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Indo-European topics Indo-European languages (list) Albanian · Armenian · Baltic Celtic · Germanic · Greek Indo-Iranian (Indo-Aryan, Iranian) Italic · Slavic   extinct: Anatolian · Paleo-Balkan (Dacian, Phrygian, Thracian) · Tocharian Proto-Indo-European language Vocabulary · Phonology · Sound laws · Ablaut · Root · Noun · Verb   Indo-European language-speaking peoples Europe: Balts · Slavs · Albanians · Italics · Celts · Germanic peoples · Greeks · Paleo-Balkans (Illyrians · Thracians · Dacians) · Asia: Anatolians (Hittites, Luwians)  · Armenians  · Indo-Iranians (Iranians · Indo-Aryans)  · Tocharians   Proto-Indo-Europeans Homeland · Society · Religion   Indo-European studies See also: Dacia, Getae, and Thracians The Dacians (Latin: Daci, Ancient Greek: Δάχοι, Δαχοι "Dakoi"1, Δάοι "Daoi"1, Δάχές "Dakes", Medieval Greek Δάκαι "Dákai"citation needed) were an Indo-European people, the ancient inhabitants of Dacia (located in the area in and around the Carpathian Mountains and east of there to the Black Sea), present-day Romania and Moldova, parts of Sarmatia (mostly in eastern Ukraine) and Moesia (Eastern Serbia and Northern Bulgaria), also parts of present-day Slovakia2 and Poland. They spoke the Dacian language, believed related to Thracian, but were influenced culturally by the neighbouring Scythians and by the Celtic invaders of the 4th century BC.3 Contents 1 Name and Etymology 1.1 Mythological foundation 2 Origins and ethnogenesis 3 Identity and distribution 3.1 Linguistic affiliation 3.2 Tribes 3.3 Physical characteristics 4 History 4.1 Early history 4.2 Relations with Thracians 4.3 Relations with Celts 4.4 Relations with Greeks 4.5 Relations with Macedonians 4.6 Relations with Persians 4.7 Relations with Scythians 4.8 Relations with Sarmatians 4.9 Relations with Germanic tribes 4.10 Dacian kingdoms 4.11 Conflict with Rome 4.12 Roman rule 4.13 After the Aurelian Retreat 5 Society 5.1 Occupations 5.2 Currency 5.3 Construction 6 Culture 6.1 Language 6.2 Religion 6.3 Symbols 6.4 Pottery 6.5 Art 6.6 Clothing 6.7 Science 7 Warfare 7.1 Weapons 7.2 Troop types and organization 8 Famous individuals 9 Archaeology 10 Legacy 10.1 Middle Ages 10.2 Early Modern usage 10.3 In art 10.4 In nationalism 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 13.1 Ancient 13.2 Modern 14 External links // Name and Etymology The Dacians (tribe) were known as Geton (plural Getae) in Ancient Greek writings, and as Dacus (plural Daci) and also Getae in Roman documents 4; also as Dagae and Gaete—see the late Roman map Tabula Peutingeriana. It was Herodotus who first used the ethnonym Getae; in Greek and Latin, in the writings of Caesar, Strabo and Pliny the Elder, this people becomes ‘the Dacians’5. Latin poets for designating the Daci often used the name Getae.6. Virgilius named them four times Getae and one time Daci, Lucain three times Getae and two times Daci, Horace7 cited two times Getae and five times Daci, Juvenal one time Daci and two times Daci etc.8,.6. Contemporary historians are more prudent and prefer to use the name Geto-Dacians 5. Strabo, who describes Getae and Dacians as distinct, though cognate tribes, states that they spoke the same language 9. This distinction refers to the regions they occupied10. Strabo and Pliny the Elder state they spoke the same language 11. Probably the name of Getae, by which they were originally known to the Greeks on the Euxine, was always retained by the latter in common usage: while that of Dacians, whatever be its origin, was that by which the more western tribes, adjoining the Pannonians, first became known to the Romans12. According to Strabo's Geographica, the original name of the Dacians was Δάοι "Daoi"1, 13. The name Daoi (one of the ancient Geto-Dacian tribes5) was certainly adopted by foreign observers to designate all the inhabitants of the as yet unconquered countries north of Danube5. The ethnographic name Daci is found under various forms within ancient sources. Greeks used the forms Δάχοι "Dakoi" (Strabo1, Dio Cassiusspecify and Dioscorides,1415) and Δάοι "Daoi"13 (pl. Daoi, sg. Daos16). The form Δάοι "Daoi" was frequently used according to Stephan of Byzantium 8 Latins used the forms Davus, Dacus and a derived form Dacisci (Vopiscus17 and inscriptions,18 19, 20).8 The same name is often used in the geographical vocabulary of the Ancient Persia where Plinyspecify names among the people of Sogdians the Δάσαι, Δααι "Dacii" 8 Dacian Draco So far, there are no widely accepted etymologies for these names, but here are some possibilities: For the form "Daos", in 1957 Decev suggested a possible connection with the Phrygian daos, meaning "wolf" 21. (Phrygian "daos" 'wolf' is attested by Hesychius's gloss, 22, 23). This hypothesis has had a large diffusion due to late Mircea Eliade21. Identification or connection with wolves is not unique to Dacians but also present to other ancient Indo-European tribes, including Luvians, Lycians, Lucanians, Hyrcanians, Dahae etc.24, 25. The assumption of Daoi (wolf?) may be supported also by the fact that one of the Dacian standards, the Dacian Draco, had a wolf's head. Phrygii was another name used within the region, and in later times, some Roman auxiliaries recruited from the area were referred to as Phrygi.The German linguist Paul Kretschmer explained “daos” with the root dhau, meaning to press, to gather, to strangle (as the wolves use the neckbite to kill their prey).Full citation needed. According to Romanian historian and archaeologist Alexandru Vulpe, the Dacian etymology explained by daos 'wolf' has little plausibility as the draco was not unique to Dacians and the transformation daos>dakos is hard to be explained phonetically. He thus dismisses it as folk etymology.26 The form Daus or Davus could be also compared to a similar ethnikon in Old Persia Daos and to a Phrygian deity also called Daos21 Grimmspecify proposed the Gothic dags "day" that would give the meaning of "light, brilliant". Yet, dags belong to the Sanskrit word-root dah and a derivation from Dah to Δάσαι "Daci", is difficult to be explained8 For the form "Davus", in 1883 Tomaschek proposed "members of the clan"/"countryman" cf. Bactrian daqyu, danhu "canton" 27 For the form "Dak", in 1883 Tomaschek proposed "those who understand and can speak", by considering "Dak" is a derivation of the root da("k" being a suffix) cf. Sanskrit dasa, Bactrian daonha 27 From a pre-Indo-European root "*da"/"*dai" 'to sing, to play an instrument', in 2006 Paliga proposed "Those who sing, play an instrument" (as from the same root *da/*dai it might derived daina / doina 'sing'). The Thracians in general, and the Dacians in particular were known as good musicians28 Mythological foundation

