For other uses, see Cornwall (disambiguation). Cornwall Kernow Flag Motto of County Council: Onen hag oll (Cornish) One and all Geography Status Ceremonial county & (smaller) Unitary district Origin Historic Region South West England Area - Total - Admin. council - Admin. area Ranked 12th 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi) Ranked 2nd 3,546 km2 (1,369 sq mi) Admin HQ Truro ISO 3166-2 GB-CON ONS code 00HE NUTS 3 UKK30 Demography Population - Total (2008 est.1) - Density - Admin. council Ranked 39th 534,300 150 /km2 (390 /sq mi) Ranked 4th Ethnicity 99.0% White British, 1% Other Politics Cornwall Council http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ Executive Conservative / Independent Members of Parliament 6 George Eustice (Con) Andrew George (LD) Stephen Gilbert (LD) Sheryll Murray (Con) Sarah Newton (Con) Dan Rogerson (LD) Districts Cornwall Council (unitary) Isles of Scilly (sui generis unitary) Cornwall (pronounced /ˈkɔrnwɔːl, ˈkɔrnw(ə)l/;2345 Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ]) is an area at the tip of the south-western peninsula of Great Britain, administered as a unitary authority and ceremonial county of England, within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the English Channel, and to the east by the county of Devon, over the River Tamar. Including the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall has a population of 534,300, and covers an area of 3,563 km2 (1,376 sq mi).16 The administrative centre and only city is Truro. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, and later (in the Iron Age) by Celts. There is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. Cornwall was a division of the Dumnonii tribe—whose tribal centre was in the modern county of Devon—known as the Cornovii, separated from Wales after the Battle of Deorham, often coming into conflict with the expanding English kingdom of Wessex before King Athelstan in AD 936 set the boundary between English and Cornish people at the Tamar.7 Historically tin mining was important in the Cornish economy, becoming significant during the Middle Ages and expanding greatly during the 19th century when rich copper mines were also in production. In the mid-nineteenth century, however, the tin and copper trades entered a period of decline. Subsequently china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally fishing (particularly of pilchards), and agriculture (particularly of dairy products and vegetables), were the other important sectors of the economy. The railways led to the growth of tourism during the 20th century and it is now of greater importance economically than the other industries. Today, Cornwall's economy struggles after the decline of the mining and fishing industries, and has become more dependent on tourism. The area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its extensive and varied coastline, its many place names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Cornwall is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its heritage. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative assembly, and greater recognition of the Cornish people as a national minority.8 Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods 2.2 Conflict with Wessex 2.3 Norman period 2.4 Later medieval administration and society 3 Christianity in Cornwall 3.1 The Church in Cornwall in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times 3.2 The Middle Ages 3.3 Religious history from the Reformation to the Victorian period 4 Physical geography 4.1 Coastal areas 4.2 Inland areas 4.3 The Lizard Peninsula 4.4 Ecology 4.5 Climate 5 Politics and administration 5.1 Self-rule movement 5.2 Cornish political parties 5.3 The question of Cornwall's constitutional status 5.3.1 Contemporary political parties 6 Settlements and communication 7 Flag 8 Economy 8.1 Tourism 8.2 Other industries 9 Demographics 9.1 Question of Cornish national identity 9.2 Education system 10 Languages and dialects 10.1 Cornish language 10.2 English dialect 11 Culture 11.1 Visual arts 11.2 Music and festivals 11.3 Literature 11.3.1 Fiction 11.3.2 Poetry 11.3.3 Other literary works 11.4 Sports and games 11.4.1 Surfing and other water sports 11.4.2 Indoor games 11.5 Cuisine 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology "Cornweallas" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle The name Cornwall comes from combining two different terms from separate languages. The Roman term for the Celtic tribe which inhabited what is now Cornwall at the time of Roman rule in Britain, Cornovii, came from a Brythonic tribal name which gave modern Cornish Kernow, also known as Corneu to the Brythons.9 This could be from either of two sources; the common Celtic root cern, or the Latin cornu, both of which mean "horn" or "peninsula", suggestive of the shape of Cornwall's landmass. There is a problem with this theory however. At least two other known Celtic tribes bore the name Cornovii, one tribe in Caithness which may also be considered a "headland" or "horn-land", yet another, the principal tribe known to the Romans as Cornovii lived in the West Midlands and Powys areas, calling into question the derivation of the name from a peninsula (however, Celtic tribes were not necessarily permanently settled, and the Latin forms may be based on different British names).10 Another theory suggests that the name of the Cornovii tribes may well be connected to totemic worship of the "horned god" such as the Gaulish Cernunnos or a similar totemic cult. Nevertheless, the Cornovii were sufficiently established in the present day area recognised as Cornwall for their territory to be recorded as Cornubia by 700 AD, and remained as such into the Middle Ages. The Ravenna Cosmography, of around 700, makes reference to Purocoronavis, (almost certainly a corruption of Durocornovium), 'a fort or walled settlement of the Cornovii', (unidentified, but possibly Tintagel or Carn Brea).1112 During the 6th and 7th centuries, the name Cornubia became corrupted by extensive changes in the Old English language.13 The Anglo-Saxons provided the suffix wealas, meaning "foreigners", creating the term Corn-wealas. Some historians note that this was the word for Wales, however it is understood that the term applied instead to all Brythonic peoples and lands, who were considered foreign by the Anglo-Saxons. As Cornwall was known as West Wales and present-day Wales as North Wales during those times, the "Wales" meaning is probable. History Main articles: History of Cornwall and Timeline of Cornish history Mên-an-Tol. Prehistory, Roman and post-Roman periods See also: Dumnonia and Kingdom of Cornwall The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. According to John T. Koch and others, Cornwall in the Late Bronze Age was part of a maritime trading-networked culture called the Atlantic Bronze Age that also included the other Celtic nations, England, France, Spain and Portugal where Celtic languages developed with the Tartessian language, which he claims was the first written Celtic language so far discovered.141516 During the British Iron Age Cornwall, like all of Britain south of the Firth of Forth, was inhabited by the Celtic people known as the Britons. The Celtic British language spoken at the time eventually developed into several distinct tongues, including Cornish.11 The first account of Cornwall comes from the Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (c. 90 BC – c. 30 BC), supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the fourth-century BC geographer Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain: The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life. They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced ... Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône. – 17 Celtic tribes of Southern Britain The identity of these merchants is unknown. There has been a theory that they were Phoenicians, however there is no evidence for this.18 (For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the economy below.) There is a theory that silver was extracted from the copper ores of Cornwall in pre-Roman times, as silver is easily converted to its chloride (AgCl) by surface waters containing chlorine.19 After a period of Roman rule, Cornwall reverted to independent Celtic chieftains. Conflict with Wessex The chronology of English dominance over Cornwall is unclear. In the 8th century Cornwall came into conflict with the expanding kingdom of Wessex. There are no recorded charters or legal agreements showing Cornwall as part of Wessex.20 Furthermore, there is little economic, military, social, cultural or archaeological evidence that Wessex established control over Cornwall, although some historians, notably Michael Swanton,21 and Malcolm Todd22 assert to the contrary.

