally, Hezbollah does not distinguish between its political/social activities within Lebanon and its military/jihad activities against Israel. "Hezbollah has a single leadership," according to Naim Qassem, Hezbollah's second in command. "All political, social and jihad work is tied to the decisions of this leadership ... The same leadership that directs the parliamentary and government work also leads jihad actions in the struggle against Israel."76 In 2010, Iran's parliamentary speaker Ali Larijani said takes "pride in Lebanon's Islamic resistance movement for its steadfast Islamic stance. Hezbollah nurtures the original ideas of Islamic Jihad." While he also praised the group for "steadfast Islamic stance." He also instead turned charge on the West for having accused Iran with support of terrorism and said "The real terrorists are those who provide the Zionist regime with military equipment to bomb the people."77 Funding Main article: Funding of Hezbollah Hezbollah says that the main source of its income comes from donations by Muslims.78 Hezbollah receives substantial amounts of financial, training, weapons, explosives, political, diplomatic, and organizational aid from Iran and Syria.507980 According to reports released in February 2010, Hezbollah received $400 million dollars from Iran.79818283 The US estimates that Iran has been giving Hezbollah about US$60–100 million per year in financial assistance.84 Other estimates are as high as $200-million annually.78 Hezbollah has relied also on funding from the Shi'ite Lebanese Diaspora in West Africa, the United States and, most importantly, the Triple Frontier, or tri-border area, along the junction of Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil.85 U.S. law enforcement officials have identified an illegal multimillion-dollar cigarette-smuggling fund raising operation86 and a drug smuggling operation.8788 Social services Main article: Hezbollah social services Hezbollah organizes an extensive social development program and runs hospitals, news services, educational facilities, and encouragement of Nikah mut‘ah.8189 One of its established institutions, Jihad Al Binna's Reconstruction Campaign, is responsible for numerous economic and infrastructure development projects in Lebanon.90 Hezbollah has set up a Martyr's Institute (Al-Shahid Social Association), which guarantees to provide living and education expenses "for the families of fighters who die" in battle.83 An IRIN news report of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs noted: "Hezbollah not only has armed and political wings - it also boasts an extensive social development program. Hezbollah currently operates at least four hospitals, twelve clinics, twelve schools and two agricultural centres that provide farmers with technical assistance and training. It also has an environmental department and an extensive social assistance program. Medical care is also cheaper than in most of the country's private hospitals and free for Hezbollah members."81 According to CNN, "Hezbollah did everything that a government should do, from collecting the garbage to running hospitals and repairing schools."91 In July 2006, during the war with Israel, when there was no running water in Beirut, Hezbollah was arranging supplies around the city. Lebanese Shiites "see Hezbollah as a political movement and a social service provider as much as it is a militia."91 Hezbollah also rewards its guerilla members who have been wounded in battle by taking them to Hezbollah-run amusement parks.92 Political activities Lebanon This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Lebanon Constitution Constitution of 1926 Presidency President Michel Suleiman Government Prime Minister Saad Hariri Prime Minister-designate Najib Mikati Cabinet Legislature Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri Current members Political parties Lebanese Forces Movement of the Future Kataeb Party Hezbollah Free Patriotic Movement Elections Presidential 2008 Parliamentary 2009 Local 2010 Other issues Governorates Districts Municipalities Armed Forces Human rights Foreign relations Other countries · Atlas Politics portal view · talk · Main article: Hezbollah political activities Lebanon’s majority Shi’a areas, where Hezbollah is most prominent. December 10, 2006 anti-government rally in Beirut Hezbollah alongside with Amal is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent the Shiite Muslims.93 It holds 14 of the 128 seats in the Parliament of Lebanon and is a member of the Resistance and Development Bloc. According to Daniel L. Byman, it's "the most powerful single political movement in Lebanon."94 Hezbollah, along with the Amal Movement, represents most of Lebanese Shi'a. However, unlike Amal, Hezbollah has not disarmed. Hezbollah participates in the Parliament of Lebanon. Hezbollah has been one the main parties of March 8 Alliance since March 2005. Although Hezbollah had joined the new government in 2005, it remained staunchly opposed to the March 14 Alliance.95 On December 1, 2006, these groups began the 2006–2008 Lebanese political protests, an series of protests and sit-ins in opposition to the government of Prime Minister Fouad Siniora.15 On May 7, 2008 Lebanon's 17-month long political crisis spiraled out of control. The fighting was sparked by a government move to shut down Hezbollah's telecommunication network and remove Beirut Airport's security chief over alleged ties to Hezbollah. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah said the government's decision to declare the group's military telecommunications network illegal was a "declaration of war" on the organization, and demanded that the government revoke it.96 Hezbollah-led opposition fighters seized control of several West Beirut neighborhoods from Future Movement militiamen loyal to the backed government, in street battles that left 11 dead and 30 wounded. The opposition-seized areas were then handed over to the Lebanese Army.16 The army also pledged to resolve the dispute and has reversed the decisions of the government by letting Hezbollah preserve its telecoms network and re-instating the airport's security chief.97 At the end, rival Lebanese leaders reached consensus over Doha Agreement on May 21, 2008, to end the 18-month political feud that exploded into fighting and nearly drove the country to a new civil war.98 On the basis of this agreement, Hezbollah and its opposition allies were effectively granted veto power in Lebanon's parliament. At the end of the conflicts, National unity government was formed by Fouad Siniora on July 11, 2008 and Hezbollah has one minister and controls eleven of thirty seats in the cabinet.4 Hezbollah currently sits in the opposition March 8 alliance. However, they withdrew from the government citing inability to discuss issues over the Special Tribunal for Lebanon. Media operations Hezbollah operates a satellite television station, Al-Manar TV ("the Lighthouse") and a radio station al-Nour ("the Light").99 Al-Manar broadcasts from Beirut, Lebanon.99 Hezbollah launched the station in 1991100 with the help of Iranian funds.101 Al-Manar, the self-proclaimed "Station of the Resistance," (qanat al-muqawama) is