For the connection of the Dacian name with the wolf, several hypotheses can be considered and Mircea Eliade, the famous historian of religions, gives some of them in his book "From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan", in the first chapter called "Dacians and the wolves"29: Dacians might have called themselves "wolves" or "ones the same with wolves"3029, a fact with religious significance31 Dacians draw their name from a god or a legendary ancestor who came forward as a wolf 31 Dacians had taken their name from a group of fugitive immigrants arrived from other regions or from their own Dacian young outlaws, who acted in similar manner as the wolves circling around villages and living from looting. As it was the case in other societies, those young members of the community needed to go through an initiation, maybe up to a year, during which they were required to live as a "wolf".3231 Comparatively, Hittite laws referred to the fugitive outlaws as "wolves". 33 The existence of a ritual that provides one with the ability to turn into a wolf.34 Such a transformation may be related either with lycanthropy itself, a widespread phenomenon, but attested especially in the Balkans-Carpathian region33, or a ritual imitation of the behavior and appearance of the wolf.34 Such a ritual was presumably a military initiation, potentially reserved to a secret brotherhood of warriors (or Männerbünde).34 To become formidable warriors they would magically assimilate the beast behavior of the wolf, by wearing wolf skins during the ritual.31 Traces related to wolves as a cult or as totems were found in this area since the Neolithic period as is the case with Vinča culture artifacts: wolves statues and fairly rudimentary figurines representing dancers with a wolf mask.3536 The items could indicate warrior initiation rites or ceremonies in which young people put their seasonal wolf masks.36 The element of unity of beliefs about werewolves and lycanthropy consists in the magical-religious experience of mystical solidarity with the wolf by whatever means used to obtain it. But all have one original myth, a primary event.3738 Origins and ethnogenesis See also: Prehistoric_Balkans#Iron_Age In absence of written historical records, the origins of the Dacians (and Thracians) remain obscure. Evidence of proto-Thracians or proto-Dacians in the prehistoric period depends on remains of material culture. It is generally proposed that a proto-Dacian or proto-Thracian people developed from a mixture of indigenous peoples and Indo-Europeans from the time of Proto-Indo-European expansion in the Early Bronze Age39 when the latter, around 1500 BC, conquered the indigenous peoples.40 We speak of proto-Thracians from which during the Iron Age41(about 1000 BC) as Dacians & Thracians begin developing as we cannot identify Thracians during the Bronze age. Identity and distribution The Roman emperor Trajan (left) accepts the surrender of a Dacian pileatus (kneeling) during his conquest of Dacia (AD 101-6). A member of the emperor's elite cavalry escort (equites singulares Augusti, centre), which was exclusively recruited from non-citizen provincials (peregrini), apparently acts as interpreter. Many of the Roman troops in this war, those recruited in Moesia and Thracia, could probably understand the Dacian language, which was closely related to their own native tongues, according to ancient geographers. Detail from Trajan's Column, Rome In BC 53, Caesar stated that the Dacian territory was on the eastern border of the Hercynian forest42. According to Strabo's Geografica (written around AD 2043), the Getes (Geto-Dacians) bordered with the Suevi, who lived in the Hercynian Forest, which could be located somewhere in the vicinity of the river Duria, the present-day Vah (Waag)44. Dacians lived on both sides of the Danube 45, 46. According to Strabo when speaking of the Getae, Moesians also “lived on both sides of the Danube 47. Linguistic affiliation Main article: Dacian language See also: Davae and List of Dacian towns The Dacians are generally considered to have been Thracian speakers, representing a cultural continuity from earlier Iron Age communities loosely termed Getic48. Since on one interpretation, Dacian is a variety of Thracian, for the reasons of convenience, it is adopted the generic term ‘Daco-Thracian” and reserved the term ‘Dacian’ for the language or dialect spoken north of Danube, in present-day Romania and eastern Hungary, and ‘Thracian’ for the variety spoken south of Danube 49. With regard to the term ‘Getic’: even though attempts have been made to distinguish between Dacian and Getic, there seems no compelling reason to disregard the view of the Greek geographer Strabo that the Daci and the Getae, Thracian tribes dwelling north of the Danube (the Daci in the west of the area and the Getae further east), were one and the same people and spoke the same language49. Another variety that has sometimes been recognized is that of Moesian (or Mysian) for the language of an intermediate area immediately to the south of Danube in Serbia, Bulgaria and Romanian Dobruja: this and the dialects north of the Danube have been grouped together as Daco-Moesian49. The linguistic affiliation of peoples in the ancient region of Dacia is uncertain and controversial, not least because the ancient Indo-European languages in question are extinct and have left very limited traces (in the form of placenames and personal names). It appears that the ethnic Dacians shared the same language as the Moesians on the South side of the Danube, spoken in the Roman provinces of Moesia Superior and Moesia Inferior.50 (The Moesian language was in turn equated by ancient geographers with the language of Mysia in Asia Minor).1. The Dacian/Moesian language, according to the Greek geographer Strabo, was in turn similar to the Thracian language.1 This has given rise to the hypothesis that Thracian and Dacian were essentially the same language (the Daco-Thracian theory), and that the Dacians were simply Thracians who had migrated North of the Danube. But the modern linguist Vladimir Georgiev disputes that Dacian and Thracian were closely related for various reasons, most notably that Dacian and Moesian town names commonly end with the suffix -DAVA, while towns in Thrace proper (i.e. South of the Balkan mountains) generally end in -PARA (see map [1]). According to Georgiev, the language spoken by the ethnic Dacians should be classified as "Daco-Moesian" and regarded as distinct from Thracian.51 In either case, many of the emperor Trajan's troops in the Dacian Wars, the Moesians if not the Thracians also, would probably have understood the tongue of their Dacian adversaries. Hence the scenes on Trajan's Column showing the emperor receiving homage from captured Dacian chieftains with Roman auxiliary soldiers acting as interpreters.52 Tribes Dacian tribes See also: List of Dacian tribes