The Annales Cambriae report that in 722 AD the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at Hehil. Annales Cambriae However, it is not stated whether the Cornish fought the West Saxons or some other enemy. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states in 815 (adjusted date) "& þy geare gehergade Ecgbryht cyning on West Walas from easteweardum oþ westewearde."..."and in this year king Ecgbryht raided in Cornwall from east to west." and thenceforth apparently held it as a ducatus or dukedom annexed to his regnum or kingdom of Wessex, but not wholly incorporated with it.23 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles states that in 825 (adjusted date) a battle was fought involving the "Welsh", presumably those of Cornwall, and the Defnas (men of Devon). It only states:- "The Westwealas (Cornish) and the Defnas (men of Devon) fought at Gafulforda". However, there is no mention of who won or who lost, whether the men of Cornwall and Devon were fighting each other or on the same side, and no mention of Egbert. This is the only record of this battle. In the same year Ecgbert, as a later document phrases it, "disposed of their territory as it seemed fit to him, giving a tenth part of it to God." In other words he incorporated Cornwall ecclesiastically with the West Saxon diocese of Sherborne, and endowed Ealhstan, his fighting bishop, who took part in the campaign, with an extensive Cornish estate consisting of Callington and Lawhitton, both in the Tamar valley, and Pawton near Padstow. In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert at Hengestesdune (Anglo-Saxon Chronicles): an unknown location (various places have been suggested over the years from Hengistbury Head in Dorset, Hingston Down, Devon to Hingston Down in Cornwall). In 875, the last recorded king of Cornwall, Dumgarth, is said to have drowned in battle. Around the 880s, Anglo-Saxons from Wessex had established modest land holdings in the eastern part of Cornwall; notably Alfred the Great had acquired a few estates.24 William of Malmesbury, writing around 1120, says that King Athelstan of England (924–939) fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the east bank of the River Tamar. Norman period The ancient Hundreds of Cornwall One interpretation of the Domesday Book is that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners, the largest of whom was Harold Godwinson himself. However, this is highly questionable: the Bodmin manumissions show that two leading Cornish figures nominally had Saxon names, but these were both glossed with native Cornish names. This suggests that a mixing of populations and cultural syncretism occurred, as opposed to outright replacement of the original Cornish nobility.citation needed However, soon after the Norman conquest most of the land was seized and transferred into the hands of a new Breton-Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going to Robert, Count of Mortain, half-brother of King William and the largest landholder in England after the king.25 Ultimately this aristocracy eventually became a Cornu-Norman ruling class,citation needed a phenomenon closely resembling the situation in the rest of England, and later in Ireland. Later medieval administration and society Subsequently, however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornu-Norman elite. These families eventually became the new ruling class of Cornwall (typically speaking Norman French, Cornish, Latin and eventually English), many becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, Earldom and eventually the Duchy.26 The Cornish language continued to be spoken and it acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from Breton. Cornwall showed a very different type of settlement pattern from that of Saxon Wessex and places continued, even after 1066, to be named in the Celtic Cornish tradition with Saxon architecture being uncommon. The earliest record for any Anglo-Saxon place names west of the Tamar is around 1040: they are particularly noticeable in the north-east of the county.11 Christianity in Cornwall Main article: Christianity in Cornwall See also: List of Cornish saints Many place names in Cornwall are associated with Christian missionaries described as coming from Ireland and Wales in the fifth century AD and usually called saints (See List of Cornish saints). The historicity of some of these missionaries is problematic27 and it has been pointed out by Canon Doble that it was customary in the Middle Ages to ascribe such geographical origins to saints.28 Some of these saints are not included in the early lists of saints.29 St Piran, after whom Perranporth is named, is generally regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall.30 However in early Norman times it is likely that St Michael the Archangel was recognised as the patron saint31 and the title has also been claimed for St Petroc.citation needed The Church in Cornwall in Celtic and Anglo-Saxon times The Church of St Petroc at Bodmin One of Cornwall's many holy wells The church in Cornwall until the time of Athelstan of Wessex observed more or less orthodox practices, being completely separate from the Anglo-Saxon church until then (and perhaps later). The See of Cornwall continued until much later: Bishop Conan apparently in place previously, but (re-?)consecrated in 931 AD by Athelstan. However, it is unclear whether he was the sole Bishop for Cornwall or the leading Bishop in the area. The situation in Cornwall may have been somewhat similar to Wales where each major religious house corresponded to a cantref (this has the same meaning as Cornish keverang) both being under the supervision of a Bishop.32 However if this was so the status of keverangow before the time of King Athelstan is not recorded. However it can be inferred from the districts included at this period that the minimum number would be three: Triggshire; Wivelshire; and the remaining area. Penwith, Kerrier, Pydar and Powder meet at a central point (Scorrier) which some have believed indicates a fourfold division imposed by Athelstan on a sub-kingdom. The Middle Ages It is notable that in Cornwall that most of the parish churches in existence in Norman times were generally not in the larger settlements and that the medieval towns which developed thereafter usually had only a chapel of ease with the right of burial remaining at the ancient parish church.33 Over a hundred holy wells exist in Cornwall, each associated with a particular saint, though not always the same one as the dedication of the church.3435 Various kinds of religious houses existed in mediaeval Cornwall though none of them were nunneries; the benefices of the parishes were in many cases appropriated to religious houses within Cornwall or elsewhere in England or France.36 Religious history from the Reformation to the Victorian period In the sixteenth century there was some violent resistance to the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism in the Prayer Book Rebellion.37 In 1548 the college at Glasney, a centre of learning and study established by the Bishop of Exeter, had been closed and looted (many manuscripts and documents were destroyed) which aroused resentment among the Cornish. They, among other things, objected to the English language Book of Common Prayer, protesting that the English language was still unknown to many at the time. The Prayer Book Rebellion was a cultural and social disaster for Cornwall; the reprisals taken by the forces of the Crown have been estimated to account for 10-11% of the civilian population of Cornwall. Culturally speaking, it saw the beginning of the slow death of the Cornish language. From that time Christianity in Cornwall was in the main within the Church of England and subject to the national events which affected it in the next century and a half. Roman Catholicism never became extinct, though openly practised by very few; there were some converts to Puritanism, Anabaptism and Quakerism in certain areas though they suffered intermittent persecution which more or less came to an end in the reign of William and Mary. During the 18th century Cornish Anglicanism was very much in the same state as Anglicanism in most of England. Wesleyan Methodist missions began during John Wesley's lifetime and had great success over a long period during which Methodism itself divided into a number of sects and established a definite separation from the Church of England. From the early nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century Methodism was the leading form of Christianity in Cornwall but it is now in decline.3839 The Church of England was in the majority from the reign of Queen Elizabeth until the Methodist revival of the 19th century: before the Wesleyan missions dissenters were very few in Cornwall. The county remained within the Diocese of Exeter until 1876 when the Anglican Diocese of Truro was created4041 (the first Bishop was appointed in 1877). Roman Catholicism was virtually extinct in Cornwall after the 17th century except for a few families such as the Arundells of Lanherne. From the mid-19th century the church reestablished episcopal sees in England, one of these being at Plymouth.42 Since then immigration to Cornwall has brought more Roman Catholics into the population. Physical geography Main articles: Geography of Cornwall and Geology of Cornwall Satellite image of Cornwall

Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs. Cornwall has a border with only one other county, Devon. Coastal areas The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast on the Celtic Sea, part of the Atlantic Ocean, is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically named High Cliff, between Boscastle and St Gennys, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at 223 metres (732 ft).43 However, there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches that are so important to the tourist industry, such as those at Bude, Polzeath, Watergate Bay, Perranporth, Porthtowan, Fistral Beach, Newquay, St Agnes, St Ives, and on the south coast Gyllyngvase beach in Falmouth. There are two river estuaries on the north coast: Hayle Estuary and the estuary of the River Camel, which provides Padstow and Rock with a safe harbour. St Michael's Mount in Marazion The south coast, dubbed the "Cornish Riviera", is more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages, such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform. Also on the south coast, the picturesque fishing village of Polperro, at the mouth of the Pol River, and the fishing port of Looe on the River Looe are both popular with tourists. Inland areas The interior of the county consists of a roughly east-west spine of infertile and exposed upland, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor, which contains the highest land within Cornwall. From east to west, and with approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, the area north of St Austell, the area south of Camborne, and the Penwith or Land's End peninsula. These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops that form the exposed parts of the Cornubian batholith of south-west Britain, which also includes Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west, the latter now being partially submerged. Cornwall is known for its beaches and rugged coastline. The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive metamorphism and mineralisation, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. It is thought tin was mined here as early as the Bronze Age, and copper, lead, zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall. Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of China Clay, especially in the area to the north of St Austell, and the extraction of this remains an important industry. The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly pastoral farmland. Near the south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for flora that like shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas lie mainly on Devonian sandstone and slate. The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can be seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and in several other locations. The Lizard Peninsula Main article: Lizard complex The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual, in that it is mainland Britain's only example of an ophiolite, a section of oceanic crust now found on land.44 Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red Precambrian serpentinite, which forms spectacular cliffs, notably at Kynance Cove, and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops. This ultramafic rock also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the interior of the peninsula. This is home to rare plants, such as the Cornish Heath, which has been adopted as the county flower.45 Ecology See also: Flora and fauna of Cornwall Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One of the lower plant forms in decline locally is the Reindeer lichen, which species has been made a priority for protection under the national UK Biodiversity Action Plan.4647 Red-billed chough: Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Botanists divide Cornwall and Scilly into two vice-counties: West (1) and East (2). The standard flora is by F. H. Davey Flora of Cornwall (1909). Davey was assisted by A. O. Hume and he thanks Hume, his companion on excursions in Cornwall and Devon, and for help in the compilation of that Flora, publication of which was financed by him. Climate Main article: Geography of Cornwall#Climate Cornwall has a temperate Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfb) and has the mildest and sunniest climate in