a key player in what Hezbollah calls its "psychological warfare against the Zionist enemy"101102 and an integral part of Hezbollah's plan to spread its message to the entire Arab world.101 Hezbollah's television station Al-Manar airs programming designed to inspire suicide attacks in Gaza, the West Bank, and Iraq.50100103 Al-Manar's transmission in France is prohibited due to promotion of Holocaust denial, a criminal offense in France.104105106 The United States lists Al-Manar television network as a terrorist organization.107 Al-Manar was designated as a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist entity," and banned by the United States in December 2004.108 It has also been banned by France, Spain and Germany,109110111 Materials aimed at instilling principles of nationalism and Islam in children are an aspect of Hezbollah's media operations.112 The Hezbollah Central Internet Bureau released a video game in 2003 entitled Special Force and a sequel in 2007 in which players are rewarded with points and weapons for killing Israelis.113 Military activities Main article: Hezbollah military activities Hezbollah has a military branch known as Al-Muqawama al-Islamiyya ("The Islamic Resistance") and is the possible sponsor of a number of lesser-known militant groups, some of which may be little more than fronts for Hezbollah itself, including the Organization of the Oppressed, the Revolutionary Justice Organization, the Organization of Right Against Wrong, and Followers of the Prophet Muhammad.114 United Nations Security Council Resolution 1559 called for the disarmament of militia115 with the Taif agreement at the end of the Lebanese civil war. Hezbollah denounced, and protested against, the resolution.116 The 2006 military conflict with Israel has increased the controversy. Failure to disarm remains a violation of the resolution and agreement as well as subsequent United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701.117 Since then both Israel and Hezbollah have asserted that the organization has gained in military strength.17 A Lebanese public opinion poll taken in August 2006 shows that most of the Shia did not believe that Hezbollah should disarm after the 2006 Lebanon war, while the majority of Sunni, Druze and Christians believed that they should.118 The Lebanese cabinet, under president Michel Suleiman and Prime Minister Fouad Siniora, guidelines state that Hezbollah enjoys the right to "liberate occupied lands."119 In 2009, a Hezbollah commander (speaking on condition of anonymity) said, "[W]e have far more rockets and missiles [now] than we did in 2006."120 Suicide attacks and kidnappings A smoke cloud rises from the bombed American barracks at Beirut International Airport, where over 200 U.S. marines were killed Between 1982 and 1986, there were 36 suicide attacks in Lebanon directed against American, French and Israelis forces by 41 individuals with predominantly leftist political beliefs and of both major religions,121 killing 659.20 Hezbollah denies involvement in any attack, though it has been accused of some or all of these attacks:122123124 The April 1983 U.S. Embassy bombing (by the Islamic Jihad Organization),125 The 1983 Beirut barracks bombing (by the Islamic Jihad Organization), that killed more than 200 U.S. Marines at their barracks in Beirut126 A spate of attacks on IDF troops and SLA militiamen in southern Lebanon.20 Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 in 1985,126 The Lebanon hostage crisis from 1982 to 1992.127 Since 1990, Hezbollah has been accused of the following attacks and attempted attacks: The January 15, 2008, bombing of a U.S. Embassy vehicle in Beirut.128 The 1992 Israeli Embassy attack in Buenos Aires, killing 29, in Argentina.126 The 1994 AMIA bombing of a Jewish cultural centre, killing 95, in Argentina.126 In 2002, Singapore accused Hezbollah of recruiting Singaporeans in a failed 1990s plot to attack U.S. and Israeli ships in the Singapore Straits.129 In 2009, a Hezbollah plot in Egypt was uncovered, where Egyptian authorities arrested 49 men for planning attacks against Israeli and Egyptian targets in the Sinai Peninsula.130131 Conflict with Israel South Lebanon conflict Main article: South Lebanon conflict (1982–2000) Hezbollah has been involved in several cases of armed conflict with Israel: During the 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict, Hezbollah waged a guerrilla campaign against Israeli forces occupying Southern Lebanon. Israel withdrew in 2000 in accordance with 1978's United Nations Security Council Resolution 425.18 With the collapse of their supposed allies, the SLA, and the rapid advance of Hezbollah forces, they withdrew suddenly on May 24, 2000 six weeks before the announced July 7 date."25 Hezbollah held a victory parade, and its popularity in Lebanon rose.132 Hezbollah and many analysts considered this a victory for the movement, and since then its popularity has been boosted in Lebanon.132 On July 25, 1993, following Hezbollah's killing of seven Israeli soldiers in southern Lebanon, Israel launched Operation Accountability (known in Lebanon as the Seven Day War), during which the IDF carried out their heaviest artillery and air attacks on targets in southern Lebanon since 1982. The aim of the operation was to eradicate the threat posed by Hezbollah and to force the civilian population north to Beirut so as to put pressure on the Lebanese Government to restrain Hezbollah.133 The fighting ended when an unwritten understanding was agreed to by the warring parties. Apparently, the 1993 understanding provided that Hezbollah combatants would not fire rockets at northern Israel, while Israel would not attack civilians or civilian targets in Lebanon.134 In April 1996, after continued Hezbollah rocket attacks on Israeli civilians,135 the Israeli armed forces launched Operation Grapes of Wrath, which was intended to wipe out Hezbollah's base in southern Lebanon. Over 100 Lebanese refugees were killed by the shelling of a UN base at Qana, in what the Israeli military said was a mistake.136 Finally, following several days of negotiations, the two sides signed the Grapes of Wrath Understandings on April 26, 1996. A cease-fire was agreed upon between Israel and Hezbollah, which would be effective on April 27, 1996.137 Both sides agreed that civilians should not be targeted, which meant that Hezbollah would be allowed to continue its military activities against IDF forces inside Lebanon.137 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid Main article: 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid On October 7, 2000, three Israeli soldiers – Adi Avitan, Staff Sgt. Benyamin Avraham, and Staff Sgt. Omar Sawaidwere – were abducted by Hezbollah while patrolling the Israeli side of the Israeli-Lebanese border.138 The soldiers were killed either during the attack or in its immediate aftermath.139 Defense Minister Shaul Mofaz has, however, said that Hezbollah abducted the soldiers and then killed them.140 The bodies of the slain soldiers were exchanged for Lebanese prisoners in 2004.141 2006 Lebanon War Main article: 2006 Lebanon War Hezbollah posters in the aftermath of the 2006 Lebanon War The 2006 