An extensive reference to the 15 native tribes in Dacia can be found in the ninth tabula of Europe of Ptolemy’s Geography 53. The Geography was probably written in the period AD 140-150, but the sources were often earlier i.e. Roman Britain is shown before the building of Hadrian’s Wall in the AD 120’s 54. Geography of Ptolemy contains also a physical map probably designed before the Roman conquest, and containing no detailed nomenclature55. Some refers to Tabula peutingeriana, yet it is evident at any rate that the Dacian map of the Tabula has been completed after the final triumph of Roman nationality 56. Ptolemy's list includes no fewer than twelve tribes with Geto-Dacian names57. The northernmost tribes starting from the West were the Anarti, the Teurisci and the Coertoboci (Costoboci). To the south of them the Buredeense (Buri), the Cotense (Cotinii) and in a next row the Albocense , the Potulatense and the Sense, while the southernmost were the Saldense, the Ciaginsi and the Piephigi. To the south of them were Predasense (Predavensi) the Rhatacenses, the Caucoenses (Cauci) and Biephi53. Whatever the origin of the Dacian language, it is generally recognised that several peoples inhabiting the region generally described in Roman times as "Dacia" were not ethnic-Dacians.58 This region covered roughly the same area as modern Romania plus Bessarabia (Rep. of Moldova) and eastern Galicia (SW. Ukraine) (although Ptolemy places Moldavia and Bessarabia in Sarmatia Europaea, rather than Dacia).59 After the Dacian Wars (AD 101-6), the Romans occupied only about half the wider Dacian region. The Roman province of Dacia covered just western Wallachia as far as the Limes Transalutanus (East of the river Aluta, or Olt) and Transylvania, as bordered by the Carpathians.60 It is believedby whom? that most, if not all, the original tribes within what became the Roman zone (12 are listed in Ptolemy III.8) were ethnic-Dacian. The impact of the Roman conquest on these people is uncertain. One theory is that they were effectively eliminated, through war casualties and mass deportations at the hands of the Romans, and wholly replaced by Romanised Moesians, Thracians and Illyrians, both military and civilian.58 Alternatively, a substantial number may have survived in the province, although probably outnumbered by the Romanised immigrants.61 In addition to the large numbers of Dacians deported into the empire as prisoners destined for the slave-markets, many were apparently expelled from the occupied zone at the end of each of the two Dacian Wars, or emigrated of their own accord: Trajan's Column depicts lines of Dacian peasants leaving with their families and animals.52 It is uncertain where these refugees found a home. According to the traditional paradigm, these people mingled with the existing allegedly ethnic-Dacian tribes beyond the Carpathians (the Costoboci and Carpi) to form the "Free Dacians" (Dacii liberi), i.e. Dacians not under Roman rule, a label invented by Romanian historians.citation neededundue weight? On the fringes of the Roman zone, i.e. East and North of the Carpathian range, the ethnic picture was more mixed. Ptolemy lists the names of several tribes residing in these areas around AD 140. North of the Carpathians are recorded the Anarti, Teurisci and Costoboci.62 The Anarti (or Anartes) and the Teurisci were probably Celtic peoples: the Anarti, together with the Celtic Cotini are described by Tacitus as vassals of the powerful Quadi Germanic people;63 Teurisci is probably a variant of Taurisci, a Celtic people of the eastern Alps). Only the Costoboci are widely believed to have been ethnic-Dacian. To the East of the Carpathians, in modern Moldavia and Bessarabia, Ptolemy lists (among several other minor tribes or sub-tribes) the Bastarnae, Peucini, Roxolani and Transmontani, as well as the Carpi themselves. The Bastarnae and Peucini were probably Germanic;64 the Roxolani were Sarmatians; the Transmontani (literally "people over the mountains") have been identified with the Transiugitani, apparently a subdivision of the Germanic Quadi.65 It is widely believedby whom? that the only significant ethnic-Dacian element in Moldavia were the Carpi.66 Map of Roman Dacia showing Costoboci, Carpi and Free Dacians Traditional Romanian historiography, followed by Millar, ascribes Dacian ethnicity to the Costoboci and Carpi.61 According to the traditional paradigm, the "Free Dacians" became Romanised in language and culture by proximity to the Roman province. In seeming self-contradiction, however, the paradigm also characterises the "Free Dacians", and the Carpi in particular, as Dacian irredentists, gallantly struggling to free the occupied zone from the Roman yoke.61undue weight? But the identification of the Costoboci and Carpi as ethnic-Dacian is far from secure. Neither group is attested in Moldavia before Ptolemy (i.e. before ca. 140). The Costoboci are classified as a Sarmatian tribe by Pliny the Elder, who locates them as residing around the river Tanais (southern river Don, S. Russia) in ca. AD 70, far to the East of Moldavia.67 This suggests that the Costoboci may have migrated westwards during the period 70-140. An imperial-era funerary inscription found in Rome, dedicated by her grandchildren to "Zia, the Dacian wife of Piepor, king of the Costoboci" has been taken as "proof" of the Costoboci's Dacian ethnicity.68 But it could equally be seen as indicating the exact opposite, since it would be unnecessary (and unusual) to note the wife's Dacian nationality if the Costoboci were themselves Dacian. As for the Carpi, their location before 140 is unknown. But if they were Dacian irredentists, it is difficult to understand why they apparently waited for 132 years (106-238) before challenging Roman rule in Dacia. A quote from the 6th-century Byzantine chronicler Zosimus referring to the καρποδάκαι (Latin: Carpo-Dacae or "Carpo-Dacians"), who attacked the Romans in the late 4th century, is seen as evidence of the Dacian ethnicity of the Carpi. But the term is ambiguous. While it could mean "the Dacian Carpi", it could equally signify "the Carpi and the Dacians" or "the Dacians from the Carpathians".citation needed Physical characteristics This section requires expansion.