the United Kingdom, as a result of its southerly latitude and the influence of the Gulf Stream.48 The average annual temperature in Cornwall ranges from 11.6 °C (53 °F) on the Isles of Scilly to 9.8 °C (50 °F) in the central uplands. Winters are amongst the warmest in the country due to the southerly latitude and moderating effects of the warm ocean currents, and frost and snow are very rare at the coast and are also rare in the central upland areas as well. Summers are however not as warm as other areas in southern England. Due to its proximity to the sea, Cornwall's weather can be relatively changeable. Cornwall is one of the sunniest areas in the UK, with over 1541 hours of sunshine per year, with the highest average of 7.6 hours of sunshine per day in July.49 The moist, mild air coming from the south west brings higher amounts of rainfall than eastern Great Britain, at 1051 to 1290 mm (41.4 to 50.8 in) per year, however not as much as more northern areas of the west coast.50 The Isles of Scilly, for example, where there are on average less than 2 days of air frost per year, are in the USDA Hardiness zone 10, which is the only area in the UK that is in this zone and where there is on average less than 1 day of air temperature exceeding 30 °C per year, are in the AHS Heat Zone 1. Extreme temperatures in Cornwall are particularly rare, however extreme weather in the form of storms and floods is common. Climate data for Isles of Scilly, Cornwall Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 9 (48) 9 (48) 11 (52) 12 (54) 14 (57) 17 (63) 19 (66) 19 (66) 18 (64) 15 (59) 12 (54) 10 (50) 13.8 (56.8) Average low °C (°F) 6 (43) 6 (43) 7 (45) 7 (45) 9 (48) 12 (54) 13 (55) 14 (57) 13 (55) 11 (52) 9 (48) 7 (45) 9.3 (48.7) Precipitation mm (inches) 91 (3.58) 71 (2.8) 69 (2.72) 46 (1.81) 56 (2.2) 49 (1.93) 61 (2.4) 64 (2.52) 67 (2.64) 80 (3.15) 96 (3.78) 94 (3.7) 844 (33.23) Avg. precipitation days 22 17 16 13 14 14 16 15 16 17 19 21 200 Sunshine hours 61 83 135 186 229 229 238 225 164 121 77 57 1,805 Source: Climate Data for Isles of Scilly 51 Climate data for Truro, Cornwall Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high °C (°F) 8 (46) 8 (46) 10 (50) 12 (54) 15 (59) 17 (63) 19 (66) 19 (66) 17 (63) 14 (57) 11 (52) 9 (48) 13.3 (55.9) Average low °C (°F) 5 (41) 4 (39) 5 (41) 6 (43) 8 (46) 11 (52) 13 (55) 14 (57) 12 (54) 10 (50) 7 (45) 6 (43) 8.4 (47.2) Precipitation mm (inches) 81 (3.19) 63 (2.48) 49 (1.93) 54 (2.13) 40 (1.57) 47 (1.85) 48 (1.89) 51 (2.01) 57 (2.24) 87 (3.43) 87 (3.43) 78 (3.07) 742 (29.21) Source: Foreca52 Politics and administration Main article: Politics of Cornwall TRURO Redruth Falmouth Penzance St Ives Hayle Camborne Helston Newquay St Austell Bodmin Wadebridge Saltash Liskeard Launceston Bude Major settlements of Cornwall Cornwall Council's headquarters in Truro From the 2010 general election, Cornwall has had six parliamentary constituencies With the exception of the Isles of Scilly, Cornwall is now governed by a unitary authority known as Cornwall Council which is based in Truro. Cornwall's Courts of Justice are also located in Truro. The Isles of Scilly form part of the ceremonial county of Cornwall and have, at times, been served by the same county administration. However, since 1890 they have been administered by their own unitary authority, now known as the Council of the Isles of Scilly. They are still grouped with Cornwall for other administrative purposes, such as the National Health Service and Devon and Cornwall Police.535455 Prior to reorganisation on 1 April 2009, council functions throughout the rest of Cornwall were organised on a two-tier basis, with a county council and district councils for the six districts of Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith, and Restormel. While projected to streamline services, cut red tape and save around £17 million a year, the reorganisation was met with wide opposition, with a poll in 2008 giving a result of 89% disapproval from Cornish residents.565758 The first elections for the new unitary authority were held on 4 June 2009. The new council has 123 seats; the largest party is the Conservative Party with 50, followed by the Liberal Democrats with 38, Independents with 32 and Mebyon Kernow with 3 seats.59

Prior to the creation of the new unitary council, the former county council had 82 seats, the majority of which were held by the Liberal Democrats, elected at the 2005 county council elections. The six former districts in Cornwall had a total of 249 council seats, and the numerically largest groups represented on them were Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, and Independents. Parliamentary constituencies Following a review by the Boundary Commission for England taking effect at the 2010 general election, Cornwall is divided into six county constituencies to elect MPs to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. Before the 2010 boundary changes there were five constituencies in Cornwall, all of which were won by Liberal Democrats in the 2005 general election. However, at the 2010 general election Liberal Democrat candidates won three constituencies and Conservative candidates won three constituencies (see also 2010 United Kingdom general election result in Cornwall). Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs-–more than any other county-–reflecting the importance of tin to the Crown.60 Most of the increase came between 1529 and 1584 after which there was no change until 1832.61 The chief registered parties contesting elections in Cornwall are Conservatives, Greens, Labour, Liberal Democrats, Mebyon Kernow, Liberal Party and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). In July 2007, Conservative leader David Cameron appointed Mark Prisk to the newly-created post of Shadow Minister for Cornwall.62 Self-rule movement There is a growing call within Cornwall for greater self-rule. Cornwall Council's Feb 2003 MORI poll showed 55% in favour of an elected, fully-devolved regional assembly for Cornwall and 13% against. (Previous result: 46% in favour in 2002). The Cornish Constitutional Convention8 advocates the creation of a Cornish Assembly, along the lines of those for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and in 2001 presented a petition to the then Prime minister, Tony Blair, calling for the change. It is claimed that many of the duchy residents are calling for a high degree of autonomy within England, or a split from England, creating (or perhaps recreating63) a fifth home nation of the United Kingdom.64 and/or a separate Cornish Development Agency, a result of discontent with the South West Regional Development Agency. Cornish political parties Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties: Mebyon Kernow, formed in 1951, and the Cornish Nationalist Party. In addition to the political parties, there are various interest groups such as the Cornish Stannary Parliament and the Celtic League. In November 2000, the Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed to campaign for a Cornish Assembly. It is a cross-party organisation including representatives from the private, public, and voluntary sectors, of all political parties and none. Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001, the campaign collected the signatures of 41,650 Cornish residents endorsing the declaration for a devolved regional Cornish Assembly, along with 8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall.8 In 2003 a MORI poll showed 55 per cent of respondents favoured establishing a regional assembly for Cornwall.65 The campaign also has the support of all five Cornish Lib Dem MPs and Mebyon Kernow.66 See also: Cornish self-government movement The question of Cornwall's constitutional status Main article: Constitutional status of Cornwall The question of Cornwall's constitutional status as a de facto county of England, as established by the Local Government Act 1888, a Duchy, i.e. the Duchy of Cornwall established in 1337 by Edward III of England for his son, Edward, Prince of Wales, or another constitutional entity of the United Kingdom is a complex one. In recent years there has been cross-party recognition of the issue at least as far as the calls for a Cornish Assembly are concerned. In addition there are also groups and individuals, including the Revived Cornish Stannary Parliament, the Cornish Constitutional Convention,64 and John Angarrack,67 who reject the present constitutional status of Cornwall, denying the legality of Cornwall's current administration as a county of England, and Cornwall's relationship to the Duchy of Cornwall. Contemporary political parties In 2007 David Cameron, leader of the Conservative Party, in a departure from the Conservative Party's traditionally unionist stance, appointed Cornishman Mark Prisk as "Shadow Minister for Cornwall". The Liberal Democrats recognise Cornwall's claims for greater autonomy, as do the Liberal Party. "The new single council is also the opportunity to gain more control over local issues from regional and national Government bureaucrats – the first step on our way to a Cornish Assembly." - The Liberal Democrat Manifesto for 2009 68 The Cornish civic nationalist party Mebyon Kernow also bases much of its policy on greater civic autonomy for Cornwall. An additional political issue is the rights of the Cornish people as a minority.69 Settlements and communication See also: Transport in Cornwall and Media in Cornwall Truro, Cornwall's administrative centre Cornwall's only city, and the home of the council headquarters, is Truro. Nearby Falmouth is notable as a port, while the ports at Penzance, the most westerly town in England, St Ives and Padstow have declined. Newquay on the north coast is famous for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is Bude further north. St Austell is Cornwall's largest town and is larger than the capital Truro, and a centre of the china clay industry. Redruth and Camborne together form the largest urban area in Cornwall, and both towns were significant as centres of the global tin mining industry. Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar. Major road links between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the A38 which crosses the Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and the town of Saltash, the A39 road (Atlantic Highway) from Barnstaple, passing through North Cornwall to end eventually in Falmouth, and the A30 which crosses the border south of Launceston. A car ferry also links Plymouth with the town of Torpoint on the opposite side of the Hamoaze. A rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859) provides the only other major transport link. The major city of Plymouth being the nearest large urban centre to east Cornwall makes it an important location for such services as hospitals, department stores, road and rail transport, and cultural venues. Newquay Airport provides an airlink to the rest of the UK, Ireland and Europe. Cardiff and Swansea, across the Bristol Channel, are connected to Cornwall by ferry, usually to Padstow. Swansea in particular has several boat companies who can arrange boat trips to north Cornwall, which allow the traveller to pass by the north Cornish coastline, including Tintagel Castle and Padstow harbour. Very occasionally, the Waverley and Balmoral paddle steamers cruise from Swansea or Bristol to Padstow. The Isles of Scilly are served by ferry (from Penzance), helicopter (Penzance Heliport) and fixed wing aeroplane (Land's End Airport, near St Just) and from Newquay Airport. Further flights to St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, are available from Exeter International Airport in Devon. Flag Main article: Saint Piran's Flag Souvenir flags outside a Cornish café Saint Piran's Flag is regarded by many as the national flag of Cornwall,7071 and an emblem of the Cornish people; and by others as the county flag. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background. Saint Piran is supposed to have adopted these two colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his supposed discovery of tin. Davies Gilbert in 1826 described it as anciently the flag of St Piran and the banner of Cornwall,72 and another history of 1880 said that: "The white cross of St. Piran was the ancient banner of the Cornish people." The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton national flag (black cross) and is known by the same name "Kroaz Du". There are also claims that the patron saint of Cornwall is Saint Michael or Saint Petroc, but Saint Piran is by far the most popular of the three and his emblem is internationally7374 recognised as the flag of Cornwall. St Piran's Day (5 March) is celebrated by the Cornish diaspora around the world. Economy Main article: Economy of Cornwall Falmouth Docks is the major port of Cornwall, and one of the largest natural harbours in the world The Eden Project, Cornwall's largest tourist attraction in terms of visitor numbers Cornwall is one of the poorest areas in the United Kingdom. The GVA per head was 65% of the UK average for 2004.75 The GDP per head for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly was 79.2% of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was 123.0%.76 Historically mining of tin (and later also of copper) was important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: see above. Julius Caesar was the last classical writer to mention the tin trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation.77 The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages, and the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 is attributed to tin miners.78 In the mid-nineteenth century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline.