Lebanon War was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon and northern Israel. The principal parties were Hezbollah paramilitary forces and the Israeli military. The conflict was precipitated by a cross-border raid by Hezbollah during which they kidnapped and killed Israeli soldiers. In a speech in July 2008, Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah acknowledged that he had ordered the kidnapping of Israeli soldiers in order to free prisoners held in Israeli jails.117non-primary source needed The conflict began on July 12, 2006 when Hezbollah militants fired rockets at Israeli border towns as a diversion for an anti-tank missile attack on two armored Humvees patrolling the Israeli side of the border fence, killing three, injuring two, and seizing two Israeli soldiers.142 Israel responded with massive airstrikes and artillery fire on targets in Lebanon that damaged Lebanese civilian infrastructure, including Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport (which Israel said that Hezbollah used to import weapons and supplies),143 an air and naval blockade,144 and a ground invasion of southern Lebanon. Hezbollah then launched more rockets into northern Israel and engaged the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) in guerrilla warfare from hardened positions.145 The war continued until August 14, 2006. Hezbollah was responsible for thousands of Katyusha rocket attacks against Israeli civilian towns and cities in northern Israel,146 which Hezbollah said were in retaliation for Israel's killing of civilians and targeting Lebanese infrastructure.147 According to The Guardian, "In the fighting 1,200 Lebanese and 158 Israelis were killed. Of the dead almost 1,000 Lebanese and 41 Israelis were civilians."148 2010 Gas Field Claims In 2010, Hezbollah claimed that that the Dalit and Tamar gas field, discovered by Noble Energy roughly 50 miles west of Haifa in Israeli exclusive economic zone, belong to Lebanon, and warned Israel against extracting gas from them. Senior officials from Hezbollah warned that they would not hesitate to use weapons to defend Lebanon's natural resources. Figures in the March 14 Forces stated in response that Hezbullah was simply looking for another excuse to hold on to its arms. Lebanese MP Antoine Zahra said that the issue is another item "in the endless list of excuses" meant to justify the continued existence of Hezbullah's arsenal.149 2010 Lebanon Takeover Drills In 2009, the United Nations special tribunal investigating the murder of former Lebanese prime minister Rafiq Al-Hariri reportedly found evidence linking Hezbollah to the murder.150 On October 2010, Hezbollah conducted a drill simulating a takeover of Lebanon – an operation which it threatened was to be carried out in the event that the international tribunal for the assassination of Hariri indicts Hezbollah.151 A month later, the Lebanese columnist Fida 'Itani of the Hezbollah affiliated daily Al-Akhbar warned that based on information leaked by the Hezbollah leadership, if understandings are not quickly reached, or if an indictment in the Al-Hariri assassination case is issued, Hezbollah will implement "secret plans", possibly including targeting of Lebanese leaders and UNIFIL forces.152 Armed strength Hezbollah has not revealed its armed strength. It has been estimated by Mustafa Alani, security director at the Dubai-based Gulf Research Centre that Hezbollah's military force is made up of about 1,000 full-time Hezbollah members, along with a further 6,000-10,000 volunteers.153 Hezbollah possesses the Katyusha-122 rocket, which has a range of 29 km (18 mi) and carries a 15-kg (33-lb) warhead. Hezbollah also possesses about 100 long-range missiles. They include the Iranian-made Fajr-3 and Fajr-5, the latter with a range of 75 km (47 mi), enabling it to strike the Israeli port of Haifa, and the Zelzal-1, with an estimated 150 km (93 mi) range, which can reach Tel Aviv. Fajr-3 missiles have a range of 40 km (25 mi) and a 45-kg (99-lb) warhead, and Fajr-5 missiles, which extend to 72 km (45 mi), also hold 45-kg (99-lb) warheads.153 It was reported that Hezbollah is in possession of Scud missiles that were provided to them by Syria.154 The reports were denied by Syria.155 According to various reports, Hezbollah is armed with anti-tank guided missiles, namely, the Russian-made AT-3 Sagger, AT-4 Spigot, AT-5 Spandrel, AT-13 Saxhorn-2 'Metis-M', АТ-14 Spriggan 'Kornet'; Iranian-made Ra'ad (version of AT-3 Sagger), Towsan (version of AT-5 Spandrel), Toophan (version of BGM-71 TOW); and European-made MILAN missiles. These weapons have been used against IDF soldiers, causing many of the deaths during the 2006 Lebanon War.156 A small number of Saeghe-2s (Iranian-made version of M47 Dragon) were also used in the war.157 For air defense, Hezbollah has anti-aircraft weapons that include the ZU-23 artillery and the man-portable, shoulder-fired SA-7 and SA-18 surface-to-air missile (SAM).158 One of the most effective weapons deployed by Hezbollah has been the C-802 anti-ship missile.159 Israeli commander Gui Zur called Hizbollah: “by far the greatest guerrilla group in the world”160 In April 2010 United States Secretary of Defense Robert Gates claimed that the Hezbollah has far more missiles and rockets than the majority of countries. He said that Syria and Iran are providing weapons to the organization. Israel also claims that Syria is providing the organization with these weapons. Syria has denied supplying these weapons and views these claims as an Israeli excuse for an attack.161 Leaked cables from American diplomats suggest that the United States has been trying unsuccessfully to prevent Syria from "supplying arms to Hezbollah in Lebanon", and that Hezbollah has "amassed a huge stockpile (of arms) since its 2006 war with Israel"; the arms were described as "increasingly sophisticated."162 Current estimates The Israeli government believes Hezbollah has an arsenal of more than 15,000 long-range rockets stationed on its border with Lebanon. Some of these missiles are said to be capable of penetrating cities as far away as Eilat.163 Israeli Ambassador to United States Michael Oren expressed deep concern with latest revelation: The Syrian-Iranian backed Hizbullah poses a very serious threat to Israel...Hizbullah today now has four times as many rockets as it had during the 2006 Lebanon war. These rockets are longer-range. Every city in Israel is within range right now, including Eilat.163 The IDF has accused Hezbollah of storing these rockets beneath hospitals, schools, and civilian homes.163 Targeting policy Hezbollah has not been involved in any suicide bombing since Israel withdrew from Lebanon.164 After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Hezbollah condemned Al Qaeda for targeting the civilian World Trade Center, but remained silent on the attack on The Pentagon.10165 Hezbollah also denounced the massacres in Algeria by Armed Islamic Group, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya attacks on tourists in Egypt,166 and the murder of Nick Berg.167 Although Hezbollah has denounced certain attacks on civilians, some people accuse the organization of the bombing of an Argentine