Xenophanes described Thracians as having blue eyes and red hair.69 Nevertheless academic studies have concluded that Thracians had physical characteristics typical of European Mediterraneans. According to Dr. Beth Cohen, Thracians had "the same dark hair and the same facial features as the Ancient Greeks."70 In 2004, genetic analysis comparing DNA samples of ancient Thracian fossil material from southeastern Romania with individuals from modern ethnicities place Italian, Albanian and Greek individuals in closer genetic kinship with the Thracians than Romanian and Bulgarian individuals.71 History Early history This section requires expansion. The first mention of the Dacians is in Roman sources, but classical authors are unanimous in considering them a branch of the Getae, a Thracian people known from Greek writings. Strabo specified that the Daci are the Getae who lived in the area towards the Pannonian plain (Transylvania), while the Getae proper gravitated towards the Black Sea coast (Scythia Minor). Relations with Thracians This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Dromichaetes Relations with Celts This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Celts in Transylvania, Boii, Taurisci, Scordisci, Anartoi, Burebista, and List of Celtic cities in Thrace and Dacia Relations with Greeks This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Decree of Dionysopolis and List of Greek cities in Thrace and Dacia Relations with Macedonians This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Lysimachus Greek and Roman chroniclers record the defeat and capture of Lysimachus in the 3rd century BC by the Getae (Dacians) ruled by Dromihete, their military strategy, and the release of Lysimachus following a debate in the assembly of the Getae. Relations with Persians This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Relations with Scythians This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Agathyrsi and Scythia Minor Relations with Sarmatians This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Alans, Roxolani, and Iazyges Relations with Germanic tribes This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Bastarnae, Goths, and Marcomannic Wars Dacian kingdoms This section requires expansion. See also: Burebista and Decebalus Dacian kingdom during the reign of Burebista, 82 BC In 61 BC, the notoriously oppressive and militarily incompetent proconsul of Macedonia, Gaius Antonius, nicknamed Hybrida ("The Monster", an uncle of the famous Mark Antony) led an army against the Greek cities. As his army approached Histria (Sinoe), Antonius detached his entire mounted force from the marching column and led it away on a lengthy excursion, leaving his infantry without cavalry cover, a tactic he had already used with disastrous results against the Dardani.72 Dio implies that he did so out of cowardice, in order to avoid the imminent clash with the opposition. But it is more likely that he was pursuing a large enemy cavalry force, probably Sarmatians, which was possibly acting as a decoy. A Bastarnae host, which had crossed the Danube to assist the Histrians, promptly attacked, surrounded and massacred the Roman infantry, capturing several of their vexilla (military standards).73 This battle resulted in the collapse of the Roman position on the lower Danube. Burebista annexed the Greek cities (55-48 BC).74 At the same time, the subjugated "allied" tribes of Moesia and Thrace evidently repudiated their treaties with Rome, as they had to be re-conquered by Augustus in 29-8 BC The Dacians defeated the Roman army of Gaius Antonius Hybrida near Histria and continued their incursions in the region, taking the Celtic settlement of Aliobrix (Cartal, Ukraine), Tyras and Odessos and destroying Olbia. (Gaius Antonius Hybrida)...while governor of Macedonia, had inflicted many injuries upon the subject territory as well as upon that which was in alliance with Rome, and had suffered many disasters in return. 2 For after ravaging the possessions of the Dardanians and their neighbours, he did not dare to await their attack, but pretending to retire with his cavalry for some other purpose, took to flight; in this way the enemy surrounded his infantry and forcibly drove them out of the country, even taking away their plunder from them. 3 When he tried the same tactics on the allies in Moesia, he was defeated near the city of the Istrians by the Bastarnian Scythians who came to their aid; and thereupon he ran away... 75 Gaius Scribonius Curio (proconsul 75-3 BC) campaigned successfully against the Dardani and the Moesi, becoming the first Roman general to reach the river Danube with his army.76 His successor, Marcus Licinius Lucullus (brother of the famous Lucius Lucullus), campaigned against the Thracian Bessi tribe and the Moesi, ravaging the whole of Moesia, the region between the Haemus (Balkan) mountain range and the Danube. In 72 BC, his troops occupied the Greek coastal cities of Scythia Minor (modern Dobruja region, Romania/Bulgaria),c[›] which had sided with Rome's Hellenistic arch-enemy, king Mithridates VI of Pontus, in the Third Mithridatic War (73-63 BC).77 The kingdom of Cothelas (4th century BC) one of the Getae was an area near the Black Sea, between northern Thrace and the Danube today Bulgaria.78 The kingdom of Rubobostescitation needed (2nd century BC) was a region in Transylvania. The kingdom of Burebista The Dacian kingdom reached its maximum extent under king Burebista (ruled 82 - 44 BC). The capital of the kingdom was possibly the city of Argedava (also called Sargedava in some historical writings) situated close to the river Danube. The kingdom of Burebista extended south of the Danube in what is today Bulgaria that the Greeks believed their king was the greatest of all Thracians.79 During his reign, Burebista transferred Geto-Dacians capital from Argedava to Sarmizegetusa 80,81. For at least one and a half century, Sarmizegethusa was the Dacians' capital and reached its acme under King Decebal.

Augustus wanted to avenge the defeat of C. Antonius at Histria (Sinoe) 32 years before and to recover the lost standards. These were held in a powerful fortress called Genucla (Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, Rom., in the Danube delta region), controlled by Zyraxes, the local Getan petty king.82 The man selected for the task was Marcus Licinius Crassus, grandson of Crassus the triumvir and an experienced general at 33 years of age, who was appointed proconsul of Macedonia in 29 BC.83 The kingdom of Decebalus The kingdom of Decebalus87 – 106.84 Decebalus was the last king of the Dacians and despite his fierce resistance against the Romans, faced defeat and committed suicide rather than being marched through Rome as a captured foreign leader. Greek geographer Strabo claimed that the Dacians and Getae once had been able to muster a combined army of 200,000 men during Strabo's era (i.e. the time of Roman emperor Augustus (sole rule 30 BC - 14 AD).85 Conflict with Rome Main articles: Domitian's Dacian War and Trajan's Dacian Wars The Roman Emperor Trajan (ruled 97 - 117 AD) decided to conquer the Dacian kingdom, partly in order to seize its vast gold mines. But it took him two major wars (the Dacian Wars), one in 101-102 AD and the other one in 105-106 AD. Dacian wars depicted on Trajan's column In the first war, Trajan invaded Dacia by crossing the river Danube by means of a boat-bridge and inflicted a crushing defeat on the Dacians at the Second Battle of Tapae (101 AD). The Dacian king, Decebalus, was forced to sue for peace. Trajan and Decebalus then concluded a peace which was highly favourable to the Romans. The peace agreement required the Dacians to cede some territory to the Romans and to demolish their fortifications. Decebalus' foreign policy was also restricted, as he was prohibited from entering into alliances with other tribes. However, both Trajan and Decebalus considered this peace only a temporary truce, and readied themselves for renewed war. Trajan had Greek engineer Apollodorus of Damascus construct a stone bridge over the Danube river, while Decebalus secretly plotted alliances against the Romans. In 105, Trajan crossed the Danube river and besieged Decebalus' capital, Sarmizegetusa but the siege failed because of Decebalus' allied tribes. But Trajan was an optimist. He returned with a newly constituted army and took Sarmizegetusa by assault. Decebalus fled into the mountains hoping to assemble a new army, but he was cornered by pursuing Roman cavalry troopers and committed suicide. The Romans took his head and right hand to Trajan, who had them displayed in the Forum at Rome. Trajan's Column in Rome was constructed to celebrate the conquest of Dacia. Roman rule The subjugation of Dacians (Trajan’s Column, Scene XCIII) Main article: Roman Dacia This section requires expansion. A large part of Dacia then became a Roman province with a newly-built capital at Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa (40 km away from the site of Old Sarmizegetusa, now razed to the ground). The name of Dacians' homeland, Dacia, became the name of a Roman province, and the name Dacians was used to designate peoples of varying ancestry in the region86. Roman Dacia,87 also Dacia Traiana88 or Dacia Felix,89 