Cornwall is one of four UK areas that qualify for poverty-related grants from the EU: it was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission, followed by a further round of funding known as 'Convergence Funding'. Tourism Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its tourist industry, which makes up around a quarter of the economy. The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others are among the top half in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation ranges from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30,899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where the lower number represents the greater deprivation.79 Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom's main centres of population. Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has many miles of beaches and cliffs. Other tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens, historic and prehistoric sites and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly drawn from within the UK.80 Visitors to Cornwall are served by airports at Newquay and Plymouth, whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also served by Perranporth airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK. Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers. In recent years, the Eden Project near St Austell has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall's visitors.81 Other industries Redruth Mine in 1890 Other industries are fishing, although this has been significantly re-structured by EU fishing policies, (the Southwest Handline Fishermen's Association has started to revive the fishing industry),82 and agriculture, which has also declined significantly. Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a World Heritage Site83 However, the Camborne School of Mines, which was relocated to Penryn in 2004, is still a world centre of excellence in the field of mining and applied geology84 and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism.85 China clay extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector. In recent years Cornwall's creative industries have undergone significant growth, thanks in part to Objective One fundingcitation needed, as it is the only British county poor enough to receive such money. There is now a significant creative industry in Cornwall, encompassing areas like graphic design, product design, web design, packaging design, environmental design, architecture, photography, art and crafts.citation needed Demographics Graph showing Cornwall's population from 1800 to 2000 Cornwall's population was 513,527 at the last count, and population density 144 people per square kilometre, ranking it 40th and 41st respectively compared with the other 47 counties of England. Cornwall is 99.0% White British and has a relatively high level of population growth. At 11.2% in the 1980s and 5.3% in the 1990s, it has the fifth highest population growth of the English counties.86 The natural change has been a small population decline, and the population increase is due to inward migration into Cornwall.87 According to the 1991 census, the population was 469,800. Cornwall has a relatively high retired population, with 22.9% of pensionable age, compared with 20.3% for the United Kingdom.88 This may be due to a combination of Cornwall's rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity as a retirement location, and outward migration of younger residents to more economically diverse areas. Inward migration of pensioners from southern England to Cornwall, and outward migration of young Cornish people, are persistent concerns. Question of Cornish national identity Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and diaspora, and is recognised by many people, organisations and media (including politicians, Mebyon Kernow, the Celtic League, the International Celtic Congress, The Guardian, The Independent, and Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ)) alongside Brittany, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales as one of the six Celtic nations.89909192939495 Alongside Asturias and Galicia, Cornwall is also recognised as one of the eight Celtic nations by the Isle of Man and the Welsh Assembly governments.9697 Cornwall is represented, as one of the Celtic nations, at the Festival Interceltique de Lorient, an annual celebration of Celtic culture held in Brittany.98 Cornwall Council consider Cornwall's unique cultural heritage and distinctiveness to be one of the area's major assets. They see Cornwall's language; landscape; Celtic identity; political history; patterns of settlement; maritime tradition; industrial heritage; and non-conformist tradition, to be among the features comprising its "distinctive" culture.99 However, it is uncertain how many of the people living in Cornwall consider themselves to be Cornish; results from different surveys (including the national census) have varied. In the 2001 census, 7 percent of people in Cornwall identified themselves as Cornish, rather than British or English. However, activists have argued that this underestimated the true number as there was no explicit "Cornish" option included in the official census form.100 Subsequent surveys have suggested that as many as 44 percent identify as Cornish.101 Many people in Cornwall say that this issue would be resolved if a Cornish option became available on the census.102 The question and content recommendations for the 2011 Census provide an explanation of the process of selecting an ethnic identity which is relevant to the understanding of the often quoted figure of 37,000 who claim Cornish identity.103 On 12 July 2005 Andrew George MP put forward proposals in the House of Commons for a version of devolution for Cornwall which he debated with the minister Jim Fitzpatrick, speaking on behalf of the Government.104 Education system Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 state and 8 independent secondary schools. There are three FE colleges--Penwith College (a former sixth form college), Cornwall College (occupying the former home of the Camborne School of Mines) and Truro College. The Isles of Scilly only has one school while the former Restormel district has the highest school population, and school year sizes are around 200, with none above 270. Higher education is provided by University College Falmouth, the University of Exeter (including Camborne School of Mines), the Combined Universities in Cornwall, and by Truro College, Penwith College and Cornwall College. Languages and dialects English is the main language used in Cornwall, although the revived Cornish language may be seen on road signs and is spoken fluently by a small minority of people. Cornish language "Welcome to Cornwall" sign in English and Cornish at Saltash A welcome sign to Penzance, in the English and Cornish languages Main article: Cornish language The Cornish language is closely related to Welsh and Breton, and less so to Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx. The language continued to function as a community language in parts of Cornwall until the late 18th century, and there has been a revival of the language since Henry Jenner's "Handbook of the Cornish Language" was published in 1904. A study in 2000 suggested that there were around 300 people who spoke Cornish fluently.105 Cornish however had no legal status in the UK until 2002. Nevertheless, the language is taught in about twelve primary schools, and occasionally used in religious and civic ceremonies.106 In 2002 Cornish was officially recognised as a UK minority language107 and in 2005 it received limited Government funding.108 A Standard Written Form was agreed in 2008.109 Several Cornish mining words are still in use in English language mining terminology, such as costean, gunnies, and vug.110 Four of the current Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Andrew George, MP for St Ives, Dan Rogerson, MP for North Cornwall, Stephen Gilbert, MP for St Austell and Newquay, and Sarah Newton, MP for Truro and Falmouth repeated their Parliamentary oaths in Cornish.111 English dialect Main article: West Country dialects Culture Main article: Culture of Cornwall Visual arts The Tate Gallery at St Ives Artwork in the Barbara Hepworth Museum in St Ives Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown. Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of Newlyn, most active at the turn of the 20th century. This Newlyn School is associated with the names: Stanhope Forbes, Elizabeth Forbes,112 Norman Garstin and Lamorna Birch.113 Modernist writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in Cornwall between the wars,114 and Ben Nicholson, the painter, having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor Barbara Hepworth, at the outbreak of the second world war.115 They were later joined by the Russian emigrant Naum Gabo,116 and other artists. These included Peter Lanyon, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter and Roger Hilton. St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery, where Bernard Leach, and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery.117 Much of this modernist work can be seen in Tate St Ives.118 The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal.119 Music and festivals Main article: Music of Cornwall

Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition which has survived into the present and is well-known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays, the Furry Dance in Helston played by the famous Helston Town Band, and Obby Oss in Padstow. As in other former mining districts of Britain, male voice choirs and Brass Bands, e.g. Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at Constantine, are still very popular in Cornwall: Cornwall also has around 40 brass bands, including the six-times National Champions of Great Britain, Camborne Youth Band, and the bands of Lanner and St Dennis. Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several lively inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth's Lowender Peran folk festival.120 On a more modern note, contemporary musician Richard D. James (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did Luke Vibert and Alex Parks winner of Fame Academy 2003. Roger Taylor, the drummer from the band Queen was also raised in the county, and currently lives not far from Falmouth. The American singer/songwriter Tori Amos now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family.121 Literature Fiction Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch author of many novels and works of literary criticism lived in Fowey: his novels are mainly set in Cornwall. Daphne du Maurier lived at Menabilly near Fowey and many of her novels had Cornish settings, including Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's Creek, My Cousin Rachel, and The House on the Strand.122 She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for "The Birds", one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock.123 Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Devil's Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall.124 Remains of Tintagel Castle, legendary birthplace of mythical King Arthur Medieval Cornwall is also the setting of the trilogy by Monica Furlong, Wise Child, Juniper, and Colman, as well as part of Charles Kingsley's Hereward the Wake. Winston Graham's series Poldark, Kate Tremayne's Adam Loveday series, Susan Cooper's novels Over Sea, Under Stone125 and Greenwitch, and Mary Wesley's The Camomile Lawn are all set in Cornwall. Writing under the pseudonym of Alexander Kent, Douglas Reeman sets parts of his Richard Bolitho and Adam Bolitho series in the Cornwall of the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, particularly in Falmouth. Hammond Innes' novel, The Killer Mine;126 Charles de Lint's novel The Little Country;127 and Chapters 24 and 25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows take place in Cornwall (the Harry Potter story at Shell Cottage, which is on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth in Cornwall).128 Novelists resident in Cornwall:- Highly respected spy author John le Carré lives and writes in Cornwall. The Nobel-prizewinning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993.129 D. H. Lawrence spent a short time living in Cornwall. Rosamunde Pilcher grew up in Cornwall, and several of her books take place there. Elizabeth George's mystery, Careless in Red, takes place on the Cornish coast. Poetry The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. He is buried in the churchyard at St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick.130 Charles Causley, the poet, was born in Launceston and is perhaps the best known of Cornish poets. Jack Clemo and the scholar A. L. Rowse were also notable Cornishmen known for their poetry; The Rev. R. S. Hawker of Morwenstow wrote some poetry which was very popular in the Victorian period. The Scottish poet W. S. Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986.131 The poet Laurence Binyon wrote "For the Fallen" (first published in 1914) while sitting on the cliffs between Pentire Point and The Rumps and a stone plaque was erected in 2001 to commemorate the fact. The plaque bears the inscription "FOR THE FALLEN / Composed on these cliffs, 1914". The plaque also bears below this the fourth stanza (sometimes referred to as "The Ode") of the poem: They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn At the going down of the sun and in the morning We will remember them Other literary works Cornwall produced a substantial number of passion plays such as the Ordinalia during the Middle Ages. Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. See also Cornish literature Prolific writer Colin Wilson, best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind Parasites (1967), lives in Gorran Haven, a little village on the southern Cornish coast, not far from Mevagissey and St Austell. A. L. Rowse, the historian and poet, was born near St Austell. Thomas Hardy's drama The Queen of Cornwall (1923) is a version of the Tristan story; the second act of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde takes place in Cornwall, as do Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore. A level of Tomb Raider: Legend, a game dealing with Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at a tacky museum above King Arthur's tomb. The fairy tale Jack the Giant Killer takes place in Cornwall. Sports and games Main article: Sport in Cornwall Cornish wrestling With its comparatively small, and largely rural population, major contribution by the Cornish to national sport in the United Kingdom has been limited.132 There are no teams affiliated to the Cornwall County Football Association that play in the Football League of England and Wales, and the Cornwall County Cricket Club plays as one of the minor counties of English cricket.132 Viewed as an "important identifier of ethnic affiliation", rugby union has become a sport strongly tied to notions of Cornishness,133 and since the 20th century, rugby union in Cornwall has emerged as one of,the most popular spectator and team sports in Cornwall (perhaps the most popular), with professional Cornish rugby footballers being described as a "formidable force",132 "naturally independent, both in thought and deed, yet paradoxically staunch English patriots whose top players have represented England with pride and passion".134 In 1985, sports journalist Alan Gibson made a direct connection between love of rugby in Cornwall and the ancient parish games of hurling and wrestling that existed for centuries before rugby officially began.134 Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to Breton wrestling, and Cornish hurling, a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball (distinct from Irish Hurling). Cornish Wrestling is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has travelled the world to places like Victoria, Australia and Grass Valley, California following the miners and gold rushes. Cornish hurling now takes place at St. Columb Major, St Ives, and less frequently at Bodmin.135 Surfing and other water sports The world pilot gig rowing championships take place annually in the Isles of Scilly. Cornwall's north coast is known as a centre for surfing Due to its long coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and surfing. International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations such as Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surf in the UK. Pilot gig rowing has been popular for many years and the World championships takes place annually on the Isles of Scilly. On September 2, 2007, 300 surfers arrived at Polzeath beach, Cornwall to set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave (as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global warming).136 Indoor games Euchre (also known as Five hundred) is a popular card game in Cornwall, it is normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Its origins are unclear but some claim it is a Cornish game. There are several leagues in Cornwall at present. Whist and pub quizzes are also popular. Cuisine Main article: Cornish cuisine A Cornish Pasty Cornwall has a strong culinary heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed.137 Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver recently chose to open his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Watergate Bay near Newquay. MasterChef host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, John Torode, in 2007 purchased Seiners in Perranporth. One famous local fish dish is Stargazy pie, a fish-based pie in which the heads of the fish stick through the piecrust, as though "star-gazing". The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock's Eve, but is not generally eaten at any other time.

Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its pasties, a savoury dish made with pastry. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. "Turmut, 'tates and mate" (i.e. Turnip, potatoes and meat) describes a filling once very common. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots.138 Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies. Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries.139 The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However, it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall's other famous export, clotted cream. This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law140 and cannot be made anywhere else. Its principal manufacturer is Rodda's, based at Scorrier. Local cakes and desserts include Saffron cake, Cornish heavy (hevva) cake, Cornish fairings biscuits, figgy 'obbin, scones (often served with jam and clotted cream) and whortleberry pie.141142143 There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall – those produced by Sharp's Brewery, Skinner's Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the best-known – including stouts, ales and other beer types. There is some small scale production of wine, mead and cider. References ^ a b "Population estimates for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, Mid-2008" (ZIP). National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. 27 August 2009. http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2008_UK_England_&_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland_27_08_09.zip. Retrieved 26 September 2009.  ^ Roach & Hartman, eds (1997). English Pronouncing Dictionary, 15th Edition. Cambridge University Press. p. 113.  ^ Upton, C., Kretzschmar, W. & Konopka, R., eds (2001). Oxford Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English. Oxford University Press. p. 217. ISBN 0198631561.  ^ Wells, J C (1990). Longman Pronounciation Dictionary. Longman. p. 166.  ^ Munro, David (1995). Oxford Dictionary of the World. Oxford University Press. p. 160.  ^ "UK Standard Area Measurements (SAM)" (ZIP). National Statistics Online. Office for National Statistics. July 2007. http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-other/sam/index.html. Retrieved 1 April 2009.  ^ Stenton, F. M. (1947) Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: Clarendon Press; p. 337 ^ a b c "Blair gets Cornish assembly call". BBC. 2001-12-11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/1704112.stm. Retrieved 2008-05-22.  ^ "Britain's Heritage and History - Cornwall". Camelot International. 13 August 1997. http://www.camelotintl.com/heritage/counties/england/cornwall.html. Retrieved 2007-12-01.  ^ "Celtic Museum". Michael Newton/Saorsa Media. 1991. http://whitefiles.org/b2_h/1_celtic_museum/zcm/cm4/4_lngg.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-02.  ^ a b c Payton, Philip (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. ISBN 1-8995-2660-9.  Revised edition Cornwall: a history, Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd, 2004 ISBN 1-904880-00-2 (Available online on Google Books) ^ N.B. another Durocornovium existed at Wanborough in Wiltshire ^ "Kingdoms of British Celts - Cornubia". The History Files. http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsBritain/BritainCornubia.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-01.  ^ Koch, John (2009). Tartessian: Celtic from the Southwest at the Dawn of History in Acta Palaeohispanica X Palaeohispanica 9 (2009). Palaeohispanica. pp. 339–351. http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/29/54/26koch.pdf. Retrieved 2010-05-17.  ^ Cunliffe, Karl, Guerra, McEvoy, Bradley; Oppenheimer, Rrvik, Isaac, Parsons, Koch, Freeman and Wodtko (2010). Celtic from the West: Alternative Perspectives from Archaeology, Genetics, Language and Literature. Oxbow Books and Celtic Studies Publications. p. 384. ISBN 978-1-84217-410-4. http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/88298//Location/DBBC.  ^ Cunliffe, Barry (2008). A Race Apart: Insularity and Connectivity in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 75, 2009, pp. 55–64. The Prehistoric Society. pp. 61. http://www.bethnesaf.net/Cunliffe.pdf.  ^ Halliday, F. E. (1959) A History of Cornwall, London: Duckworth, ISBN 1-84232-123-4, p. 51. ^ Halliday, p. 52. ^ Tylecote, R. F. (1962) Metallurgy in Archaeology ^ "Pre Norman Conquest Cornwall". Duchyofcornwall.eu. http://duchyofcornwall.eu/duchy01.php. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Michael Swanton, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, 2nd ed. London, Phoenix Press, 2000, p. 177 ^ Todd, Michael (1987) The South West to AD 1000. London : Longman ISBN 0-582-49273-4 ^ "The Foundation Of The Kingdom Of England". Third-millennium-library.com. http://www.third-millennium-library.com/MedievalHistory/Book/CHAPTERS/XIV.html. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Keynes, Simon; Lapidge, Michael (tr.) (1983), Alfred the Great: Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources, London, Penguin Books, p. 175; cf. ibid, p. 89 ^ Williams, Ann & Martin, G. H. (2002) (tr.) Domesday Book: a complete translation, London: Penguin, pp. 341-357 ^ Payton (1998) Cornwall, pp. 100-108 ^ Orme, Nicholas (2000) The Saints of Cornwall, see also Article on "Saint Uny" at http://www.lelant.info/uny.htm. The patron saint of Wendron Parish Church, "Saint Wendrona" is another example. ^ Doble, G. H. (1960) The Saints of Cornwall. 5 vols. Truro: Dean and Chapter, 1960-70 ^ See for example absences from Olsen and Padel's "A tenth century list of Cornish parochial saints" in Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies; 12 (1986); and from Nova Legenda Angliae by John Capgrave (mid-15th cent.) ^ "St. Piran - Sen piran". St-Piran.com. http://www.st-piran.com/st-piran.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ Henderson, Charles (1935) "Cornwall and her patron saint", In: his Essays in Cornish History. Oxford: Clarendon Press; pp. 197-201 ^ Charles-Edwards, T. (1970) "The Seven Bishop Houses of Dyfed," In: Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies, vol. 24, (1970-1972), pp. 247-252. ^ Cornish Church Guide (1925) Truro: Blackford ^ Jenner, Henry (1925) "The Holy Wells of Cornwall". In: Cornish Church Guide. Truro: Blackford; pp. 249-257 ^ Quiller-Couch, M. & L. (1894) Ancient and Holy Wells of Cornwall. London: Chas. J. Clark ^ Oliver, George (1846) Monasticon Dioecesis Exoniensis: being a collection of records and instruments illustrating the ancient conventual, collegiate, and eleemosynary foundations, in the Counties of Cornwall and Devon, with historical notices, and a supplement, comprising a list of the dedications of churches in the Diocese, an amended edition of the taxation of Pope Nicholas, and an abstract of the Chantry Rolls [with supplement and index]. Exeter: P. A. Hannaford, 1846, 1854, 1889 ^ "The Prayer Book Rebellion 1549". TudorPlace.com.ar. http://www.tudorplace.com.ar/Documents/prayer_book_rebellion.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Methodism". Cornish-Mining.org.uk. http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/story/religion.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ Shaw, Thomas (1967) A History of Cornish Methodism. Truro: Bradford Barton ^ "Truro Cathedral website - History page". TruroCathedral.org.uk. http://www.trurocathedral.org.uk/cathedral-story/story1.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ Brown, H. Miles (1976) A Century for Cornwall. Truro: Blackford ^ "Diocese of Plymouth". http://www.plymouth-diocese.org.uk/. Retrieved 2009-04-13.  ^ "The Official Guide to the South West Coast Path". Southwestcoastpath.com. http://www.southwestcoastpath.com/main/sections/index.cfm?fsa=dspSectionDetail&w_id=147. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Britain's only other example on an ophiolite, the Shetland ophiolite, is older, and linked to the Grampian Orogeny ^ Cornwall County Council, "The County Flower." ^ Price, J. H., Hepton, C. E. L. and Honey, S. I. (1979). The Inshore Benthic Biota of the Lizard Peninsula, south west Cornwall: the marine algae -- History; Chlorophyta; Phaeophyta. Cornish Studies; no. 7: pp. 7-37 ^ Bere, Rennie (1982) The Nature of Cornwall. Buckingham: Barracuda Books ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average temperature for the United Kingdom. ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average sunshine for the United Kingdom. ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average rainfall for the United Kingdom. ^ "Average Weather for Isles of Scilly, ENG — Temperature and Precipitation". http://www.climatetemp.info/united-kingdom/isles-of-scilly.html.  ^ "Weather Averages - Truro, England". Foreca. http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:34002. Retrieved 2008-05-20.  ^ "Isles of Scilly Cornwall through time". visionofbritain.org.uk. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp?u_id=10076742&c_id=10171878. Retrieved January 19, 2007.  ^ "Isles of Scilly RD Cornwall through time". visionofbritain.org.uk. http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10026210&c_id=10001043. Retrieved January 19, 2007.  ^ "About your local police". Devon and Cornwall Police. http://www.devon-cornwall.police.uk/AboutUs/Pages/Aboutyourlocalpolice.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-23. dead link ^ "One Cornwall - A unified council for Cornwall". Cornwall County Council. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/index.cfm?articleid=37570. Retrieved 2008-05-22.  ^ [1]dead link ^ "Cornwall super-council go-ahead". BBC. 2007-07-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6914947.stm. Retrieved 2007-07-25.  ^ "Cornwall Council elections - Thursday, 4th June, 2009". Cornwall Council. http://democracy.cornwall.gov.uk/mgElectionResults.aspx?ID=1&V=0&RPID=112166. Retrieved 2009-09-23.  ^ "British Archaeology, no 30, December 1997: Letters". Britarch.ac.uk. http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba31/ba31regs.html. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Rowse, A. L. (1941) Tudor Cornwall. London: Cape; pp. 91-94 ^ "Mark Prisk appointed Shadow Minister for Cornwall" (flash video). Cameron, David. 2007-07-24. http://uk.youtube.com/watch?v=nIAarTqZsaU. Retrieved 2008-05-23.  ^ The Battle of Deorham in 577 AD separated modern Wales from the Brythonic (Celtic) kingdom of Dumnonia. Over time, it shrank gradually under pressure from the English kingdom of Wessex until in 936 AD King Athelstan set the boundary between the English and Cornish people at the river Tamar. ^ a b Cornish Constitutional Convention (2005-04-03). "Campaign for a Cornish Assembly - Senedh Kernow". Cornishassembly.org. http://www.cornishassembly.org/about.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "This is The West Country - Give Cornwall what it wants". This is The West Country website. Newsquest Media Group. 2004-01-22. http://archive.thisisthewestcountry.co.uk/2004/1/22/21396.html. Retrieved 2009-05-09.  ^ "Cornish MPs determined to win more power for Cornwall - Dan Rogerson MP". Dan Rogerson MP for North Cornwall website. Dan Rogerson MP. 2007-06-11. http://www.danrogerson.org/2007/06/11/cornish-mps-determined-to-win-more-power-for-cornwall/. Retrieved 2009-05-09.  ^ "The Duchy of Cornwall Human Rights Association". Duchyofcornwall.eu. http://www.duchyofcornwall.eu/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ http://devon-cornwall-libdems.org.uk/resources/sites/84.234.17.197-44731d1eeb1e05.55457880/Cornwall+Lib+Dems+2009+Manifesto.pdf ^ "Minutes for the Census Sub-Group Meeting held on 23 November 2006". Central & Local Information Partnership. 2007-02-09. http://www.clip.local.gov.uk/lgv/core/page.do?pageId=40416. Retrieved 2008-05-23.  ^ Rendle, Phil. "Cornwall - The Mysteries of St Piran" (PDF). Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Vexxilology. The Flag Institute. http://www.flaginstitute.org/pdfs/Phil%20Rendle.pdf. Retrieved 17 January 2010.  ^ "Cross of Saint Piran". Flags of the World (FOTW). http://www.fotw.net/flags/gb-corn.html. Retrieved 17 January 2010.  ^ Payton, Philip (2004). "Re-inventing Kernow". Cornwall: A History (2nd revised ed.). Fowey: Cornwall Editions Limited. p. 262. ISBN 1904880053.  ^ "Cornwall (United Kingdom)". Crwflags.com. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/gb-corn.html. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "British Flags (United Kingdom) from The World Flag Database". Flags.net. http://www.flags.net/UNKG12.htm#UNKG7400. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ ONS December 2006 ^ Eurostat ^ Halliday, p. 69. ^ Halliday, p. 182 ^ Poverty and deprivation in Cornwall (June 2006) and Poverty and neighbourhood renewal in west Cornwall (January 2002)PDF (756 KB) ^ Visit Cornwall, 2007. The total number of visitors to the county includes those on business and visiting relatives. Tourism in CornwallPDF (216 KB) ^ Scottish Executive, 2004. A literature review of the evidence base for culture, the arts and sport policy. ^ "Line-caught wild bass from Cornwall - South West Handline Fishermen's Association". Linecaught.org.uk. http://www.linecaught.org.uk/links.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ . UNESCO Page on the Cornwall & West Devon application ^ "The University of Exeter - Cornwall Campus - Camborne School of Mines". Uec.ac.uk. http://www.uec.ac.uk/csm/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "Home". Cornish-mining.org.uk. 2010-09-14. http://www.cornish-mining.org.uk/. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Population Change in England by County 1981-2000. ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Births, Deaths and Natural Change in Cornwall 1974 – 2001. ^ Office for National Statistics, 1996. % of Population of Pension Age (1996). ^ "Lords Hansard Text for 25 Jan 2011 (pt002)". Hansard. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 25 January 2011. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201011/ldhansrd/text/110125-0002.htm#11012574000133. Retrieved 8 February 2011. "Cornwall sees itself as the fourth Celtic nation of the United Kingdom; Lord Teverson"  ^ "Mebyon Kernow - The Party for Cornwall - BETA". Mebyon Kernow website. Mebyon Kernow. 2007. http://www.mebyonkernow.org/?q=policies_historic_celtic_nation. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "The Celtic League". Celtic League website. Celtic League. 2011. http://www.celticleague.net/. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "The International Celtic Congress". International Celtic Congress. 2009. http://www.celtic-congress.org/cc-home-en.html. Retrieved 16 February 2010.  ^ Kelbie, Paul (6 January 2008). "Salmond gambit for return of chessmen". The Observer (London: The Guardian). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/jan/06/uk.scotland?INTCMP=SRCH. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ O'Brien, Murrough (19 December 2004). "The Last of the Celts by Marcus Tanner". The Independent (London: The Independent). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/the-last-of-the-celts-by-marcus-tanner-754476.html. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "About RTÉ- RTÉ Awards". Raidió Teilifís Éireann (RTÉ) website. Raidió Teilifís Éireann. 13 January 2009. http://www.rte.ie/about/awards/celtic09%20nominees.html. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "Welsh Assembly Government: Minister in Paris for launch of Celtic festival". Welsh Assembly Government website. Welsh Assembly Government. 14 March 2002. http://wales.gov.uk/newsroom/localgovernment/2002/4038001/?lang=en. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "Isle of Man Post Office Website". Isle of Man Post Office website. Isle of Man Government. 2009. http://www.gov.im/post/stamps/FutureIssue.aspx?categoryid=164. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "Site Officiel du Festival Interceltique de Lorient". Festival Interceltique de Lorient website. Festival Interceltique de Lorient. 4 February 2011. http://www.festival-interceltique.com/le-monde-des-celtes-et-de-la-celtie.php. Retrieved 8 February 2011.  ^ "Cornwall Council – part three". Cornwall Council website. Cornwall Council. 18 March 2010. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=14923. Retrieved 10 February 2011.  ^ Dugan, Emily (2009-09-06). "The Cornish: they revolted in 1497, now they're at it again". London: Independent (The). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/the-cornish-they-revolted-in-1497-now-theyre-at-it-again-1782535.html. Retrieved 14 July 2010.  ^ "Welsh are more patriotic". BBC. 2004-03-03. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/3527673.stm. Retrieved 14 July 2010.  ^ "Information paper: Recommended questions for the 2009 Census Rehearsal and 2011 Census: National Identity" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. December 2008. p. 32. http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/recommended-questions---national-identity.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-13.  ^ "2011 Census; 2011 census questionnaire content; question and content recommendations for 2011; ethnic group prioritisation tool". Office for National Statistics. pp. 20–22. http://www.ons.gov.uk/census/2011-census/2011-census-questionnaire-content/question-and-content-recommendations-for-2011/ethnic-group-prioritisation-tool.pdf. Retrieved 15 July 2010.  ^ "Regional Government: speeches by Andrew George and Jim Fitzpatrick". House of Commons Hansard Debates 12 July 2005. pp. columns 231WH–236WH. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/vo050712/halltext/50712h03.htm. Retrieved 22 July 2010.  ^ http://www.gosw.gov.uk/gosw/docs/254795/mode_of_use.doc ^ "Cornish in United Kingdom". European Commission. http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/lang/languages/langmin/euromosaic/uk1_en.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "November 2002 - Cornish gains official recognition". BBC News. 2002-11-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2410383.stm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "June 2005 - Cash boost for Cornish language". BBC News. 2005-06-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/4092664.stm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "An Outline of the Standard Written Form of Cornish" (PDF). http://kernowek.net/Specification_Final_Version.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms by American Geological Institute and U S Bureau of Mines (pages 128, 249, and 613) ^ "MPs swear Oath of Allegiance in Cornish". Maga Kernow. 2010-05-24. http://www.magakernow.org.uk/index.aspx?articleid=48210. Retrieved 2010-06-26.  ^ "Elizabeth Adela Forbes". PenleeHouse.org.uk. http://www.penleehouse.org.uk/artists/elizabeth-forbes.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Samuel John Lamorna Birch". HayleGallery.co.uk. http://www.haylegallery.co.uk/shopdisplayproducts.asp?id=59. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Virginia Woolf". NYTimes.com. http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/n/nicolson-woolf.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Ben Nicholson". StormFineArts.com. Archived from the original on 2006-12-30. http://web.archive.org/web/20061230035209/http://www.stormfinearts.com/images/gallery_b/b-nicholson/b-nicholson.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Naum Gabo". Artnet.com. http://www.artnet.com/artist/660735/naum-gabo.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Bernard Leach and the Leach Pottery". Studio-Pots.com. Archived from the original on 2007-04-03. http://web.archive.org/web/20070403031403/http://www.studio-pots.com/leach.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Tate St Ives". Tate.org.uk. http://www.tate.org.uk/stives/. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "art and artists in Cornwall including Cornish galleries". art cornwall .org. http://www.artcornwall.org. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "An-Daras.com". http://www.an-daras.com.  ^ Blackman, Guy (2005-05-08). "The whole Tori - Music - Entertainment". Melbourne: theage.com.au. http://www.theage.com.au/news/Music/The-whole-Tori/2005/05/05/1115092621001.html. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "Daphne du Maurier". DuMaurier.org. http://www.DuMaurier.org/. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "The Birds". MovieDiva.com. http://www.moviediva.com/MD_root/reviewpages/MDBirds.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "The Adventure of the Devil's Foot". WorldwideSchool.org. http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/lit/detective/TheAdventureoftheDevilsFoot/Chap1.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Over Sea, Under Stone". Powell's Books. http://www.powells.com/biblio?isbn=9780689840357. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "The Killer Mine". BoekBesprekingen.nl. http://www.boekbesprekingen.nl/cgi-bin/boek.cgi?boek=588391. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "The Little Country". Amazon.com. http://www.amazon.com/Little-Country-Charles-Lint/dp/0312876491. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "Shell Cottage". hp-lexicon.org. http://www.hp-lexicon.org/atlas/gazetteer/gazetteer-s.html. Retrieved 2008-01-11.  ^ "Biography of William Golding". William-Golding.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-03-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20070317193534/http://www.william-golding.co.uk/p_biography.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "St Enodoc Church". RockInfo.co.uk. http://www.rockinfo.co.uk/daymer/stenochc.html. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ "William Sydney Graham". CPRW.com. http://www.cprw.com/Drexel/graham.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-11.  ^ a b c Clegg 2005, p. 10. ^ Harvey 2002, p. 221. ^ a b Gallagher, Brendan (23 October 2008). "Cornish rugby union celebrate 125 years of pride and passion--but are they the lost tribe?". The Daily Telegraph (London: telegraph.co.uk). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/3247717/Cornish-rugby-union-celebrate-125-years-of-pride-and-passion---but-are-they-the-lost-tribe-Rugby.html. Retrieved 2009-09-07  ^ The Bodmin hurl is held whenever the ceremony of beating the bounds takes place: each occasion must be five years or more after the last one. ^ "BBC NEWS, Surfers aim to break world record". BBC News. 2007-09-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cornwall/6974667.stm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "Objective One media release". Objectiveone.com. http://www.objectiveone.com/client/media/media-611.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ "Cornish recipe site". Alanrichards.org. 2008-02-25. http://www.alanrichards.org/cornish3.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Martin, Edith (1929). Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern. 22nd edition, 1965.  ^ "Official list of British protected foods". Europa.eu.int. 2009-02-23. http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/qual/en/uk_en.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-25.  ^ Mason, Laura; Brown, Catherine (1999) From Bath Chaps to Bara Brith. Totnes: Prospect Books ^ Pettigrew, Jane (2004) Afternoon Tea. Andover: Jarrold ^ Fitzgibbon, Theodora (1972) A Taste of England: the West Country. London: J. M. Dent Further reading Balchin, W. G. V. (1954) Cornwall: an illustrated essay on the history of the landscape. (The Making of the English Landscape). London: Hodder and Stoughton Boase, George Clement; Courtney, W. P. (1874–1882) Bibliotheca Cornubiensis: a catalogue of the writings, both manuscript and printed, of Cornishmen, and of works relating to the county of Cornwall, with biographical memoranda and copious literary references. 3 vols. London: Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer du Maurier, Daphne (1967). Vanishing Cornwall. London: Doubleday.  (illustrated edition Published by Victor Gollancz, London, 1981, ISBN 0-575-02844-0, photographs by Christian Browning) Ellis, Peter Berresford (1974). The Cornish Language and its Literature. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books. ISBN 0-7100-7928-1.  (Available online on Google Books). Graves, Alfred Perceval (1928). The Celtic Song Book: Being Representative Folk Songs of the Six Celtic Nations. London: Ernest Benn.  (Available online on Digital Book Index) Halliday, Frank Ernest (1959). A History of Cornwall. London: Gerald Duckworth. ISBN 0-7551-0817-5.  A 2nd edition was published in 2001 by the House of Stratus, Thirsk: the original text new illustrations and an afterword by Halliday's son Koch, John T. (2006). Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia. London: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-8510-9440-7.  (Available online on Google Books). Payton, Philip (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates. ISBN 1-8995-2660-9.  Revised edition Cornwall: a history, Fowey: Cornwall Editions Ltd, 2004 ISBN 1-904880-00-2 (Available online on Google Books). Stoyle, Mark (2001). "BBC - History - The Cornish: A Neglected Nation?". BBC History website. BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/cornish_nation_01.shtml. Retrieved 2009-05-25.  Stoyle, Mark (2002). West Britons: Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State. Exeter: University of Exeter Press. ISBN 0-8598-9688-9.  Williams, Michael (ed.) (1973) My Cornwall. St Teath: Bossiney Books (eleven chapters by various hands, including three previously published essays) External links Find more about Cornwall on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Cornwall (category) Cornwall Council Cornwall at the Open Directory Project Neighbouring counties Celtic Sea Celtic Sea Devon Celtic Sea Devon    Cornwall     Celtic Sea English Channel English Channel v · d · eGeography of Cornwall Cornwall Portal Unitary authorities Isles of Scilly • Cornwall Council Major settlements Bodmin • Bude • Camborne • Falmouth • Hayle • Helston • Launceston • Liskeard • Newquay • Penzance • Redruth • Saltash • St Austell • St Ives • Truro • Wadebridge See also: List of civil parishes in Cornwall Rivers Allen • Camel • Cober • De Lank • Fal • Fowey • Gannel • Gover • Hayle • Helford • Inny • Looe • Lynher • Menalhyl • Ottery • Par • Pont Pill • Port Navas • Red • St Austell • Tamar • Tiddy • Truro • Valency Topics History • Status debate • Flag • Culture • Places • People • The Duchy • Diocese • Politics • Hundreds/shires  • Places of interest  • full list... v · d · eCeltic nations and their cultures Nations Celtic League definition Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales Other claimants Asturias · Galicia Languages Brythonic: Breton · Cornish · Welsh Goidelic: Irish · Manx · Scottish Gaelic Mixed: Shelta · Bungee Culture Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales · Celtic art Music Brittany · Cornwall · Ireland · Isle of Man · Scotland · Wales Sport Cammag · Cornish hurling · Cornish wrestling · Curling · Gaelic football · Gaelic handball · Golf · Gouren · Rounders · Highland games · Hurling · Road bowls · Shinty Peoples Breton · Cornish · Irish · Irish Traveller · Manx · Scottish · Ulster-Scots · Welsh v · d · e1974–1996 ←   Counties of England   → current

Bedfordshire · Berkshire · City of Bristol · Buckinghamshire · Cambridgeshire · Cheshire · Cornwall · Cumbria · Derbyshire · Devon · Dorset · Durham · East Riding of Yorkshire · East Sussex · Essex · Gloucestershire · Greater London · Greater Manchester · Hampshire · Herefordshire · Hertfordshire · Isle of Wight · Kent · Lancashire · Leicestershire · Lincolnshire · City of London · Merseyside · Norfolk · Northamptonshire · Northumberland · North Yorkshire · Nottinghamshire · Oxfordshire · Rutland · Shropshire · Somerset · South Yorkshire · Staffordshire · Suffolk · Surrey · Tyne and Wear · Warwickshire · West Midlands · West Sussex · West Yorkshire · Wiltshire · Worcestershire v · d · e Districts of South West England Devon East Devon · Exeter · Mid Devon · North Devon · South Hams · Teignbridge · Torridge · West Devon Dorset Christchurch · East Dorset · North Dorset · Purbeck · West Dorset · Weymouth and Portland Gloucestershire Cheltenham · Cotswold · Forest of Dean · Gloucester · Stroud · Tewkesbury Somerset Mendip · Sedgemoor · South Somerset · Taunton Deane · West Somerset Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset · Bournemouth · Bristol · Cornwall · Isles of Scilly · North Somerset · Plymouth · Poole · South Gloucestershire · Swindon · Torbay · Wiltshire v · d · eUnitary authorities of England Districts Bath and North East Somerset · Bedford · Blackburn with Darwen · Blackpool · Bournemouth · Bracknell Forest · Brighton and Hove · Bristol · Central Bedfordshire · Cheshire East · Cheshire West and Chester · Cornwall · County Durham · Darlington · Derby · East Riding of Yorkshire · Halton · Hartlepool · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Luton · Medway · Middlesbrough · Milton Keynes · North East Lincolnshire · North Lincolnshire · North Somerset · Northumberland · Nottingham · Peterborough · Plymouth · Poole · Portsmouth · Reading · Redcar and Cleveland · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Southampton · Southend-on-Sea · South Gloucestershire · Stockton-on-Tees · Stoke-on-Trent · Swindon · Telford and Wrekin  · Thurrock · Torbay · Warrington · West Berkshire · Wiltshire · Windsor and Maidenhead · Wokingham · York Councils Bournemouth · Cornwall · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Middlesbrough · Northumberland · Nottingham · Poole · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Thurrock · Wiltshire v · d · eAreas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England Arnside and Silverdale | Blackdown Hills | Cannock Chase | Chichester Harbour | Chilterns | Cornwall | Cotswolds | Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs | Dedham Vale | Dorset | East Devon | East Hampshire | Forest of Bowland | High Weald | Howardian Hills | Isle of Wight | Isles of Scilly | Kent Downs | Lincolnshire Wolds | Malvern Hills | Mendip Hills | Nidderdale | Norfolk Coast | North Devon Coast | North Pennines | Northumberland Coast | North Wessex Downs | Quantock Hills | Shropshire Hills | Solway Coast | South Devon | South Hampshire Coast | Suffolk Coast and Heaths | Surrey Hills | South Downs | Tamar Valley v · d · eKing Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur · Constantine · Sir Ector · Duke of Cornwall · Guinevere · Igraine · Iseult · Lady of the Lake · King Lot · King Mark · Merlin · Mordred · Morgan le Fay · Morgause · Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Agravain · Bagdemagus · Bedivere · Bors · Breunor (La Cote Mal Taillée) · Calogrenant · Caradoc · Dagonet · Dinadan · Gaheris · Galahad · Gareth · Gawain · Geraint · Griflet · Kay · Lamorak · Lancelot · Leodegrance · Lionel · Lucan · Maleagant · Marhaus · Palamedes · Pelleas · Pellinore · Percival · Safir · Sagramore · Segwarides · Tor · Tristan · Uriens · Ywain · Ywain the Bastard · Elyan the White · Sir Ector Objects Excalibur · Holy Grail · Round Table · Siege Perilous Places Avalon · Brocéliande · Caerleon · Camelot · Corbenic · Cornwall · Logres · Lyonesse · Sarras · Tintagel In media Books · Films  · Various media Other Sir Balin · Dolorous Stroke · Elaine of Astolat · Elaine of Corbenic  · Fisher King · Green Knight · King Arthur's messianic return · King Arthur's family · Historical basis for King Arthur · Claudas · Emperor Lucius · Questing Beast Coordinates: 50°18′N 4°54′W / 50.3°N 4.9°W / 50.3; -4.9