synagogue in 1994. Argentine prosecutor Alberto Nisman, Marcelo Martinez Burgos, and their "staff of some 45 people"168 said that Hezbollah and their contacts in Iran were responsible for the 1994 bombing of a Jewish cultural center in Argentina, in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."169 In June 2002, shortly after the Israeli government launched Operation Defensive Shield, Nasrallah gave a speech in which he defended and praised suicide bombings of Israeli targets by members of Palestinian groups for "creating a deterrence and equalizing fear." Nasrallah stated that "in occupied Palestine, there is no difference between a soldier and a civilian, for they are all invaders, occupiers and usurpers of the land."10 Attacks on Hezbollah leaders Hezbollah has also been the target of bomb attacks and kidnappings. These include: In the 1985 Beirut car bombing, Hezbollah leader Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah was targeted, but the assassination attempt failed. It has been alleged170 that the CIA was responsible for this attack. On July 28, 1989, Israeli commandos kidnapped Sheikh Abdul Karim Obeid, the leader of Hezbollah.171 This action led to the adoption of UN Security Council resolution 638, which condemned all hostage takings by all sides. In 1992, Israeli helicopters attacked a motorcade in southern Lebanon, killing the Hezbollah leader Abbas al-Musawi, his wife, son, and four others.25 On February 12, 2008, Imad Mughnieh was killed by a car bomb in Damascus, Syria.172 Foreign relations Main article: Hezbollah foreign relations Hezbollah has close relations with Iran.173 It also has ties with the leadership in Syria, specifically with President Hafez al-Assad (until his death in 2000) and his son and successor Bashar al-Assad.174 Although Hezbollah and Hamas are not organizationally linked, Hezbollah provides military training as well as financial and moral support to the Sunni Palestinian group.175 Furthermore, Hezbollah is a strong supporter of the ongoing Al-Aqsa Intifada.10 American and Israeli counter-terrorism officials claim that Hezbollah has (or had) links to Al Qaeda, although Hezbollah's leaders deny these allegations.176177178 Also, some al-Qaeda leaders, like Abu Musab al-Zarqawi179 and Wahhabi clerics, consider Hezbollah to be apostate.180 But United States intelligence officials speculate that there has been contact between Hezbollah and low-level al-Qaeda figures who fled Afghanistan for Lebanon.181 Outside views Public opinion In much of the Arab world, Hezbollah is seen as a legitimate resistance organization that has defended its land against an Israeli occupying force and has consistently stood up to the Israeli army.10 According to a survey released by the "Beirut Center for Research and Information" on July 26 during the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict, 87 percent of Lebanese support Hezbollah's "retaliatory attacks on northern Israel",182 a rise of 29 percentage points from a similar poll conducted in February. More striking, however, was the level of support for Hezbollah's resistance from non-Shiite communities. Eighty percent of Christians polled supported Hezbollah, along with 80 percent of Druze and 89 percent of Sunnis.183 In a poll of Lebanese adults taken in 2004, 6% of respondents gave unqualified support to the statement "Hezbollah should be disarmed". 41% reported unqualified disagreement.184 A poll of Gaza Strip and West Bank residents indicated that 79.6% had "a very good view" of Hezbollah, and most of the remainder had a "good view".185 Polls of Jordanian adults in December 2005 and June 2006 showed that 63.9% and 63.3%, respectively, considered Hezbollah to be a legitimate resistance organization.186 In the December 2005 poll, only 6% of Jordanian adults considered Hezbollah to be terrorist.187 A July 2006 USA Today/Gallup poll found that 83% of the 1,005 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 66% who blamed Israel to some degree. Additionally, 76% disapproved of the military action Hezbollah took in Israel, compared to 38% who disapproved of Israel's military action in Lebanon.188 A poll in August 2006 by ABC News and the Washington Post found that 68% of the 1,002 Americans polled blamed Hezbollah, at least in part, for the civilian casualties in Lebanon during the 2006 Lebanon War, compared to 31% who blamed Israel to some degree.188 Another August 2006 poll by CNN showed that 69% of the 1,047 Americans polled believed that Hezbollah is unfriendly towards, or an enemy of, the United States.188 In 2010, a survey of Muslims in Lebanon showed that 94% of Lebanese Shia supported Hezbollah, while 84% of the Sunni Muslims held an unfavorable opinion of the group.189 Designation as a terrorist organization or resistance movement Hezbollah’s status as a legitimate political party, a terrorist group, a resistance movement, or some combination thereof is a contentious issue. Several Western countries officially classify Hezbollah or its external security wing as a terrorist organization, and some of their violent acts have been described as terrorist attacks. Throughout most of the Arab and Muslim worlds, Hezbollah is referred to as a resistance movement, engaged in national defense.2190191 Even within Lebanon, Hezbollah's status is contentious. In the Western World Countries below have officially listed Hezbollah in at least some part as a terrorist organization.  Australia The Hezbollah External Security Organization 192  Canada The entire organization Hezbollah 193  Israel The entire organization Hezbollah 194  United Kingdom Hezbollah's military wing only 195  United States The entire organization Hezbollah 196  Netherlands The entire organization Hezbollah 197 In 1999, Hezbollah was placed on the US State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations. After Hezbollah's condemnation of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the USA, it was removed from the list, but it was later returned to the list.198 In 2002, US State Department official Christopher Ross was cited as explaining that while "the Hezbollah party and some of its members carried out terrorist acts in the past", "the acts that it carried out against the Israeli forces in South Lebanon were not terrorist acts."199 The European Union does not list Hezbollah as a "terrorist organization";200 In addition, on March 10, 2005, the European Parliament passed a non-binding resolution recognizing "clear evidence" of "terrorist activities by Hezbollah"201 and urging the EU Council to brand Hezbollah a terrorist organization and EU governments to place Hezbollah on their terrorist blacklists, as the bloc did with the Palestinian Hamas group in 2003.201 The Council has been reluctant to do this because France, Spain, and Britain fear that such a move would further damage the prospects for Middle East peace talks.201 In the midst of the 2006 conflict between Hezbollah and Israel, Russia’s government declined to include Hezbollah in a newly released list of terrorist organizations, with Yuri Sapunov, the head of anti-terrorism for the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, saying that they list only