was a province of the Roman Empire (106-271/275 AD).878890 Its territory consisted of eastern and southeastern Transylvania, the Banat, and Oltenia (regions of modern Romania).89 Dacia was from the very beginning organized as an imperial province and remained so throughout the Roman occupation.91 It was one of the empire’s Latin provinces; official epigraphs attest that the language of administration was Latin.92 Historians’ estimates of the population of Roman Dacia range from 650,000 to 1,200,000.93 Dacians that remained outside the Roman empire after Dacian wars of AD 101-106 had been named Dakoi prosoroi (Latin meaning Daci limitanei) ‘neighbouring Dacians’.94 Modern historians use the generic name ‘’Free Dacians “95 or Independent Dacians96,97 The tribes Daci Magni (Great Dacians), Costoboci ( The Costoboci are generally considered Dacian subtribes86) and Carpi remained outside the Roman empire in what the Romans called Dacia Libera (Free Dacia). By the early third century the ‘Free Dacians’ as they were earlier known, were significantly troublesome group, then identified as the Carpi 95. After reviewing the available evidence, Bichir argues that the Carpi were the most powerful of the Dacian tribes who had become the principal enemy of the Romans in the region98. Roman Dacia, Moesia Inferior, Moesia Superior and other Roman provinces Roman Dacia was evacuated by the Romans under emperor Aurelian (ruled 271-5 AD). Lucius Domitius Aurelianus (Aurelian) made this decision on account of barbarian pressures on the Empire there (Carpi, Visigoths, Sarmatians, Asding Vandals) - the lines of defense needed to be shortened, and Dacia was deemed not important enough to Rome to remain militarized with the current resources available. Roman authority of Thracia rested mainly with the legions stationed in Moesia. The rural nature of Thracia's populations, and distance from Roman authority, certainly inspired the presence of local troops to support Moesia's legions. Over the next few centuries, the province was periodically and increasingly attacked by migrating Germanic tribes. The reign of Justinian saw the construction of over 100 legionary fortresses to supplement the defense. Thracians in Moesia and Dacia were Romanized while those within the Byzantine empire were their Hellenized descendants that had mingled with the Greeks. After the Aurelian Retreat This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Free Dacians, Carpi (people), Costoboci, and Origin of the Romanians Society Dacian tarabostes (nobleman) - (Hermitage Museum) Comati on Trajan's Column, Rome Dacians were divided into two classes: the aristocracy (tarabostes) and the common people (comati). The aristocracy alone had the right to cover their heads and wore a felt hat. The second class, who comprised the rank and file of the army, the peasants and artisans, might have been called capillati (in Latin). Their appearance and clothing can be seen on Trajan's Column. Occupations Dacian tools: compasses, chisels, knives, etc.

The chief occupations of Dacians were agriculture, apiculture, viticulture, livestock, ceramics and metal working. They also worked the gold and silver mines of Transylvania. They carried on a considerable outside trade, as is shown by the number of foreign coins found in the country (see also Decebalus Treasure). Currency Geto-Dacian Koson. Mid 1st century BC The first coins produced by the Geto-Dacians were imitations of silver coins of the Macedonian kings Philip II and Alexander III (the Great). Early in the 1st century BC, the Dacians replaced these with silver denarii of the Roman Republic, both official coins of Rome exported to Dacia and locally made imitations of them. The Roman province Dacia is represented on Roman Sestertius (coin) as a woman seated on a rock, holding aquila, a small child on her knee holding ears of grain, and a small child seated before her holding grapes. Construction See also: Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains and Murus dacicus This section requires expansion. Dacians had developed the Murus dacicus, characteristic to their complexes of fortified cities, like their capital Sarmizegetusa in what is today Hunedoara County, Romania. The degree of their urban development can be seen on Trajan's Column and in the account of how Sarmizegetusa was defeated by the Romans. The Romans identified and destroyed the water aqueducts or pipelines of the Dacian capital, only thus being able to end the long siege of Sarmizegetusa. Culture According to archaeological findings, the cradle of the Dacian culture is considered to be north of the Danube towards the Carpathian mountains, in the modern-day historical Romanian province of Muntenia. It is identified as an evolution of the Iron Age Basarabi culture.citation needed Language Main article: Dacian language See also: Davae and Thracian language This section requires expansion. Some historians consider Dacian language to be a dialect of, or the same language as Thracian. Others consider that Dacian and Illyrian form regional varieties (dialects) of a common language. (Note: Thracians inhabited modern southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. Illyrians lived in modern Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Croatia.) The ancient languages of these people had already gone extinct and their cultural influence was highly reduced due to the repeated barbaric invasions of the Balkans by Celts, Huns, Goths, and Sarmatians, accompanied by persistent Hellenization, Romanisation and later Slavicisation. The ethnic contribution of the Thracian and Daco-Getic population, who had lived on the territory of modern Romania and Bulgaria has been long debated among the scientists during the 20th century. A 2004 genetic study has concluded that it can just be supposed that these peoples would have been able to contribute to the foundation of the Romanian modern genetic pool, but more mtDNA sequences from Thracian individuals are needed in order to perform a complex analysis.99 Religion Main article: Dacian mythology This section requires expansion. Detail of the main fresco of the Aleksandrovo kurgan. The figure is identified with Zalmoxis. According to Herodotus History (book 4) account of the story of Zalmoxis (or Zamolxis), the Getae (speaking the same language as the Dacians, according to Strabo) believed in the immortality of the soul, and regarded death as merely a change of country. Their chief priest held a prominent position as the representative of the supreme deity, Zalmoxis, who is called also Gebeleizis by some among them 100 Historian and geographer Strabo about the high priest Decaeneus101: "a man who not only had wandered through Egypt, but also had thoroughly learned certain prognostics through which he would pretend to tell the divine will; and within a short time he was set up as god (as I said when relating the story of Zamolxis)" Votive stele representing Bendis wearing a Dacian cap (British Museum) The Goth Jordanes in his Getica (The origin and deeds of the Goths), gives an account of Dicineus (Deceneus), the highest priest of King Burebista, and considered Dacians a nation related to the Goths. Besides Zalmoxis, the Dacians believed in other deities such as Gebeleizis, god of storm and lightning, (maybe related with Thracian god Zibelthiurdos).102 He was represented as a handsome man, sometimes wearing a beard. The lightning and thunder were his manifestations. Later Gebeleizis was equated with Zalmoxis as the same god. Another important deity was Bendis, goddess of the moon and the hunt.103 By a decree of the oracle of Dodona, which required the Athenians to grant land for a shrine or temple her cult was introduced into Attica by immigrant Thracian residents,104 and, though Thracian and Athenian processions remained separate, both cult and festival became so popular that in Plato's time (c. 429-13 BCE) its festivities were naturalized as an official ceremonial of the city-state, called the Bendideia.105 Known Dacian theonyms include Zalmoxis,Gebeleïzis and Darzalas.106107 Gebeleizis is probably cognate to the Thracian god Zibelthiurdos (also Zbelsurdos, Zibelthurdos), wielder of lightning and thunderbolts. Derzelas (also Darzalas) was a chthonic god of health and human spirit's vitality. Symbols This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Pottery A fragment of a vase collected by Mihail Dimitriu at the site of Poiana, Galaţi (Piroboridava), Romania illustrating the use of Greek and Latin letters by a Dacian potter (source: Dacia journal, 1933) This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Art Gold Royal helmet - National History Museum of Romania Gold Dacian jewels Dacian art found at Buridava This section requires expansion. See also Category: Dacian art The Dacian gold bracelets depict the cultural and aesthetic sense of the Dacians. They were made from a gold ore mixed with very small quantity of silver using techniques that are considered by archaeologists technologically very advanced for that period of time.citation needed Clothing This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Science This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Warfare Main article: Dacian warfare This section requires expansion.