Bedfordshire · Berkshire · City of Bristol · Buckinghamshire · Cambridgeshire · Cheshire · Cornwall · Cumbria · Derbyshire · Devon · Dorset · Durham · East Riding of Yorkshire · East Sussex · Essex · Gloucestershire · Greater London · Greater Manchester · Hampshire · Herefordshire · Hertfordshire · Isle of Wight · Kent · Lancashire · Leicestershire · Lincolnshire · City of London · Merseyside · Norfolk · Northamptonshire · Northumberland · North Yorkshire · Nottinghamshire · Oxfordshire · Rutland · Shropshire · Somerset · South Yorkshire · Staffordshire · Suffolk · Surrey · Tyne and Wear · Warwickshire · West Midlands · West Sussex · West Yorkshire · Wiltshire · Worcestershire v · d · e Districts of South West England Devon East Devon · Exeter · Mid Devon · North Devon · South Hams · Teignbridge · Torridge · West Devon Dorset Christchurch · East Dorset · North Dorset · Purbeck · West Dorset · Weymouth and Portland Gloucestershire Cheltenham · Cotswold · Forest of Dean · Gloucester · Stroud · Tewkesbury Somerset Mendip · Sedgemoor · South Somerset · Taunton Deane · West Somerset Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset · Bournemouth · Bristol · Cornwall · Isles of Scilly · North Somerset · Plymouth · Poole · South Gloucestershire · Swindon · Torbay · Wiltshire v · d · eUnitary authorities of England Districts Bath and North East Somerset · Bedford · Blackburn with Darwen · Blackpool · Bournemouth · Bracknell Forest · Brighton and Hove · Bristol · Central Bedfordshire · Cheshire East · Cheshire West and Chester · Cornwall · County Durham · Darlington · Derby · East Riding of Yorkshire · Halton · Hartlepool · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Luton · Medway · Middlesbrough · Milton Keynes · North East Lincolnshire · North Lincolnshire · North Somerset · Northumberland · Nottingham · Peterborough · Plymouth · Poole · Portsmouth · Reading · Redcar and Cleveland · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Southampton · Southend-on-Sea · South Gloucestershire · Stockton-on-Tees · Stoke-on-Trent · Swindon · Telford and Wrekin  · Thurrock · Torbay · Warrington · West Berkshire · Wiltshire · Windsor and Maidenhead · Wokingham · York Councils Bournemouth · Cornwall · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Middlesbrough · Northumberland · Nottingham · Poole · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Thurrock · Wiltshire v · d · eAreas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England Arnside and Silverdale | Blackdown Hills | Cannock Chase | Chichester Harbour | Chilterns | Cornwall | Cotswolds | Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs | Dedham Vale | Dorset | East Devon | East Hampshire | Forest of Bowland | High Weald | Howardian Hills | Isle of Wight | Isles of Scilly | Kent Downs | Lincolnshire Wolds | Malvern Hills | Mendip Hills | Nidderdale | Norfolk Coast | North Devon Coast | North Pennines | Northumberland Coast | North Wessex Downs | Quantock Hills | Shropshire Hills | Solway Coast | South Devon | South Hampshire Coast | Suffolk Coast and Heaths | Surrey Hills | South Downs | Tamar Valley v · d · eKing Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur · Constantine · Sir Ector · Duke of Cornwall · Guinevere · Igraine · Iseult · Lady of the Lake · King Lot · King Mark · Merlin · Mordred · Morgan le Fay · Morgause · Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Agravain · Bagdemagus · Bedivere · Bors · Breunor (La Cote Mal Taillée) · Calogrenant · Caradoc · Dagonet · Dinadan · Gaheris · Galahad · Gareth · Gawain · Geraint · Griflet · Kay · Lamorak · Lancelot · Leodegrance · Lionel · Lucan · Maleagant · Marhaus · Palamedes · Pelleas · Pellinore · Percival · Safir · Sagramore · Segwarides · Tor · Tristan · Uriens · Ywain · Ywain the Bastard · Elyan the White · Sir Ector Objects Excalibur · Holy Grail · Round Table · Siege Perilous Places Avalon · Brocéliande · Caerleon · Camelot · Corbenic · Cornwall · Logres · Lyonesse · Sarras · Tintagel In media Books · Films  · Various media Other Sir Balin · Dolorous Stroke · Elaine of Astolat · Elaine of Corbenic  · Fisher King · Green Knight · King Arthur's messianic return · King Arthur's family · Historical basis for King Arthur · Claudas · Emperor Lucius · Questing Beast Coordinates: 50°18′N 4°54′W / 50.3°N 4.9°W / 50.3; -4.9

Bedfordshire · Berkshire · City of Bristol · Buckinghamshire · Cambridgeshire · Cheshire · Cornwall · Cumbria · Derbyshire · Devon · Dorset · Durham · East Riding of Yorkshire · East Sussex · Essex · Gloucestershire · Greater London · Greater Manchester · Hampshire · Herefordshire · Hertfordshire · Isle of Wight · Kent · Lancashire · Leicestershire · Lincolnshire · City of London · Merseyside · Norfolk · Northamptonshire · Northumberland · North Yorkshire · Nottinghamshire · Oxfordshire · Rutland · Shropshire · Somerset · South Yorkshire · Staffordshire · Suffolk · Surrey · Tyne and Wear · Warwickshire · West Midlands · West Sussex · West Yorkshire · Wiltshire · Worcestershire v · d · e Districts of South West England Devon East Devon · Exeter · Mid Devon · North Devon · South Hams · Teignbridge · Torridge · West Devon Dorset Christchurch · East Dorset · North Dorset · Purbeck · West Dorset · Weymouth and Portland Gloucestershire Cheltenham · Cotswold · Forest of Dean · Gloucester · Stroud · Tewkesbury Somerset Mendip · Sedgemoor · South Somerset · Taunton Deane · West Somerset Unitary authorities Bath and North East Somerset · Bournemouth · Bristol · Cornwall · Isles of Scilly · North Somerset · Plymouth · Poole · South Gloucestershire · Swindon · Torbay · Wiltshire v · d · eUnitary authorities of England Districts Bath and North East Somerset · Bedford · Blackburn with Darwen · Blackpool · Bournemouth · Bracknell Forest · Brighton and Hove · Bristol · Central Bedfordshire · Cheshire East · Cheshire West and Chester · Cornwall · County Durham · Darlington · Derby · East Riding of Yorkshire · Halton · Hartlepool · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Luton · Medway · Middlesbrough · Milton Keynes · North East Lincolnshire · North Lincolnshire · North Somerset · Northumberland · Nottingham · Peterborough · Plymouth · Poole · Portsmouth · Reading · Redcar and Cleveland · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Southampton · Southend-on-Sea · South Gloucestershire · Stockton-on-Tees · Stoke-on-Trent · Swindon · Telford and Wrekin  · Thurrock · Torbay · Warrington · West Berkshire · Wiltshire · Windsor and Maidenhead · Wokingham · York Councils Bournemouth · Cornwall · Herefordshire · Isle of Wight · Kingston upon Hull · Leicester · Middlesbrough · Northumberland · Nottingham · Poole · Rutland · Shropshire · Slough · Thurrock · Wiltshire v · d · eAreas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in England Arnside and Silverdale | Blackdown Hills | Cannock Chase | Chichester Harbour | Chilterns | Cornwall | Cotswolds | Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs | Dedham Vale | Dorset | East Devon | East Hampshire | Forest of Bowland | High Weald | Howardian Hills | Isle of Wight | Isles of Scilly | Kent Downs | Lincolnshire Wolds | Malvern Hills | Mendip Hills | Nidderdale | Norfolk Coast | North Devon Coast | North Pennines | Northumberland Coast | North Wessex Downs | Quantock Hills | Shropshire Hills | Solway Coast | South Devon | South Hampshire Coast | Suffolk Coast and Heaths | Surrey Hills | South Downs | Tamar Valley v · d · eKing Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur · Constantine · Sir Ector · Duke of Cornwall · Guinevere · Igraine · Iseult · Lady of the Lake · King Lot · King Mark · Merlin · Mordred · Morgan le Fay · Morgause · Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Agravain · Bagdemagus · Bedivere · Bors · Breunor (La Cote Mal Taillée) · Calogrenant · Caradoc · Dagonet · Dinadan · Gaheris · Galahad · Gareth · Gawain · Geraint · Griflet · Kay · Lamorak · Lancelot · Leodegrance · Lionel · Lucan · Maleagant · Marhaus · Palamedes · Pelleas · Pellinore · Percival · Safir · Sagramore · Segwarides · Tor · Tristan · Uriens · Ywain · Ywain the Bastard · Elyan the White · Sir Ector Objects Excalibur · Holy Grail · Round Table · Siege Perilous Places Avalon · Brocéliande · Caerleon · Camelot · Corbenic · Cornwall · Logres · Lyonesse · Sarras · Tintagel In media Books · Films  · Various media Other Sir Balin · Dolorous Stroke · Elaine of Astolat · Elaine of Corbenic  · Fisher King · Green Knight · King Arthur's messianic return · King Arthur's family · Historical basis for King Arthur · Claudas · Emperor Lucius · Questing Beast Coordinates: 50°18′N 4°54′W / 50.3°N 4.9°W / 50.3; -4.9