organizations which represent "the greatest threat to the security of our country".202 Prior to the release of the list, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Ivanov called "on Hezbollah to stop resorting to any terrorist methods, including attacking neighboring states."203 The Quartet’s fourth member, the United Nations, does not maintain such a list,204 however, the United Nations has made repeated calls for Hezbollah to disarm and accused the group of destabilizing the region and causing harm to Lebanese civilians.205206207208 Human rights organizations Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have accused Hezbollah of committing war crimes against Israeli civilians,209210211212 in which in the same article, they also accused Israel of war crimes but against Lebanese civilians. Argentine prosecutors hold Hezbollah and their financial supporters in Iran responsible for the 1994 AMIA Bombing of a Jewish cultural center, described by the Associated Press as "the worst terrorist attack on Argentine soil," in which "[e]ighty-five people were killed and more than 200 others injured."213169dead link During the Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon, French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin condemned attacks by Hezbollah fighters on Israeli forces in south Lebanon, saying they were "terrorism" and not acts of resistance. "France condemns Hezbollah's attacks, and all types of terrorist attacks which may be carried out against soldiers, or possibly Israel's civilian population."214 Italian Foreign Minister Massimo D'Alema differentiated the wings of Hezbollah: "Apart from their well-known terrorist activities, they also have political standing and are socially engaged."215 German officials indicate that they would likely support a designation of Hezbollah as a terrorist organization.216 The Netherlands regard Hezbollah as terrorist discussing it as such in official reports of their general intelligence and security service217 and in official answers by the Minister of Foreign Affairs.218 In the Arab and Muslim World In 2006 Hezbollah was regarded as a legitimate resistance movement most of the Arab and Muslim worlds.2 Hezbollah support in the Arab world is on decline, and the Arab world except for the Palestinians appears to be united in blaming Iran and Syria for the fighting in Lebanon.5 Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia have condemned Hezbollah's actions, saying that "the Arabs and Muslims can't afford to allow an irresponsible and adventurous organization like Hezbollah to drag the region to war" and calling it "dangerous adventurism,"5 Following the 2009 Hezbollah plot in Egypt, Egypt has officially classified Hezbollah as a terrorist group.7 In Lebanon Hezbollah justifies its operations against Israel as reciprocal to Israeli operations against Lebanese civilians and as retaliation for Israel's occupation of Lebanese territory.219 Many of these attacks took place while Israel occupied the southern part of Lebanon and held it as a security zone in spite of United Nations Security Council Resolution 425. Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their complete withdrawal was verified by the United Nations, Lebanon now considers the Shebaa farms—a 26-km² (10-mi²) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be disputed territory between Syria and Israel—to be Lebanese territory. Additionally, Hezbollah has identified three Lebanese prisoners held in Israeli jails who it wants released.220 Finally, Hezbollah and others among the Muslim world consider Israel to be an illegitimate state. For these reasons, they see acts performed by Hezbollah against Israel to be justified as acts of defensive Jihad.221 Following the 2006 Lebanon war, other Lebanese including the government were resentful of the large damage sustained by the country and saw Hizbullah’s actions as unjustified "dangerous adventurism" rather than legitimate resistance. They accused Hezbollah of acting on behalf of Iran and Syria.222 In August 2008, Lebanon's cabinet completed a policy statement which recognized "the right of Lebanon's people, army, and resistance to liberate the Israeli-occupied Shebaa Farms, Kafar Shuba Hills, and the Lebanese section of Ghajar village, and defend the country using all legal and possible means."223 Scholarly views Some American and Israeli academics specializing in a wide variety of the social sciences believe that Hezbollah is an example of an Islamic terrorist organization. The Americans include former U.S. Secretary of State and current political science professor Condoleezza Rice, Lebanese-born terrorism scholar Walid Phares, historian Mark LeVine, and journalist Donna Rosenthal.224225226227 Israeli historians that have referred to Hezbollah as an Islamic terrorist organization include Avraham Sela, Robert S. Wistrich, and Eyal Zisser.228229230 Iranian scholar Siamak Khatami, Singaporean scholar Rohan Gunaratna, Australian scholar Neeru Gaba, and Norwegian scholar Tore Bjørgo have all referred to Hezbollah using similar terms.231176232233 Other views In a Sky News interview during the 2006 Lebanon war, former British MP George Galloway said that Hezbollah is: "not a terrorist organization"234 This view is also held by U.S. Representative Darrell Issa.235 See also 2008 conflict in Lebanon Foreign relations of Lebanon History of Lebanon History of terrorism Israel-Lebanon conflict Jihad Construction Politics of Lebanon References ^ Other transliterations include Hizbullah, Hizbollah, Hezballah, Hizballah, Hisbollah, and Hizb Allah. ^ a b c d Jamail, Dahr (July 20, 2006). "Hezbollah's transformation". Asia Times. http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HG20Ak02.html. Retrieved October 23, 2007.  ^ A Tweet too far: US editor latest victim of Internet Inquisition. RT. 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"The Hizballah Program" (PDF). provided by standwithus. com (StandWithUs). http://www.standwithus.com/pdfs/flyers/hezbollah_program.pdf. Retrieved October 29, 2007.  ^ a b Stalinsky, Steven. "An Islamic Republic Is Hezbollah's Aim." The New York Sun. August 2, 2006. November 1, 2007. ^ Deeb, Lara (July 31, 2006). "Hizballah: A Primer". Middle East Report. http://www.merip.org/mero/mero073106.html. Retrieved July 31, 2006.  ^ "Huge Beirut protest backs Syria." BBC News. March 8, 2005. February 7, 2007. ^ a b Ghattas, Kim (December 1, 2006). "Political ferment in Lebanon". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6200804.stm. Retrieved August 15, 2008.  ^ a b "Lebanese army moves into W. Beirut after Hezbollah takeover". Haaretz. http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/981696.html. Retrieved May 10, 2008. dead link ^ a b Frykberg, MelL (August 29, 2008). "Mideast Powers, Proxies and Paymasters Bluster and Rearm". Middle East Times. http://www.metimes.com/International/2008/08/29/mideast_powers_proxies_and_paymasters_bluster_and_rearm/5485/. Retrieved August 29, 2008. "And if there is one thing that ideologically and diametrically opposed Hezbollah and Israel agree on, it is Hezbollah's growing military strength."  ^ a b "Security council endorses secretary-general's conclusion on Israeli withdrawal from Lebanon as of 16 June". United Nations Security Council. June 18, 2000. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html. Retrieved September 29, 2006.  ^ Avi Shlaim (2001) The Iron Wall: Israel and the Arab World W.W. Norton, ISBN 0393321126 Chapter 10; The Lebanese Quagmire 1981-1984 pp 384-423 ^ a b c Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism. Random House. ISBN 1-4000-6317-5.  Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980-2003", Appendix 1. (Page 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications) ^ "Zionism and Israel - Encyclopedic Dictionary, Hezbollah Definition". Zionism-israel.com. http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Hezbollah.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-27.  ^ Hezbollah – the real storydead link dead link ^ a b H. CON. RES. 190, 1st session, 101st congress (August 4, 1989). "Expressing the sense of the Congress over the reported murder of Lieutenant Colonel William Higgins and Hezbollah-sponsored terrorism.". The Library of Congress. http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c101:H.CON.RES.190:. Retrieved August 8, 2006.  ^ Telegraph, 2004/2/21dead link ^ a b c "Timeline: Lebanon". BBC News. July 19, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/819200.stm. Retrieved September 15, 2008.  ^ Jeffrey Goldberg (October 14, 2002). "IN THE PARTY OF GOD Are terrorists in Lebanon preparing for a larger war?". The New Yorker. http://www.jeffreygoldberg.net/articles/tny/a_reporter_at_large_in_the_par.php. Retrieved August 21, 2006.  ^ "The strategy and tactics of Hizballah's current 'Lebanonization process". Mediterranean Politics, Volume 3, Issue 1 Summer 1998 , pages 103 - 134. http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a784386222~db=all.  ^ Alagha (2006), pp.41-44 ^ Alagha (2006), p.47 ^ Marius Deeb, Militant Islamic Movements in Lebanon: Origins, Social Basis, and Ideology, Occasional Paper Series (Washington, DC, Georgetown University, 1986) p.19 ^ al-Nahar, September 7, 1985 ^ LaRevue du Liban, July 27 – August 3, 1985 ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi, June 10 ^ Ma'aretz, December 16, 1983 ^ Le Point, July 30, 1987 ^ al-Shira, August 28, 1988 ^ Nouveau Magazine, July 23, 1988 ^ see also Bates, John D. (Presiding) (September 2003) (PDF). Anne Dammarell et al. v. Islamic Republic of Iran. District of Columbia, U.S.: The United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 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May 21, 2008. ^ "UN Human Rights High Commissioner Admits to Wiesenthal Center Delegation ... 'Hezbollah Deliberately Targeted Israeli Civilians.'"dead link Simon Wiesenthal Center. September 19, 2006. May 22, 2008. ^ Brown, Roy. "Hezbollah attacks IHEU speaker." International Humanist and Ethical Union. September 25, 2006. May 22, 2008. ^ Satloff, Roger. "The Holocaust's Arab Heroes." The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. October 8, 2006. January 14, 2009. ^ Stalinsky, Steven. "Hezbollah's Nazi Tactics." The New York Sun. July 26, 2006. January 14, 2009. ^ al-Nahar al-Arabi walduwali, June 10–16, 1985; and La Revue du Liban, July 27 – August 3, 1985. quoted in Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.41 ^ Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p. 64 ^ a b c Ranstorp, Hizb'allah in Lebanon, (1997), p.45 ^ Nahmias, Roee. "Syria, Iran determined to protect Hizbullah." Ynetnews. July 19, 2006. July 31, 2010. ^ Katz, Yaakov. 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December 10, 2006. ^ Muslims offer mixed views on Hamas, Hezbollah, reject al Qaeda, CNN. December 3rd, 2010 ^ "Hizbullah: Views and Concepts". Almashriq.hiof.no. 1997-06-20. http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/hizballah-background.html. Retrieved 2011-01-27.  ^ "Statement of purpose". Almashriq.hiof.no. 1998-03-20. http://almashriq.hiof.no/lebanon/300/320/324/324.2/hizballah/statement01.html. Retrieved 2011-01-27.  ^ "Hizballah External Security Organisation Relisted". Australian National Security. July 18, 2005. http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/7986D1536C0FFD5FCA256FCD001BE859?OpenDocument. Retrieved June 12, 2009.  ^ See: "Reference list". Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions Canada. http://www.osfi-bsif.gc.ca/eng/documents/advisories/docs/entstld.txt. Retrieved July 25, 2006.  "Listed entities pursuant to the Anti-Terrorism Act (2001, c. 41)". Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada (PSEPC), Government of Canada. http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp. Retrieved June 12, 2009.  ^ "Summary of Terrorist Activity 2004". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. January 5, 2005. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2005/Summary+of+Terrorist+Activity+2004.htm. Retrieved July 15, 2006.  ^ British Home office official listing of Proscribed terrorist groups ^ "Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs)". United States Department of State. October 11, 2005. Archived from the original on July 12, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060712173350/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/37191.htm. Retrieved July 16, 2006.  "Current List of Designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations ... 14. Hizballah (Party of God)". ^ "Prospects for Adding Hezbollah to the EU Terrorist List". September 2007. http://www.ajc.org/site/apps/nl/content2.asp?c=ijITI2PHKoG&b=1323269&ct=4490703#_ftnref5.  ^ Lamb, Franklin. 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Associated Press. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/28/AR2006072801433.html. Retrieved October 27, 2007. "Sapunov told Rossiiskaya Gazeta the list of 17 "includes only those organizations which represent the greatest threat to the security of our country." Groups linked to separatist militants in Chechnya and Islamic radicals in Central Asia made the list."  ^ Haaretz Service and News Agencies (July 15, 2006). "Russian defense minister says Hezbollah uses 'terrorist methods' - Haaretz - Israel News". http://www.envirosagainstwar.org/know/read.php?itemid=4382. Retrieved October 27, 2007.  ^ United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee Portal. Retrieved August 7, 2006. ^ Bajpai, Arunoday. "Pratiyogita Darpan." Google Books. October 2006. 9 January 2011. ^ "Lebanon truce holds despite clashes." CNN.com. 15 August 2006. 9 January 2011. ^ "Ban Ki-moon: Hizbullah poses threat to security."dead link Jerusalem Post. October 22, 2009. 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The New York Sun. 10 November 2006. 13 January 2011. ^ French PM lashes Hezbollah 'terrorism' ^ Italian FM: Hezbollah, Hamas are not al-Qaida ^ Germany’s Relations with Israel: Background and Implications for German Middle East Policy Congressional Research Service (January 19, 2007) ^ "Annual Report 2004" (PDF). Netherlands General intelligence and security service. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf.  ^ "Answers to questions on Hezbollah and the EU (in Dutch)". Netherlands Minsitry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.minbuza.nl/nl/actueel/brievenparlement,2008/10/Beantwoording-vragen---r-z-over-Hezbollah-en-de-EU.html.  ^ CIVILIAN PAWNS, Laws of War Violations and the Use of Weapons on the Israel-Lebanon Border ^ Hezbollah's Apocalypse Now ^ Thisreen (Syrian newspaper) June 21, 1999, reprinted by MEMRI Secretary General of Hizbullah Discusses the New Israeli Government and Hizbullah’s Struggle Against Israel. Retrieved July 30, 2006. ^ Bologna Center Journal of International Affairs, Volume 13 / Spring 2010, Hizbullah and Lebanese Nationalism, Faysal Itani [4]dead link ^ Nafez Qawas, The Daily Star (August 6, 2008). "Berri summons Parliament to vote on policy statement". Retrieved August 6, 2008. ^ "Iran has been the country that has been in many ways a kind of central banker for terrorism in important regions like Lebanon through Hezbollah." Rice, Condoleezza. qtd. by Bruno, "State Sponsors: Iran." ^ Phares, Walid. Future Jihad: Terrorist Strategies against America. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2005. p. 148. ^ LeVine, Mark. "Israel, Lebanon, Hezbollah, Hamas, fighting, terrorism, peace, by Mark LeVine." Beliefnet.com. 18 January 2011.M ^ "Many intelligence analysts consider Hezballah ... the terrorist 'A Team' and a greater danger than al-Qaeda." Rosenthal, Donna. The Israelis: Ordinary People in an Extraordinary Land. New York: Free Press, 2003. p. 74 ^ "Hizballah employed anti-Israel terrorism to pursue its goal of turning Lebanon into a state and society ruled solely by the Shari'a." Sela, Avraham. "Terrorism." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 822-836. ^ "The Shiite Hezbollah has indeed become a trusted mentor and role model to the Sunni fundamentalist Hamas. Both organizations have inscribed on their banner the rejection of any treaties or peace agreements with Israel, energetically work for its demise and encourage suicide terrorism to that end." Wistrich, 731. ^ Zisser, Eyal. "The Threat Posed by Hezbollah." Middle East Forum. 26 November 2002. 18 January 2011. ^ Khatami, Siamak. "Iran, a view from within: political ...." Google Books. 21 January 2011. ^ Gaba, Neeru. "Hezbollah: in transition." Google Books. 2007. 21 January 2011. ^ Bjørgo, Tore. "Root causes of terrorism: myths ..." Google Books. 21 January 2011. ^ George Galloway, Anna Botting (in English) (TV). Getting a word in. [News]. Sky News. Event occurs at 3:59-4:04. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hbyF1Mp-fHk. Retrieved 22 January 2011. "But they're not a terrorist organization."  ^ Gary Indiana (2008). Utopia's debris: selected essays (Hardcover ed.). Basic Books. p. 10. ISBN 046500248X. http://books.google.com/books?id=bYqbRAvohg4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.  Further reading Books Joseph Alagha (2006). The Shifts in Hizbullah's Ideology: Religious Ideology, Political Ideology. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9053569103.  Tom Diaz, Barbara Newman (2005). Lightning Out of Lebanon: Hezbollah Terrorists on American Soil. Presidio Press. ISBN 0-345-47568-2. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0345475682/.  Ahmad Nizar Hamzeh (2004). In The Path Of Hizbullah. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-3053-0. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0815630530/.  Judith Palmer Harik (2006). Hezbollah: The Changing Face of Terrorism. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-845-110242. http://www.ibtauris.com/ibtauris/display.aspK=510000000440882&cid=ibtauris&sf_01=CAUTHOR&st_01=harik&sf_02=CTITLE&sf_03=KEYWORD&m=1&dc=1.  Hala Jaber (1997). Hezbollah. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-10834-6. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0231108346/.  Avi Jorisch (2004). Beacon of Hatred: Inside Hizballahs Al-Manar Television. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. ISBN 0-944029-88-4. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0944029884/.  Augustus Richard Norton (2000). Hizballah of Lebanon: Extremist Ideals vs. Mundane Politics. Council on Foreign Relations.. http://www.cfr.org/publication/8612/hizballah_of_lebanon.html.  Augustus Richard Norton (2007). Hezbollah: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13124-5. http://press.princeton.edu/titles/8363.html.  Qassem, Naim (2005). Hizbullah: The Story from Within. Saqi Books. ISBN 978-0863565175.  Magnus Ranstorp (1996). Hizb'Allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-16491-2. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0312164912/.  Amal Saad-Ghorayeb (2001). Hizbullah: Politics and Religion. Pluto Press. ISBN 0-7453-1793-6.  Jamal Sankari (2005). Fadlallah: The Making of a Radical Shi'ite Leader. Saqi Books. ISBN 0-86356-596-4. http://www.amazon.com/dp/0863565964/.  Articles Natalia Antelava (June 2, 2006). "Inside Lebanese Hezbollah militia". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8076820.stm. Retrieved July 24, 2009.  Adam Shatz (April 29, 2004). "In Search of Hezbollah". The New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/17060. Retrieved October 27, 2007.  (copy) External links Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Hezbollah Wikisource has original text related to this article: Hezbollah Official sites Islamic Resistance in Lebanon Promise For the Resistance Movement Support Hizbullah - the Party of God - List of links to official websites and documents UN resolutions regarding Hezbollah UN Press Release SC/8181 UN, September 2, 2004 Lebanon: Close Security Council vote backs free elections, urges foreign troop pullout UN, September 2, 2004 Other links Hezbollah: Financing Terror through Criminal Enterprise, Testimony of Matthew Levitt, Hearing of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate Hizbullah's two republics by Mohammed Ben Jelloun, Al-Ahram, February 15–21, 2007 Inside Hezbollah, short documentary and extensive information from Frontline/World on PBS. An Open Letter: The Hezbollah Program - five pages excerpted from Hezbollah's 1985 manifesto translated into English. The complete document is 20 printed pages in translation and may be found in Norton, Augustus (1987). Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-73039-x.  Specifically: "Nass al-risala al-maftuha allati wajjaha hizb allah ila al-mustad'afin fi lubnan wa al-'alam [Text of an Open Letter Addressed by Hizballah to the Downtrodden in Lebanon and in the World]", Appendix B, pp. 167–187.