The history of Dacian warfare spans from ca. 10th century BC up to the 2nd century AD in the region defined by Ancient Greek and Latin historians as Dacia. It concerns the armed conflicts of the Dacian tribes and their kingdoms in the Balkans. Apart from conflicts between Dacians and neighboring nations and tribes, numerous wars were recorded among Dacian tribes too. Weapons This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Falx and Sica Troop types and organization This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Famous individuals Statue of King Decebalus, Deva, Romania, Romania This section requires expansion. See also: List of Dacian kings, Burebista, and Decebalus This is a list of several important Dacian individuals or those of partly Dacian origin. Zalmoxis, a semi-legendary social and religious reformer, eventually deified by the Getae and Dacians and regarded as the only true god. Zoltes Burebista was a king of Dacia between 70 BC - 44 BC who united under his rule Thracians in a large territory, from today's Moravia in the West, to the Bug river (Ukraine) in the East, and from Northern Carpathians to Southern Dionysopolis.The Greeks considered him the first and greatest king of Thrace.79 Decebalus, a king of Dacia ultimately defeated by the forces of Trajan. Diegis, was a Dacian chief, general and brother of Decebalus, and his representative at the peace negotiations held with Domitian (89 C.E.). Galerius, Roman Emperor who affirmed his Dacian roots to such an extent that "he had avowed himself the enemy of the Roman name; and he proposed that the empire should be called, not the Roman, but the Dacian empire"108 Flavius Aetius, often called "the last of the Romans", Dacian109 and Roman origin Archaeology This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Thracology, Dacology, and Romanian archaeology See also categories: Dacian archaeology and Museums of Dacia Legacy Middle Ages This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also: Daco-Romanian and Daco-Romanian continuity Early Modern usage This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. In art This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also categories: Dacia in art and Dacia in fiction In nationalism This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. See also Moesi Thracians Illyrians Scythians Sarmatians Cimmerians Dacia List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia List of cities in Thrace and Dacia Dacian language List of Dacian names Thrace Thracology Odrysian kingdom Thracian language Thracian mythology Thraco-Dacian Thraco-Cimmerian Thraco-Illyrian Thraex Notes ^ a b c d e f Strabo 20 AD, VII 3,12. ^ Husovská (1998) 13 ^ Encyclopedia Britannica online, Dacia. ^ Millar, Cotton & Rogers 2004, p. 189: Appian's Roman History (Praef. 4/14-15): "the Getae over the Danube, whom they call Dacians". ^ a b c d Unesco & Fol 1996, p. 223. ^ a b Roesler 1864, p. 89. ^ Zumpt 1852, p. 140 & 175. ^ a b c d e Van Den Gheyn S.J., Joseph (1885) 170 ^ Bunbury 1879, p. 150. ^ Bunbury 1979, p. 150. ^ Oltean 2007, p. 44. ^ Bunbury 1979, p. 151. ^ a b Riley 2007, p. 107. ^ Dioscorides’s book (known in English by its Latin title De Materia Medica ‘Regarding Medical Materials’) has all the Dacian name of the plants preceded by Δάχοι Dakoi i.e. Δάχοι Dakoi προποδιλά Latin Daci propedila 'Dacians "propedila" ^ Tomaschek (1883) 397 ^ Parvan & Vulpe R. Vulpe A., p. 158. ^ Gibbon (2008) 313 "...Aurelian calls these soldiers Hiberi, Riparienses, Castriani, and Dacisci " conform to "Vopiscus in Historia Augusta XXVI 38" ^ Mulvin (2002)59 "...A tombstone inscription from Aquincum reads M. Secundi Genalis domo Cl. Agrip /pina/ negotiat. Dacisco. This is of a second century date and suggests the presence of some Dacian traders in Pannonia..." ^ Petolescu 2000, p. 163 "...patri incom[pa-] rabili, decep [to] a Daciscis in bel- loproclio ...". ^ Groh & 2000 "...CIL V 3372 inscription at Verona Papirio Marcellino, decepto a Daciscis in bello proelio..", p. 43. ^ a b c Paliga 1999, p. 77. ^ Eisler 1951, p. 136. ^ Parvan & Vulpe R. Vulpe A., p. 149. ^ Eisler 1951, p. 33. ^ Eliade 1995, p. 12. ^ Vulpe, Alexandru (2001). "Dacia înainte de romani". In Romanian Academy (in Romanian). Istoria Românilor. 1. Bucharest: Univers Enciclopedic. pp. 420–421. ISBN 9734503812.  ^ a b Tomaschek (1883) 404 ^ Paliga (2006) 85 ^ a b Eliade 1995, p. 11. ^ Eisler 1951, p. 137. ^ a b c d Eliade 1995, p. 13. ^ Jeanmaire 1975, p. 540. ^ a b Eisler 1951, p. 144. ^ a b c Eliade 1995, p. 15. ^ Zambotti 1954, p. 184, fig. 13-14, 16. ^ a b Eliade 1995, p. 23. ^ Eliade 1995, p. 27. ^ Eliade 1986. ^ Hoddinott, p. 27. ^ Casson, p. 3. ^ Boardman (1982) 53 "... Yet we cannot identify the Thracians at that remote period, because we do not know for certain whether the Thracian and Illyrian tribes had separated by then. It is safer to speak of Proto-Thracians from whom there developed in the Iron Age ..." ^ Mountain & 1998 59. ^ Strabo, Jones & Sterrett 1967, p. 28. ^ Abramea 1994, p. 17. ^ Dio Cassius Volume 3. ^ Papazoglu & 1978 67. ^ Papazoglu & 1978 434. ^ Peregrine & Ember 2001, p. 215. ^ a b c Price 2000, p. 120. ^ Dio LI.22.6-7 ^ Georgiev (1960) 39-58 ^ a b Trajan's Column ^ a b Oltean 2007, p. 46. ^ Koch J. & Koch J.T. 2007, p. 1471. ^ Schütte 1917, p. 88. ^ Schütte 1917, p. 89. ^ Bennett 1997, p. 47. ^ a b Wilcox (2000) ^ Ptolemy III.5 and 8 ^ Barrington Plate 22 ^ a b c Millar (1970) ^ Ptolemy III.8 ^ Tacitus G.43 ^ Tacitus G.46 ^ Ammianus XVII.12.12 ^ Millar (1970) ^ Pliny VI.19 ^ CIL VI.1801 ^ "Men make gods in their own image; those of the Ethiopians are black and snub-nosed, those of the Thracians have blue eyes and red hair." Xenophanes of Colophon: Fragments, Xenophanes, J. H. Lesher, University of Toronto Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8020-8508-3, p. 90. ^ Cohen (2000). ^ Cardos, G., Stoian V., Miritoiu N., Comsa A., Kroll A., Voss S., Rodewald A., p. 246. "Computing the frequency of common point mutations of the present-day European population with the Thracian population has resulted that the Italian (7.9 %), the Alban (6.3 %) and the Greek (5.8 %) have shown a bias of closer genetic kinship with the Thracian individuals than the Romanian and Bulgarian individuals (only 4.2%)." ^ Dio XXXVIII.10.2 ^ Dio XXXVIII.10.3 and LI.26.5 ^ Crişan (1978) 118 ^ Dio Cassius XVIII 10.2 ^ Smith's Dictionary: Curio ^ Smith's Dictionary: Lucullus ^ Lewis et al. 2008, p. 773 ^ a b Grumeza 2009, p. 54. ^ MacKendrick 1975, p. 48. ^ Goodman & Sherwood 2002, p. 227. ^ Dio LI.26.5 ^ Dio LI.23.2 ^ De Imperatoribus Romanis". http://www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm#t-inx. Retrieved 2007-11-08. "In the year 88, the Romans resumed the offensive. The Roman troops were now led by the general Tettius Iulianus. The battle took place again at Tapae but this time the Romans defeated the Dacians. For fear of falling into a trap, Iulianus abandoned his plans of conquering Sarmizegetuza and, at the same time, Decebalus asked for peace. At first, Domitian refused this request, but after he was defeated in a war in Pannonia against the Marcomanni (a Germanic tribe), the emperor was obliged to accept the peace." ^ Strabo 20 AD, VII 3,13. ^ a b Waldman & Mason 2006, p. 205. ^ a b MacKendrick, Paul. The Dacian Stones Speak.  ^ a b Grumeza 2009. ^ a b Klepper, Nicolae. Romania: An Illustrated History.  ^ Pop, Ioan Aurel. Romanians and Romania: A Brief History.  ^ Oltean 2007. ^ Köpeczi, Béla; Makkai, László; Mócsy, András; Szász, Zoltán; Barta, Gábor. History of Transylvania - From the Beginnings to 1606.  ^ Georgescu, Vlad. The Romanians - A History.  ^ Garašanin, Benac (1973) 243 ^ a b Bowman et al. 224. ^ Schütte 1917, p. 143. ^ Tomaschek (1883) 407 ^ Siani-Davies P., Siani-Davies M. & Deletant 2006, p. 205. ^ Paleo-mtDNA analysis and population genetic aspects of old Thracian populations from South-East of Romania Cardos, G., Stoian V., Miritoiu N., Comsa A., Kroll A., Voss S., Rodewald A., p. 246. ^ Histories by Herodotus Book 4 translated by G. Rawlinson ^ Strabo 20 AD, VII 3,11. ^ Tomashek,Die Alten Thrakern, II, page 62 ^ BENDIS : Thracian goddess of the moon & hunting ; mythology ; pictures ^ Extensive discussion of whether the date is 429 or 413 BCE was reviewed and newly analyzed in Christopher Planeaux, "The Date of Bendis' Entry into Attica" The Classical Journal 96.2 (December 2000:165-192. Planeaux offers a reconstruction of the inscription mentioninmg the first introduction, p ^ Fifth-century fragmentary inscriptions that record formal descrees regarding formal aspects of the Bendis cult, are reproduced in Planeaux 2000:170f ^ Hdt. 4.94,Their belief in their immortality is as follows: they believe that they do not die, but that one who perishes goes to the deity Salmoxis, or Gebeleïzis, as some of them call him. ^ Harry Thurston Peck, Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities (1898),(Zalmoxis) or Zamolxis (Zamolxis). Said to have been so called from the bear's skin (zalmos) in which he was clothed as soon as he was born. He was, according to the story current among the Greeks on the Hellespont, a Getan, who had been a slave to Pythagoras in Samos, but was manumitted, and acquired not only great wealth, but large stores of knowledge from Pythagoras, and from the Egyptians, whom he visited in the course of his travels. He returned among the Getae, introducing the civilization and the religious ideas which he had gained, especially regarding the immortality of the soul. Herodotus, however, suspects that he was an indigenous Getan divinity ( Herod.iv. 95) ^ Lactanius, De mortibus persecutorum, IX, 1; XXVII, 9; FHDR: II, 4, 6. ^ Jordanes, Getica, 176; Merobaudes, Carmina, iv, 42-43, and Panegyrici, ii, 110-115, 119-120; Gregory of Tours, ii.8; Zosimus, v.36.1; Chronica gallica 452, 100. Cited in Jones, p. 21. References Ancient Strabo (ca. 20 AD) (in Ancient Greek). Geographica. http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/home.html.  Modern Abramea, Anna P (, 1994) (in English). Thrace. Idea Advertising-Marketing.  Eisler, Robert (1951). Man into wolf: an anthropological interpretation of sadism, masochism, and lycanthropy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul Ltd. ASIN B0000CI25D. http://books.google.com/books?id=fD5AAAAAIAAJ.  Eliade, Mircea (1986). Zalmoxis, the vanishing God: comparative studies in the religions and folklore of Dacia and Eastern Europe. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226203859. http://books.google.com/books?id=HyehAAAACAAJ.  Eliade, Mircea (1995). Ivănescu, Maria; Ivănescu, Cezar. eds (in Romanian). De la Zalmoxis la Genghis-Han: studii comparative despre religiile și folclorul Daciei și Europei Orientale [From Zalmoxis to Genghis Khan: comparative studies in the religions and folklore of Dacia and Eastern Europe] (Based on the translation from French of De Zalmoxis à Gengis-Khan, Payot, Paris, 1970 ed.). București, Romania: Humanitas. ISBN 9732805544. http://books.google.com/books?id=o8coAAAAYAAJ.  Grumeza, Ion (2009). Dacia: Land of Transylvania, Cornerstone of Ancient Eastern Europe. Hamilton Books. ISBN 0761844651. http://books.google.com/books?id=07-RjGQajw0C.  Jeanmaire, Henri (1975) (in French). Couroi et courètes. New York: Arno Press. 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ISBN ISBN-10: 0521301998, ISBN-13: 978-0521301992.  Benac, Alojz (1973) (in French). “Actes du VIIIe congrès international des sciences préhistoriques”. International Union of Prehistoric and Protohistoric Sciences.  * MacKendrick, Paul Lachlan (1975). pages 60–61 The Dacian Stones Speak. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN ISBN 0-8078-1226-9. pages 60–61. Sherwood, Jane (2002). The Roman World 44 BC–AD 180. Routledge. ISBN ISBN: 978-0-203-40861-2.  John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, N. G. L. Hammond, and E. Sollberger (1982) : The Prehistory of the Balkans, the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries BC, in The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 1 Husovská Ludmilá (1998) “Slovakia: walking through centuries of cities and towns”, Priroda Rome's Enemies (1): Germanics and Dacians (Men at Arms Series, 129) by Peter Wilcox and Gerry Embleton,1982 Diegis Razvan Chronicle of the Roman Emperors by Chris Scarre, 1995 The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire by Edward N. Luttwak, 1976 A History of Rome to A.D. 565 by Boak & Sinnigen, 1965 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dacia and Dacians Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dacians Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Dacian culture Dacian reenactor with falx Dacian Enciclopedia v · d · eDacia topics Dacian tribes: Aedi · Albocense · Anartes · Apuli · Artakioi · Biephi · Biessoi · Buri · Carpi · Cauci · Ciaginsi · Clariae · Costoboci · Cotini · Crobidae · Daci · Getae · Moesi · Osi · Peukini · Piephigi · Potulatense · Predasense · Rhadacense · Saldense · Scaugdae · Sense · Suci · Terizi · Teurisci · Trixae · Tyragetae · Troglodytae Dacian kings: Burebista · Comosicus · Coson · Cotiso · Cothelas · Dapyx · Decebalus · Deceneus · Dicomes · Dromichaetes · Dual · Duras · Moskon · Oroles · Rhemaxos · Rholes · Rubobostes · Scorillo · Zalmodegicus · Zyraxes Culture and civilisation:

Art, jewellery, treasures, tools (Bracelets)  · Clothing  · Foreign Relations (Greeks · Celts · Romans · Germanic tribes)  · Warfare (Falx · Sica · Thracian warfare) Language: Belagines · Words of possible Dacian origin · Dacian plant names · Dacian names · Dacian script · Sinaia lead plates · Daco-Thracian · Thracian language · Thraco-Illyrian Religion: Dacian gods (Bendis · Deceneus · Derzelas · Dionysus · Gebeleizis · Kotys · Pleistoros · Sabazios · Semele · Seirenes · Silenus · Zalmoxis) · Dacian Draco · Kogaionon Towns and fortresses: Sarmizegetusa · Argidava · Buridava · Cumidava · Piroboridava · Sucidava · More towns... · Davae · Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains · Murus dacicus Wars with the Roman Empire: Domitian's war - (First Battle of Tapae) Trajan's wars - First War (Second Battle of Tapae - Battle of Adamclisi) - Second War (Battle of Sarmisegetusa) Roman Dacia: Dacia Traiana · Moesia · Scythia Minor · Dacia Aureliana · Diocese of Dacia · Dacia Mediterranea · Dacia Ripensis · Trajan (Bridge · Column) · Towns and cities · Castra · Limes (Alutanus · Moesiae · Porolissensis · Sarmatiae · Transalutanus · Trajan's Wall · Brazda lui Novac) · Language (Thraco-Roman · Eastern Romance substratum) Research on Dacia: Books on Dacia · Dacian archaeology · Archaeological sites in Romania · Dacology · Thracology · Protochronism WikiProject • Commons • Dacian fortresses, settlements, Roman castra, limes from Romania: Google Maps  • Google Earth

Art, jewellery, treasures, tools (Bracelets)  · Clothing  · Foreign Relations (Greeks · Celts · Romans · Germanic tribes)  · Warfare (Falx · Sica · Thracian warfare) Language: Belagines · Words of possible Dacian origin · Dacian plant names · Dacian names · Dacian script · Sinaia lead plates · Daco-Thracian · Thracian language · Thraco-Illyrian Religion: Dacian gods (Bendis · Deceneus · Derzelas · Dionysus · Gebeleizis · Kotys · Pleistoros · Sabazios · Semele · Seirenes · Silenus · Zalmoxis) · Dacian Draco · Kogaionon Towns and fortresses: Sarmizegetusa · Argidava · Buridava · Cumidava · Piroboridava · Sucidava · More towns... · Davae · Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains · Murus dacicus Wars with the Roman Empire: Domitian's war - (First Battle of Tapae) Trajan's wars - First War (Second Battle of Tapae - Battle of Adamclisi) - Second War (Battle of Sarmisegetusa) Roman Dacia: Dacia Traiana · Moesia · Scythia Minor · Dacia Aureliana · Diocese of Dacia · Dacia Mediterranea · Dacia Ripensis · Trajan (Bridge · Column) · Towns and cities · Castra · Limes (Alutanus · Moesiae · Porolissensis · Sarmatiae · Transalutanus · Trajan's Wall · Brazda lui Novac) · Language (Thraco-Roman · Eastern Romance substratum) Research on Dacia: Books on Dacia · Dacian archaeology · Archaeological sites in Romania · Dacology · Thracology · Protochronism WikiProject • Commons • Dacian fortresses, settlements, Roman castra, limes from Romania: Google Maps  • Google Earth

Art, jewellery, treasures, tools (Bracelets)  · Clothing  · Foreign Relations (Greeks · Celts · Romans · Germanic tribes)  · Warfare (Falx · Sica · Thracian warfare) Language: Belagines · Words of possible Dacian origin · Dacian plant names · Dacian names · Dacian script · Sinaia lead plates · Daco-Thracian · Thracian language · Thraco-Illyrian Religion: Dacian gods (Bendis · Deceneus · Derzelas · Dionysus · Gebeleizis · Kotys · Pleistoros · Sabazios · Semele · Seirenes · Silenus · Zalmoxis) · Dacian Draco · Kogaionon Towns and fortresses: Sarmizegetusa · Argidava · Buridava · Cumidava · Piroboridava · Sucidava · More towns... · Davae · Dacian Fortresses of the Orăştie Mountains · Murus dacicus Wars with the Roman Empire: Domitian's war - (First Battle of Tapae) Trajan's wars - First War (Second Battle of Tapae - Battle of Adamclisi) - Second War (Battle of Sarmisegetusa) Roman Dacia: Dacia Traiana · Moesia · Scythia Minor · Dacia Aureliana · Diocese of Dacia · Dacia Mediterranea · Dacia Ripensis · Trajan (Bridge · Column) · Towns and cities · Castra · Limes (Alutanus · Moesiae · Porolissensis · Sarmatiae · Transalutanus · Trajan's Wall · Brazda lui Novac) · Language (Thraco-Roman · Eastern Romance substratum) Research on Dacia: Books on Dacia · Dacian archaeology · Archaeological sites in Romania · Dacology · Thracology · Protochronism WikiProject • Commons • Dacian fortresses, settlements, Roman castra, limes from Romania: Google Maps  • Google Earth