Gujarati ગુજરાતી Gujrātī Pronunciation /ɡudʒ(ə)ˈɾat̪i/ Spoken in India, Pakistan, South Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, U.S., UK, Australia, New Zealand,[Mauritius] Fiji, Canada, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Portugal, Panama Total speakers 46.1 million1 Language family Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Western Indo-Aryan Gujarati Writing system Gujarati script, former use of Devanagari before invention of Gujarati Script, also use of Arabic script by the Ismaili community and other Gujarati communities, mainly in Pakistan. Official status Official language in Gujarat (India)12 Daman and Diu (India) Dadra and Nagar Haveli (India) Regulated by No official regulation Language codes ISO 639-1 gu ISO 639-2 guj ISO 639-3 guj Linguasphere – Distribution of native Gujarati speakers in India This page contains Indic text. Without rendering support you may see irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. More... Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujrātī?) is an Indo-Aryan language, and part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is derived from a language called Old Western Rajasthani (1100 - 1500 AD) which is the ancestor language of the modern Gujarati and Rajasthani languages. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its chief language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli. There are about 46.1 million speakers of Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most spoken native language in the world. Along with Romany and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the "father of Pakistan" and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the "iron man of India." Among other prominent personalities whose first language was Gujarati are Basir Patel, Narsinhdas Vithaldas Mehta, Balwantrai Mehta,Chimanlal Mehta, Bhupatrai Narsidas Mehta, Dhanwantrai Mehta, Morarji Desai, Dr Vikram Sarabhai, Natwarlal Modi,Dhirubhai Ambani, Harilal Jagjivandas Mehta. Contents 1 History 2 Demographics and distribution 2.1 Official status 2.2 Dialects 2.3 Major dialects 2.3.1 Hindi Gujarati 2.3.2 Parsi Gujarati 2.3.3 Muhammadan Gujarati 2.4 Closely related languages 3 Phonology 4 Writing system 5 Vocabulary 5.1 Categorization and Sources 5.1.1 Tadbhav 5.1.2 Tatsam 5.1.3 Perso-Arabic 5.1.4 English 5.1.5 Portuguese 5.2 Loans into English 6 Grammar 7 Sample Text 8 Influence on other languages 9 Bibliography 9.1 Dictionaries 9.2 Grammars 9.3 Courses 9.4 Phonology 9.5 Overviews 9.6 Old Gujarati 9.7 Other 10 External links 11 References History Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Mahatma Gandhi sharing a laugh together in Bombay in 1944, for ill-fated political talks. These two prime political figures of the Indian subcontinent in the 20th century were Gujaratis and thus native speakers of the Gujarati language. For Jinnah, Gujarati did not factor beyond that of a mother tongue. He was neither born nor raised in Gujarat,3 and Gujarat did not end up a part of Pakistan, the state he espoused. He went on to advocate for solely Urdu in his politics. For Gandhi, Gujarati served as a medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature,4 and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society's 12th meeting.5 Gujarati (also having been variously spelled as Gujerati, Gujarathi, Guzratee, Guujaratee, Gujrathi, and Gujerathi16) is a modern Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages6: Old IA (Vedic and Classical Sanskrit) Middle IA (various Prakrits and Apabhramshas) New IA (modern languages such as Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc..) Another view accords successive family, tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages7: IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as stops becoming voiced in the Northern (Skt. danta "tooth" > Punj. dānd) and dental and retroflex sibilants merging with the palatal in the Eastern (Skt. sandhya "evening" > Beng. śājh).8 Western, into Central and Southern. Central, in Gujarati/Rajasthani, Western Hindi, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of auxiliary verbs and postpositions in Gujarati/Rajasthani.6 Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary ch- and the possessive marker -n- during the 15th century.9

The principal changes from Sanskrit are the following7: Phonological Loss of phonemic length for vowels Change of consonant clusters to geminate and then to single consonants (with compensatory vowel length) English Sanskrit Prakrit Gujarati Ref hand hasta hattha hāth 10 seven sapta satta sāt 11 eight aṣṭā aṭṭha āṭh 12 snake sarpa sappa sāp 13 Morphological Reduction in the number of compounds Merger of the dual with plural Replacement of case affixes by postpositions Development of periphrastic tense/voice/mood constructions Syntax Split ergativity More complex agreement system Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages6: Old Gujarati or Gujjar Bhakha or Gurjar Apabhramsha (AD 1100 — 1500), ancestor of Gujarati and Rajasthani,4 was spoken by the Gurjars, who were residing and ruling in Punjab, Rajputana, central India and various parts of Gujarat at that time.1415 The language was used as literary language as early as 12th century.Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.7 It had 3 genders as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name of Old Western Rajasthani, based on the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct at the time. Also factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a nasal consonant was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].16 A formal grammar of the precursor to this language was written by Jain monk and eminent scholar Hemachandra Suri in the reign of Solanki king Siddharaj Jayasinh of Anhilwara (Patan). Major works were written in various genres, for the most part in verse form, such as17: rāsa, predominantly didactic narrative, of which the earliest known is Śālibhadrasūri's Bhārateśvarabāhubali (1185). phāgu, in which spring time is celebrated, of which the earliest is Jinapadmasūri's Sirithūlibadda (ca. 1335). The most famous is the Vasantavilāsa, of unknown scholarship, which is undeterminedly dated to somewhere in 14th or 15th century, or possibly earlier. bārmāsī, describing natural beauty during each of the twelve months. ākhyāna, in which different sections are each in a single metre. Narasimha Mehta (c. 1414 — 1480) is traditionally viewed as the father of modern Gujarati poetry. By virtue of its early age and good editing, an important prose work is the 14th-century commentary of Taruṇaprabha, the Ṣaḍāvaśyakabālabodhavr̥tti.17 Middle Gujarati (AD 1500 — 1800), split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem ch-, and the possessive marker -n-.18 Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are17: i, u develop to ə in open syllables diphthongs əi, əu change to ɛ and ɔ in initial syllables and to e and o elsewhere əũ develops to ɔ̃ in initial syllables and to ű in final syllables These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative-accusative singular in -ə.17 Modern Gujarati (AD 1800 — ). A major phonological change was the deletion of final ə's, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -o developed.17 In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.19 1840s, personal diary composition; Nityanondh, Durgaram Mahetaji. 1851, first essay; Maniaḷī Maḷvāthi thātā Lābh, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave. 1866, first novel; Karaṇ Ghelo, Nandashankar Mehta. 1866, first autobiography; Mārī Hakīkat, Narmadashankar Lalshankar Dave. Demographics and distribution Map of Gujarat Of the approximately 46 million speakers of Gujarati, roughly 45.5 million reside in India, 150,000 in Uganda, 250,000 in Tanzania, 50,000 in Kenya and roughly 100,000 in Pakistan.1 There is also a large Gujarati community in Mumbai, India. The United Kingdom has 300,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London areas of Wembley, Harrow and Newham and in Leicester, Coventry and Bradford. A considerable population exists in North America as well, most particularly in the cities of New York, USA and Toronto, Canada. A portion of these numbers consists of East African Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly-independent resident countries (especially Uganda, where Idi Amin expelled 50,000 Asians for not participating in the local cultures or allowing Asian women to marry African men though Asian men did marry African women), were left with uncertain futures and citizenships. Most, with British passports, settled in the UK.420

Indeed, due to the large Gujarati diaspora in the UK, Gujarati is offered as a GCSE subject for students in the United Kingdom. Besides being spoken by the Gujarati people, non-Gujarati residents of and migrants to the state of Gujarat also count as speakers, among them the Kutchis (as a literary language),4 the Parsis (adopted as a mother tongue), and Hindu Sindhi refugees from Pakistan. Official status Gujarati is one of the twenty-two official languages and fourteen regional languages of India. It is officially recognized in the state of Gujarat, India. See also: States of India by Gujarati speakers Dialects A newspaper extract written in Parsi Gujarati, in or before 1892. It is about Englishmen who speak French.21 The accepted standard dialect is the speech of the area from Baroda to Ahmedabad and north.17 Ethnologue lists the following dialects and subdivisions.1 Standard Gujarati Saurashtra Standard Nagari Bombay Gujarati Patnuli Gamadia Gramya Surti Anavla Bhathla Meshani Machi Eastern Broach Gujarati Charotari Patidari Vadodari Amdavadi pathani Patani Parsi Kathiyawadi Jhalawadi Sorathi Holadi Gohilwadi Bhavnagari Mer Kharva Khakari Tarimukhi Ghisadi Ghanchi Major dialects In A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language (1892) by William Tisdall, major dialects of Gujarati are mentioned. These are explained below. Hindi Gujarati Hindi Gujarati, which is the one adopted by the Government as the standard, is taught in schools. Parsi Gujarati Parsi Gujarati, the language as spoken and written by the Parsis. This differs from ordinary Gujarati in that it admits pure Persian words in considerable numbers, especially in connection with religious matters, besides a host of Arabic and other words taken from the Urdu language, and that its grammar is in a very unfixed and irregular condition. Muhammadan Gujarati Like Parsi Gujarati, employs a great number of words borrowed from the Hindustani (and through it from Persian and Arabic). Closely related languages Kutchi, also known as Khojki, is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to Sindhi. In addition, a mixture between Sindhi, Gujarati, and Kutchi called Memoni is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly. Phonology Main article: Gujarati phonology Vowels Front Central Back Close i u Mid e o ɛ ə ɔ Open ɑ Consonants Bilabial Labio- dental Dental/ Alveolar Retroflex Post-alv./ Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal m n ɳ Plosive p pʰ b bʱ t̪ t̪ʰ d̪ d̪ʱ ʈ ʈʰ ɖ ɖʱ k kʰ ɡ ɡʱ Affricate tʃ tʃʰ dʒ dʒʱ Fricative s ʃ ɦ Tap or Flap ɾ Approximant ʋ l ɭ j Writing system Main article: Gujarati script Similar to other Nāgarī writing systems, the Gujarati script is an abugida. It is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. It is a variant of Devanāgarī script differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. Gujarati and closely related languages, including Kutchi, can be written in the Arabic or Persian scripts. This is traditionally done by many in Gujarat's Kutch district. Vocabulary Categorization and Sources These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: tatsam, tadbhav, and loanwords.22 Tadbhav તદ્ભવ્ tadbhav, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from Sanskrit (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati tadbhav words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: Old Indo-Aryan Gujarati Ref I aham hũ 23 falls, slips khasati khasvũ to move 24 causes to move arpayati āpvũ to give 25 school nayaśālā niśāḷ 26 attains to, obtains prāpnoti pāmvũ 27 tiger vyāghra vāgh 28 equal, alike, level sama samũ right, sound 29 all sarva sau 30 Tatsam તત્સમ્ tatsam, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into Middle Indo-Aryan, it was nonetheless standardized and retained as a literary and liturgical language for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognizable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves. Tatsam English Gujarati lekhak writer lakhnār vijetā winner jītnār vikǎsit developed vikǎselũ jāgǎraṇ awakening jāgvānũ

Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ prasāraṇ means "spreading", but now it's used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are neologisms, often being calques. An example is telephone, which is Greek for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ durbhāṣ. Though most people just use ફોન phon and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. So, while having unique tadbhav sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher tatsam pool. Also, tatsams and their derived tadbhavs can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence: dharma-dharam, other times with differences in meaning, with the former holding a "higher" one: Tatsam Tadbhav karma Work — Dharmic religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next. kām work [without any religious connotations]. kṣetra Field — Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; khāngī kṣetra → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; raṇǎkṣetra → battlefield. khetar field [in agricultural sense]. What remains are words of foreign origin (videśī), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (deśaj). The former consists mainly of Persian, Arabic, and English, with trace elements of Portuguese and Turkish. While the phenomenon of English loanwords is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nation-wide phenomena, in a way paralleling tatsam as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it's being used in, bringing to mind tadbhav. Perso-Arabic India was ruled for many a century by Persian-speaking Muslims. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", ke. Also, while tatsam or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenized. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. dāvo - claim, fāydo - benefit, natījo - result, and hamlo - attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, o. khānũ - compartment, has the neuter ũ. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary karvũ, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: kabūlvũ - to admit (fault), kharīdvũ - to buy, kharǎcvũ - to spend (money), gujarvũ - to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu dictionary, so it should be noted that Gujarati's singular masculine o corresponds to Urdu ā, neuter ũ groups into ā as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian z is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to j or jh. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia, perhaps 500 years ago.31 NOUNS ADJECTIVES MASC NEU FEM fāydo gain, advantage, benefit A 32 khānũ compartment P 33 kharīdī purchase(s), shopping P 34 tājũ fresh P 35 humlo attack A 36 makān house, building A 37 śardī Common cold P 38 judũ different, separate P 39 dāvo claim A 40 nasīb luck A 41 bāju side P 42 najīk near P 43 natījo result, outcome A 44 śaher city P 45 cījh thing P 46 kharāb bad A 47 gusso anger P 48 medān plain P 49 jindgī life P 50 lāl red P 51 Lastly, Persian, being part of the Indo-Iranian language family as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates52: Persian INDO-ARYAN English marǎd martya man, mortal stān sthān place, land ī īya <adjectival suffix> band bandh closed, fastened Zoroastrian Persian refugees known as Parsis also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.53 English śrī sarasvatī fruṭ jyuś sɛnṭar - "Shri Saraswati Fruit Juice Centre". Note that "Fruit Juice Centre" is in English. A Sanskritic alternative would be phaḷnā rasno kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound quite pedantic and out of place.

With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through British colonialism, and then streaming in on the basis of continued Anglosphere dominance in the post-colonial period. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.54 See Hinglish, Code-switching. In matters of sound, English alveolar consonants map as retroflexes rather than dentals. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words don't go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. See Indian English. As English loanwards are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as tatsam words adhere to Sanskrit. Though that isn't to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralized with Gujarati o over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having 3 genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. bâṅk bank phon phone ṭebal table bas bus rabbar eraser ṭorc flashlight dôkṭar doctor rasīd receipt helo halo hālo hello hôspiṭal aspitāl ispitāl hospital sṭeśan ṭeśan station sāykal (bi)cycle rum room āis krīm ice cream rôbaṭ robot ṭāym time aṅkal1 uncle āṇṭī1 auntie pākīṭ wallet kavar envelope noṭ banknote skūl school ṭyuśan tuition esī AC minaṭ miniṭ minute ṭikiṭ ṭikaṭ ticket sleṭ slate hoṭal hotel pārṭī party ṭren train kalekṭar collector reḍīyo radio 1 These English forms are often used (prominently by NRIs) for those family friends and elders that aren't actually uncles and aunts but are of the age. Portuguese The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (see Portuguese India, Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages55 and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.56 The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of ch as an affricate instead of the current standard of [ʃ].31 Gujarati Meaning Portuguese istrī iron(ing) estirar1 mistrī ² carpenter mestre³ sābu soap sabão cāvī key chave tamāku tobacco tabaco kobī cabbage couve kāju cashew caju pāũ bread pão baṭāko potato batata anānas pineapple ananás pādrī 'father' padre aṅgrej(ī) English inglês nātāl christmas natal 1 "Lengthen". 2 Common occupational surname. 3 "Master". Loans into English Bungalow— “ 1676, from Gujarati bangalo, from Hindi bangla "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."57 ” Coolie— “ 1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi quli "hired servant," probably from kuli, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.58 ” Tank— “ c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. tanque "reservoir," from estancar "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *stanticare (see stanch). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.59 ” Grammar Main article: Gujarati grammar Gujarati is a head-final, or left-branching language. Adjectives precede nouns, direct objects come before verbs, and there are postpositions. The word order of Gujarati is SOV, and there are three genders and two numbers. There are no definite or indefinite articles. A verb is expressed with its verbal root followed by suffixes marking aspect and agreement in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding auxiliary form derived from to be, marking tense and mood, and also showing agreement. Causatives (up to double) and passives have morphological basis'.60 Sample Text Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)

Gujarati script — ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરીનાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથીજ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો. તા.૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી. Devanagari script - गांधीजीनी झूंपडी-कराडी जग प्रसिद्ध दांडी कूच पछी गांधीजीए अहीं आंबाना वृक्ष नीचे खजूरीनां छटियांनी एक झूंपडीमां ता.१४-४-१९३०थी ता.४-५-१९३० सुधी निवास कर्यो हतो. दांडीमां छठ्ठी एप्रिले शरू करेली निमक कानून भंगनी लडतने तेमणे अहींथी वेग आपी देश व्यापी बनावी हती. अहींथीज तेमणे धरासणाना मीठाना अगरो तरफ कूच करवानो पोतानो संकल्प ब्रिटिश वाईसरॉयने पत्र लखीने जणाव्यो हतो. ता.४थी मे १९३०नी रातना बार वाग्या पछी आ स्थळेथी ब्रिटिश सरकारे तेमनी धरपकड करी हती. Transliteration — gāndhījīnī jhū̃pṛī-Karāṛī jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījīe ahī̃ āmbānā vr̥kṣ nīce khajūrīnā̃ chaṭiyā̃nī ek jhū̃pṛīmā̃ tā.14-4-1930thī tā.4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmā̃ chaṭhṭhī eprile śarū karelī nimak kānūn bhaṅgnī laṛatne temṇe ahī̃thī veg āpī deś vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahī̃thīj temṇe dharāsaṇānā mīṭhānā agaro taraph kūc karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôyne patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato. tā.4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiś sarkāre temnī dharpakaṛ karī hatī. Transcription (IPA) — ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒini d͡ʒʱũpɽi-kəɾɑɽi d͡ʒəɡ pɾəsɪd̪d̪ʱ ɖɑɳɖi kut͡ʃ pət͡ʃʰi ɡɑn̪d̪ʱid͡ʒie ə̤ȷ̃ ɑmbɑnɑ ʋɾʊkʃ nit͡ʃe kʰəd͡ʒuɾnɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈijɑ̃ni ek d͡ʒʱũpɽimɑ̃ t̪ɑ _________t̪ʰi t̪ɑ._______ sud̪ʱi niʋɑs kəɾjot̪o. ɖɑɳɖimɑ̃ t͡ʃʰəʈʰʈʰi epɾile ʃəɾu kəɾeli nimək kɑnun bʱəŋɡni ləɽət̪ne t̪ɛmɳe ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰi ʋeɡ ɑpi deʃ ʋjɑpi bənɑʋit̪i. ə̤ȷ̃t̪ʰid͡ʒ t̪ɛmɳe d̪ʱəɾɑsəɽ̃ɑnɑ miʈʰɑnɑ əɡəɾo t̪əɾəf kut͡ʃ kəɾʋɑno pot̪ɑno səŋkəlp bɾiʈiʃ ʋɑjsəɾɔjne pət̪ɾə ləkʰine d͡ʒəɽ̃ɑʋjot̪o. t̪ɑ.__t̪ʰi me ____ni ɾɑt̪nɑ bɑɾ ʋɑɡjɑ pət͡ʃʰi ɑ st̪ʰəɭet̪ʰi bɾiʈiʃ səɾkɑɾe t̪ɛmni d̪ʱəɾpəkəɽ kəɾit̪i. Simple gloss — gandhiji's hut-karadi world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth april-at started done salt law break's fight(-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. here-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve british viceroy-to letter written-having notified was. date.4-from may 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from british government his arrest done was. Transliteration and detailed gloss — gāndhījī-n-ī jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø Karāṛī gandhiji–GEN–FEM hut–FEM–SG karadi jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījī-e ahī̃ āmb-ā-Ø-n-ā vṛkṣ nīce world famous dandi march after gandhiji–ERG here mango–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL tree under khajūr-ī-Ø-n-ā̃ chaṭiy-ā̃-n-ī ek jhū̃pṛ-ī-Ø-mā̃ tā. 14 4 1930thī tā. 4 5 1930 sudhī palmdate–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBL bark–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBL one hut–FEM–SG–in date 14 4 1930–from date until nivās kar-y-o ha-t-o . dāṇḍī-mā̃ chaṭhṭhī epril-e śarū kar-el-ī nimak residence.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOM do–PERF–MASC.SG be–PAST–MASC.SG dandi–in sixth April–at started do–PAST.PTCP–FEM salt kānūn bhaṅg-n-ī laṛat-Ø-ne te-m-ṇe ahī̃-thī veg āp-ī deś vyāpī law break–GEN–FEM.OBL fight.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC 3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG here–from speed–OBJ give–CONJUNCTIVE country wide ban-āv-Ø-ī ha-t-ī . ahī̃-thī-j te-m-ṇe dharāsaṇā-n-ā become–CAUS–PERF–FEM be–PAST–FEM here–from–INTENSIFIER 3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG dharasana–GEN–MASC.PL mīṭh-ā-n-ā agar-o taraph kūc kar-v-ā-n-o potā-n-o salt–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PL mound.MASC–PL towards march.MASC.SG do–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG REFL–GEN–MASC.SG saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôy-Ø-ne patra lakh-īne jaṇ-āv-y-o ha-t-o . tā. resolve.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACC British viceroy.OBJ–SG–DAT letter write–CONJUNCTIVE know–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG be–PAST–MASC.SG date 4-thī me 1930-n-ī rāt-Ø-n-ā bār vāg-y-ā pachī ā sthaḷ-e-thī briṭiś 4-from may 1930–GEN–FEM.OBL night.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL twelve strike–PERF–OBL after 3.PROX place–at–from British sarkār-e te-m-n-ī dharpakaṛ kar-Ø-ī ha-t-ī . government–ERG 3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM arrest.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC do–PERF–FEM be–PAST–FEM

Translation (by Wikipedia) — Gandhiji's hut-Karadi After the world-famous Dandi March Gandhiji resided here in a date palm bark hut underneath a/the mango tree, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on April the 6th. From here, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve of marching towards the salt mounds of Dharasana. The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of the 4th of May, 1930. Translation (provided at location) — Gandhiji's hut-Karadi Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on April 6 at Dandi and turned it into a nation wide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana. This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on May 4, 1930. Influence on other languages As well as the word borrowings taken by other languages, Gujarati may have exterted a large influence on Saurashtra, since it is the region of which they are named from and are speculated to have migrated from is a Gujarati speaking area; early Sinhala and Divehi speakers may have migrated from Gujarat; this is supported by a Gujarati contribution in their genetics. Gujarati also has similarities to Konnkani. Bibliography This article's further reading may not follow Wikipedia's content policies or guidelines. Please improve this article by removing excessive, less relevant or many publications with the same point of view; or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate citations. (February 2010) Dictionaries Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary. Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board. Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press. Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press. Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary. Platts, J.T. (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/ . Suthar, B. (2003) Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary (1 Mb) Turner, Ralph Lilley (1966), A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/ . Grammars Cardona, George (1965), A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press . Taylor, G.P. (1908), The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services . Tisdall, W.S. (1892), A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, http://www.archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala . Courses Dave, Jagdish (1995), Colloquial Gujarati (2004 ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0415091969 . Dwyer, Rachel (1995), Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html . Lambert, H.M. (1971), Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press . Phonology Dave, T.N. (1931), "Notes on Gujarati Phonology", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6 (3): 673–678, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1356-1898%281931%296%3A3%3C673%3ANOGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W . Firth, J.R. (1957), "Phonetic Observations on Gujarati", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 20 (1): 231–241, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281957%2920%3A1%2F3%3C231%3APOOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P . Mistry, P.J. (1997), "Gujarati Phonology", in Kaye, A.S, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns . Pandit, P.B. (1961), "Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels", Language 37 (1): 54–66, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28196101%2F03%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHPOGV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R . Turner, Ralph Lilley (1921), "Gujarati Phonology", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 505–544 . Turner, Ralph Lilley (1915), "Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1033–1038 . Overviews Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu (2003), "Gujarati", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 9780415772945, http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA659&dq=indo-aryan+languages&sig=69z4DJxBuD4SPTTINIbzK_YW6ac . Dalby, Andrew (1998), "Gujarati", Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231115687 . Mistry, P.J. (2003), "Gujarati", in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press . Mistry, P.J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates . Old Gujarati Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0 Brown, W.N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 (1): 5–29, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28193803%2958%3A1%3C5%3AAOGTOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 . Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6 Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43-45. Other Gajendragadkar, S.N. (1972), Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay . Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005), "Gujarati", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas: SIL International . Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages . Mistry, P.J. (1996), "Gujarati Writing", in Daniels; Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press . External links Wikibooks has a book on the topic of Gujarati Gujarati language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Gujarati phrasebook at Wikitravel UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati Gujarati Wiktionary Gujarati to Hindi Translator (Online) Origin of Gujarati Language(in Gujarati) Gujarati Video References ^ a b c d e Gordon 2005 ^ Dwyer 1995, p. 5 ^ Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. "Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)". http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P009. Retrieved 2007-05-12.  ^ a b c d Dalby 1998, p. 237 ^ Mistry 1997, p. 654 ^ a b c d Mistry 2001, pp. 274 ^ a b c Mistry 2003, p. 115 ^ Mistry 1997, pp. 654–655 ^ Mistry 1997, p. 655 ^ Turner 1966, p. 811. Entry 14024. ^ Turner 1966, p. 760. Entry 13139. ^ Turner 1966, p. 41. Entry 941. ^ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13271. ^ Ajay Mitra Shastri; R. K. Sharma, Devendra Handa (2005). Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology. Aryan Books International. p. 227. ISBN 8173052875, ISBN 9788173052873. "It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha.."  ^ K. Ayyappapanicker (1997). Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3. Sahitya Akademi. p. 91. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA91&dq.  ^ Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593. ^ a b c d e f Cardona & Suthar 2003, p. 661 ^ Mistry 2003, pp. 115–116 ^ Yashaschandra, S. (1995) "Towards Hind Svaraj: An Interpretation of the Rise of Prose in Nineteenth-Century Gujarati Literature." Social Scientist. Vol. 23, No. 10/12. pp. 41-55. ^ Dwyer 1995, p. 273 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 148 ^ Snell, R. (2000) Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 83-86. ^ Turner 1966, p. 44. Entry 992. ^ Turner 1966, p. 203. Entry 3856. ^ Turner 1966, p. 30. Entry 684. ^ Turner 1966, p. 401. Entry 6969. ^ Turner 1966, p. 502. Entry 8947. ^ Turner 1966, p. 706. Entry 12193. ^ Turner 1966, p. 762. Entry 13173. ^ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13276. ^ a b Masica 1991, p. 75 ^ Platts 1884, p. 776 ^ Platts 1884, p. 486 ^ Platts 1884, p. 489 ^ Platts 1884, p. 305 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 168 ^ Platts 1884, p. 1057 ^ Platts 1884, p. 653 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 170 ^ Platts 1884, p. 519 ^ Platts 1884, p. 1142 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 160 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 177 ^ Platts 1884, p. 1123 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 184 ^ Platts 1884, p. 471 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 172 ^ Platts 1884, p. 771 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 175 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 169 ^ Platts 1884, p. 947 ^ Masica 1991, p. 71 ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 15 ^ Masica 1991, pp. 49–50 ^ Masica 1991, p. 49 ^ Masica 1991, p. 73 ^ Bungalow. Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Coolie. Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Tank. Online Etymology Dictionary. ^ Mistry 2001, pp. 276–277 v · d · eGujarati language topics

Grammar · Phonology · Script · Literature v · d · e (Official) Languages of India Union-level Official languages Hindi · English State-level Official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · English  · Garo · Gujarati · Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tamil · Urdu v · d · e Indo-Iranian languages  Indic (Indo-Aryan)  Old · Middle Old Sanskrit (Vedic · Classical) · Mitanni superstrate Middle Abahatta · Apabhraṃśa · Dramatic Prakrits (Magadhi · Maharashtri · Shauraseni) · Elu · Gāndhārī · Jain · Paisaci · Pāli · Prakrit  Modern Central Hindi Awadhi · Bagheli · Bambaiya Hindi · Brij Bhasha · Bundeli · Chhattisgarhi · Fiji Hindi · Haryanvi · Kannauji · Sansiboli · Sadhukaddi (early form) Urdu Dakhni · Rekhta (early form) Others Dhanwar Rai Eastern Bengali Chittagonian · Sylheti Others Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Chakma · Halbi · Hajong · Kayort · Kharia Thar · Magahi · Maithili · Majhi · Mal Paharia · Nahari · Oriya · Rajbanshi · Rohingya · Sadri Northern Garhwali · Kumaoni · Nepali (Palpa) · Potwari North western Punjabi Saraiki · Majhi Others Aer · Derawali · Dogri · Hindko · Kangri · Kutchi · Sindhi Southern Dhivehi · Konkani · Mahal · Marathi · Sinhala Western Bhil Bhili · Gamit Rajasthani Bagri · Goaria · Gojri · Jaipuri · Malvi · Marwari · Mewari · Dhatki (sociolect) Others Domari · Gujarati · Kalto · Khandeshi · Parkari Koli · Romani · Saurashtra  Iranian  Old · Middle Old Western Old Persian · Median Eastern Avestan · Old Scythian Middle Western Middle Persian · Parthian Eastern Bactrian · Khwarezmian · Ossetic (Jassic) · Sakan (Sacian) · Scythian · Sogdian  Modern Western Persian Aimaq · Bukhori · Dari · Dehwari · Dzhidi · Hazaragi · Iranian Persian · Judeo-Shirazi · Khuzestani · Larestani · Tajik Kurdish Kermanshahi · Kurmanji · Soranî · Laki Others Old Azari · Balochi · Bashkardi · Caspian · Central Iran · Dari (Zoroastrian) · Fars · Gilaki · Gorani · Harzandi · Juhuri · Kumzari · Luri · Bakhtiari Lori · Mazandarani (Gorgani) · Ormuri · Sangsari · Parachi · Semnani · Taleshi · Tajik · Tat · Tati · Zazaki Eastern Pamir Ishkashimi · Munji · Roshani (Roshni) · Shughni · Sarikoli · Wakhi · Yazgulami · Yidgha Others Bartangi · Hindukush group · Ishkashmi · Karakoram group · Khufi · Munji · Oroshori · Ossetic · Pashto · Sanglechi · Vanji · Waziri · Yaghnobi · Zebaki Unclassified Tangshewi  Other Indo-Iranian languages Dardic Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalami · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Palula · Pashayi · Shina · Shumashti · Torwali · Ushoji Nuristani Kamkata-viri Kamviri · Kata-vari · Mumviri Others Askunu · Kalasha-ala · Kamkata-viri · Tregami language · Vasi-vari Italics indicate extinct languages.

Grammar · Phonology · Script · Literature v · d · e (Official) Languages of India Union-level Official languages Hindi · English State-level Official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · English  · Garo · Gujarati · Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tamil · Urdu v · d · e Indo-Iranian languages  Indic (Indo-Aryan)  Old · Middle Old Sanskrit (Vedic · Classical) · Mitanni superstrate Middle Abahatta · Apabhraṃśa · Dramatic Prakrits (Magadhi · Maharashtri · Shauraseni) · Elu · Gāndhārī · Jain · Paisaci · Pāli · Prakrit  Modern Central Hindi Awadhi · Bagheli · Bambaiya Hindi · Brij Bhasha · Bundeli · Chhattisgarhi · Fiji Hindi · Haryanvi · Kannauji · Sansiboli · Sadhukaddi (early form) Urdu Dakhni · Rekhta (early form) Others Dhanwar Rai Eastern Bengali Chittagonian · Sylheti Others Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Chakma · Halbi · Hajong · Kayort · Kharia Thar · Magahi · Maithili · Majhi · Mal Paharia · Nahari · Oriya · Rajbanshi · Rohingya · Sadri Northern Garhwali · Kumaoni · Nepali (Palpa) · Potwari North western Punjabi Saraiki · Majhi Others Aer · Derawali · Dogri · Hindko · Kangri · Kutchi · Sindhi Southern Dhivehi · Konkani · Mahal · Marathi · Sinhala Western Bhil Bhili · Gamit Rajasthani Bagri · Goaria · Gojri · Jaipuri · Malvi · Marwari · Mewari · Dhatki (sociolect) Others Domari · Gujarati · Kalto · Khandeshi · Parkari Koli · Romani · Saurashtra  Iranian  Old · Middle Old Western Old Persian · Median Eastern Avestan · Old Scythian Middle Western Middle Persian · Parthian Eastern Bactrian · Khwarezmian · Ossetic (Jassic) · Sakan (Sacian) · Scythian · Sogdian  Modern Western Persian Aimaq · Bukhori · Dari · Dehwari · Dzhidi · Hazaragi · Iranian Persian · Judeo-Shirazi · Khuzestani · Larestani · Tajik Kurdish Kermanshahi · Kurmanji · Soranî · Laki Others Old Azari · Balochi · Bashkardi · Caspian · Central Iran · Dari (Zoroastrian) · Fars · Gilaki · Gorani · Harzandi · Juhuri · Kumzari · Luri · Bakhtiari Lori · Mazandarani (Gorgani) · Ormuri · Sangsari · Parachi · Semnani · Taleshi · Tajik · Tat · Tati · Zazaki Eastern Pamir Ishkashimi · Munji · Roshani (Roshni) · Shughni · Sarikoli · Wakhi · Yazgulami · Yidgha Others Bartangi · Hindukush group · Ishkashmi · Karakoram group · Khufi · Munji · Oroshori · Ossetic · Pashto · Sanglechi · Vanji · Waziri · Yaghnobi · Zebaki Unclassified Tangshewi  Other Indo-Iranian languages Dardic Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalami · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Palula · Pashayi · Shina · Shumashti · Torwali · Ushoji Nuristani Kamkata-viri Kamviri · Kata-vari · Mumviri Others Askunu · Kalasha-ala · Kamkata-viri · Tregami language · Vasi-vari Italics indicate extinct languages.

Grammar · Phonology · Script · Literature v · d · e (Official) Languages of India Union-level Official languages Hindi · English State-level Official languages Assamese · Bengali · Bodo · Chhattisgarhi · Dogri · English  · Garo · Gujarati · Hindi · Kannada · Kashmiri · Khasi · Kokborok · Konkani · Maithili · Malayalam · Manipuri · Marathi · Mizo · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Sanskrit  · Santali · Sindhi · Telugu · Tamil · Urdu v · d · e Indo-Iranian languages  Indic (Indo-Aryan)  Old · Middle Old Sanskrit (Vedic · Classical) · Mitanni superstrate Middle Abahatta · Apabhraṃśa · Dramatic Prakrits (Magadhi · Maharashtri · Shauraseni) · Elu · Gāndhārī · Jain · Paisaci · Pāli · Prakrit  Modern Central Hindi Awadhi · Bagheli · Bambaiya Hindi · Brij Bhasha · Bundeli · Chhattisgarhi · Fiji Hindi · Haryanvi · Kannauji · Sansiboli · Sadhukaddi (early form) Urdu Dakhni · Rekhta (early form) Others Dhanwar Rai Eastern Bengali Chittagonian · Sylheti Others Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Chakma · Halbi · Hajong · Kayort · Kharia Thar · Magahi · Maithili · Majhi · Mal Paharia · Nahari · Oriya · Rajbanshi · Rohingya · Sadri Northern Garhwali · Kumaoni · Nepali (Palpa) · Potwari North western Punjabi Saraiki · Majhi Others Aer · Derawali · Dogri · Hindko · Kangri · Kutchi · Sindhi Southern Dhivehi · Konkani · Mahal · Marathi · Sinhala Western Bhil Bhili · Gamit Rajasthani Bagri · Goaria · Gojri · Jaipuri · Malvi · Marwari · Mewari · Dhatki (sociolect) Others Domari · Gujarati · Kalto · Khandeshi · Parkari Koli · Romani · Saurashtra  Iranian  Old · Middle Old Western Old Persian · Median Eastern Avestan · Old Scythian Middle Western Middle Persian · Parthian Eastern Bactrian · Khwarezmian · Ossetic (Jassic) · Sakan (Sacian) · Scythian · Sogdian  Modern Western Persian Aimaq · Bukhori · Dari · Dehwari · Dzhidi · Hazaragi · Iranian Persian · Judeo-Shirazi · Khuzestani · Larestani · Tajik Kurdish Kermanshahi · Kurmanji · Soranî · Laki Others Old Azari · Balochi · Bashkardi · Caspian · Central Iran · Dari (Zoroastrian) · Fars · Gilaki · Gorani · Harzandi · Juhuri · Kumzari · Luri · Bakhtiari Lori · Mazandarani (Gorgani) · Ormuri · Sangsari · Parachi · Semnani · Taleshi · Tajik · Tat · Tati · Zazaki Eastern Pamir Ishkashimi · Munji · Roshani (Roshni) · Shughni · Sarikoli · Wakhi · Yazgulami · Yidgha Others Bartangi · Hindukush group · Ishkashmi · Karakoram group · Khufi · Munji · Oroshori · Ossetic · Pashto · Sanglechi · Vanji · Waziri · Yaghnobi · Zebaki Unclassified Tangshewi  Other Indo-Iranian languages Dardic Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalami · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Palula · Pashayi · Shina · Shumashti · Torwali · Ushoji Nuristani Kamkata-viri Kamviri · Kata-vari · Mumviri Others Askunu · Kalasha-ala · Kamkata-viri · Tregami language · Vasi-vari Italics indicate extinct languages.