</ref> Hizbullah - the 'Party of God' - fact file at Ynetnews v · d · e Parliamentary political blocs in Lebanon March 8 Alliance (70 MPs) Free Patriotic Movement - Hezbollah - Progressive Socialist Party - Syrian Social Nationalist Party - Amal Movement - Marada Movement - Baath Arab Socialist Party - Lebanese Communist Party - Skaff Bloc - People's Movement - Lebanese Democratic Party - Arab Democratic Party - Armenian Revolutionary Federation (Tashnag) - Glory Movement March 14 Alliance (58 MPs) Future Movement - Lebanese Forces - Democratic Renewal Movement - Qornet Shehwan Gathering (Kataeb Party, National Liberal Party, Independence Movement) - Democratic Left - Tripoli Bloc - Lebanese National Bloc - Free Shia Movement - Social Democrat Hunchakian Party (Hunchak Party) - Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party) Portal:Politics - List of political parties - Politics of Lebanon v · d · eArab–Israeli conflict v · d · eParticipants in the Arab–Israeli conflict Governments Egypt • Iraq • Israel • Jordan • Lebanon • Palestinian National Authority • Saudi Arabia • Syria • Yemen Active organizations Amal • al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades •  Arab League • Arab Liberation Front • Ba'ath Party • Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Fatah • Guardians of the Cedars • Hamas • Hezbollah • Jaish al-Islam • Kataeb • Lebanese Forces • Palestinian Islamic Jihad • Palestine Liberation Front • Palestine Liberation Organisation • Palestinian Popular Struggle Front • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command • Popular Resistance Committees • as-Saiqa Formerly active organizations South Lebanon Army • Arab Higher Committee • Arab Liberation Army • Holy War Army • Irgun (Etzel) • Lehi • Black Hand • Black September Other governments Iran • Norway • Turkey • Russia • United Kingdom • United States • Venezuela Other organizations European Union • United Nations Former states British Mandate of Palestine • Soviet Union • United Arab Republic v · d · ePeople involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict Lester B. Pearson • Abd al-Hakim Amer • Hosni Mubarak • Gamal Abdel Nasser • Anwar Sadat • Mahmoud Ahmadinejad • Ali Khamenei • Ruhollah Khomeini • Faisal I • Saddam Hussein • Ehud Barak • Menachem Begin • David Ben-Gurion • Moshe Dayan • Levi Eshkol • Golda Meir • Benjamin Netanyahu • Ehud Olmert • Shimon Peres • Yitzhak Rabin • Yitzhak Shamir • Ariel Sharon • Chaim Weizmann • King Abdullah I • King Abdullah II • King Hussein • Emile Lahoud • Hassan Nasrallah • Fouad Siniora • Recep Tayyip Erdogan • Mona Juul • Johan Jørgen Holst • Terje Rød-Larsen • Mahmoud Abbas • Yasser Arafat • Marwan Barghouti • George Habash • Ismail Haniya • Amin al-Husayni • Khaled Mashal • Abdel-Aziz al-Rantissi • Ahmed Shukeiri • Ahmed Yassin • King Abdulaziz (Ibn Saud) • King Abdullah • King Fahd • King Faisal • Folke Bernadotte • Hafez al-Assad • Bashar al-Assad • Shukri al-Quwatli • Salah Jadid • Ernest Bevin • Arthur Balfour • Tony Blair • Richard Crossman • Madeleine Albright • Ralph Bunche • George H. W. Bush • George W. Bush • Jimmy Carter • Bill Clinton • Henry Kissinger • Ronald Reagan • Condoleezza Rice • Dennis Ross • Harry S. Truman • Cyrus R. Vance v · d · eArab-Israeli conflict engagements Before 1947 1920 Nebi Musa riots · 1921 Jaffa riots · 1929 Hebron–Safed riots · 1933 Palestine riots · 1936–1939 Arab revolt · 1947–1949 1947 Jerusalem riots · 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine · 1948–1949 Arab–Israeli War 1950s 1950s terrorism against Israel · Fedayeen · Retribution operations 1953 Qibya massacre · 1954 Operation Susannah · 1956 Suez Crisis 1960s 1962–1970 Operations Porcupine and Gravy (North Yemen Civil War) · 1964–1967 War over Water · 1966 Samu incident · 1967 Six-Day War · 1967–1970 War of Attrition · 1968 Battle of Karameh · 1968 Operation Gift 1969 Cherbourg Project 1970s 1970 Black September in Jordan · 1972 Sabena Flight 571 (Operation Isotope) · 1972 Lod Airport massacre · 1972 Operation Crate 3 · 1972 Munich Olympics massacre · 1972–1979 Operation Wrath of God (Airstrike · Spring of Youth) · 1973 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 · 1973 Yom Kippur War · 1974 Ma'alot massacre · 1975 Savoy Operation · 1975–1990 Lebanese Civil War · 1976 Operation Entebbe · 1978 Coastal Road massacre · 1978 Operation Litani 1980s 1980 Misgav Am hostages rescue · 1981 Operation Opera · 1982 Lebanon War · 1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict · 1984 Kav 300 affair · 1985 PLO ships bombing · 1985 Operation Wooden Leg · 1987–1990 First Intifada · 1988 Tunis raid · 1989 Sheik Abdul-Karim Obeid kidnapping 1990s 1991 Gulf War · 1992 Operation Bramble Bush · 1992 Abbas al-Musawi killing · 1993–2008 List of Palestinian suicide attacks · 1993 Operation Accountability · 1994 Airstrike on Lebanon · 1994 Mustafa Dirani kidnapping · 1994 Waxman rescue attempt · 1996 Operation Grapes of Wrath (April war) 2000s 2000–2005 Al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada) · 2000 October events · 2000–2006 Shebaa Farms conflict · 2001–present Rocket and mortar attacks on southern Israel (2001-2006 · 2007 · 2008 · Gaza War · 2009 · 2010 · 2011) · 2001 Santorini · 2002 Operation Noah's Ark · 2002 Operation Defensive Shield (Jenin · Nablus · Bethlehem) · 2002–present West Bank barrier · 2002 Operation Determined Path · 2003 Abu Hassan · 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike · 2004 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Rainbow · Operation Days of Penitence) · 2005 Operation Shevet Ahim · 2006–present Fatah–Hamas conflict · 2006 Operation Bringing Home the Goods · 2006 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Autumn Clouds) · 2006 Lebanon War · 2007–present Lebanese rockets · 2007–2008 Israel–Gaza conflict (Operation Hot Winter) · 2007 Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip · 2007–present Blockade of the Gaza Strip · 2007 Operation Orchard · 2008–2009 Gaza War · 2009 Sudan airstrikes · 2009 Francop affair (Operation Four Species) 2010s 2010 Gaza flotilla raid (ships · participants · reactions · legal assessments) · 2010 Adaisseh skirmish · 2010 Hamas terror campaign v · d · eDiplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict Damascus Protocol • McMahon–Hussein Correspondence • Sykes–Picot Agreement • 1917 Balfour Declaration • Declaration to the Seven • Anglo-French Declaration • 1919 Faisal-Weizmann Agreement • 1920 San Remo conference • 1922 Churchill White Paper • 1939 White Paper • 1947 UN Partition Plan • 1948 Establishment of Israel • 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 • 1949 Armistice Agreements • 1964 Palestinian National Covenant • 1967 Khartoum Resolution • 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 • 1973 UNSC Resolution 339 • 1974 UNSC Resolution 350 • 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 • 1978 Camp David Accords • 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 • 1979 Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty • 1979 UNSC Resolution 452 • 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 • 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 • 1983 Israel-Lebanon agreement • 1991 Madrid Conference • 1993 Oslo Accords • 1994 Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace • 1998 Wye River Memorandum • 2000 Camp David Summit • 2000 Clinton's Parameters • 2001 Taba Summit • 2001 UNSC Resolution 1373 • 2002 Beirut Summit and Peace Initiative • 2002 Road map for peace • 2003 Geneva Accord • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 • 2004 UNSC Resolution 1566 • 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 • 2005 Sharm el-Sheikh Summit • 2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement plan • 2006 Palestinian Prisoners' Document • 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 • 2007 Annapolis Conference • 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks