Communist Party of China

Communist Party of China 中国共产党 The emblem of the Communist Party of China. General Secretary Hu Jintao Standing Committee Hu Jintao, Wu Bangguo, Wen Jiabao Jia Qinglin, Li Changchun Xi Jinping, Li Keqiang He Guoqiang, Zhou Yongkang Founded July 1, 1921 (1st Party Congress) August, 1920 (de facto) Headquarters Zhongnanhai, Beijing Youth wing Communist Youth League of China Membership  (2009) 77,995,000 Ideology Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Socialism with Chinese characteristics, Three Represents, Scientific Development Concept Political position Socialism/Communism Website News on CPC Politics of the People's Republic of China Political parties Elections Communist Party of China Simplified Chinese 中国共产党 Traditional Chinese 中國共產黨 Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng Min - Hokkien POJ Tiong-kok Kiōng-sán-tóng Cantonese - Jyutping zung1gwok3 gung6caan2dong2 Abbreviated name Chinese 中共 Transliterations Mandarin - Hanyu Pinyin Zhōng Gòng Min - Hokkien POJ Tiong Kiōng Cantonese - Jyutping zung1 gung6 Communist parties Africa  Lesotho  Madagascar  Senegal  South Africa  Réunion  Sudan Americas Argentina (PCA · PCRA)  Bolivia Brazil (PCdoB · PCB) Canada (CPoC · MLPoC)  Chile (PCCh · PC(AP))  Colombia  Cuba  Ecuador Mexico (PC · PPS · PPSM) Panama (PPP · PC(ml)P)  Paraguay Peru (PCP · PCdelP-PR)  Uruguay  United States  Venezuela Asia Bangladesh (CPB · WPB)  Burma  China India (CPI · CPI (M) · CPI (Maoist) · SUCI(C)) Iran (CPIran · Tudeh Party)  Japan Kazakhstan (CPK · CPPK)  Kyrgyzstan  North Korea  Laos Nepal (CPN (UML) · UCPN (M))  Pakistan  Philippines  Sri Lanka  Tajikistan  Taiwan(CPRC)  Vietnam Historical parties  Cambodia  Indonesia  Malaya  Taiwan  Thailand Europe  Albania  Armenia Austria (KPÖ · KI)  Azerbaijan  Belarus (KPB) Belgium (Flanders · Wallonia) Belgium (PvdA/PTB)  Bosnia and Herzegovina Britain (CPB · NCPB · CPS)  Bulgaria  Cyprus  Czech Republic Denmark (DKP · KPiD)  Estonia  Finland  France  Georgia  Germany  Greece  Hungary Ireland (CPI · WPI) Italy (PdCI · PRC)  Luxembourg  Malta  Moldova  Netherlands  Norway  Poland  Portugal Russia (CPRF · RCWP-RPC)  San Marino  Serbia  Slovakia  Spain Spain (Catalonia)  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom Historical parties  Czechoslovakia  East Germany  Soviet Union  Yugoslavia Middle East  Algeria  Iraq  Israel  Jordan  Lebanon  Syria  Iran Oceania Australia (CPA · CPA(ML)) New Zealand (CPA · WPNZ) Related topics  Communism (history)  Marxism-Leninism  Democratic centralism v · d · e The Communist Party of China (CPC), also known as the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Although nominally it exists alongside the United Front,1 in practice, the CPC is also the only party of the PRC,2 maintaining a unitary government centralising the state, military, and media.3 The legal power of the Communist Party is guaranteed by the PRC constitution.3 The party was founded in May 1921 in Shanghai.4 After a lengthy civil war, the party defeated its primary rival, the Kuomintang (KMT), and expanded into all of mainland China by 1949.5 The Kuomintang retreated to the island of Taiwan, which it still retains to this day. The PRC is a single-party state,2 and the CPC is the dominant entity of the Government of the People's Republic of China. The party has fluctuated between periods of reform and political conservatism throughout its history. In the modern party, the topic of reform and liberalisation remains a contentious issue heavily debated among top officials.6 On one side, Wu Bangguo, the head of the National People's Congress, has said that: "We will never simply copy the system of Western countries or introduce a system of multiple parties holding office in rotation."7 On the other, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao has stressed the need of reform, stating that: "Without the safeguard of political reform, the fruits of economic reform would be lost and the goal of modernization would not materialize." 8 The CPC is the world's largest political party,9 claiming nearly 78 million members10 at the end of 2009 which constitutes about 5.6% of the total population of mainland China. Contents 1 Organization 1.1 Factions 1.2 Membership 2 History 3 Political ideology and stances 3.1 Regional corruption and reform 3.2 Relationship with competing ideologies 3.2.1 Religion 4 Current leadership 4.1 Historical leaders 5 References 6 External links Organization This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) The party's organizational structure was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution and rebuilt afterwards by Deng Xiaoping, who subsequently initiated "Socialism with Chinese characteristics" and brought all state apparatuses back under the rule of the CPC. Theoretically, the party's highest body is the National Congress of the Communist Party of China, which meets at least once every five years. The primary organization of power in the Communist Party which is detailed in the party constitution include: Central Committee, which includes: The General Secretary, which is the highest ranking official within the Party and usually the Chinese Paramount leader. The Politburo, consisting of 24 full members (including the members of the Politburo Standing Committee) and one alternate; see current members of the Politburo for a complete list. The Politburo Standing Committee, which currently consists of nine members; see current members of the Politburo Standing Committee for a complete list. The Secretariat, the principal administrative mechanism of the CPC, headed by the General Secretary of the Central Committee; The Central Military Commission (a parallel organization of the government institution of the same name); The Central Discipline Inspection Commission, which is directly under the National Congress and on the same level with the Central Committee, charged with rooting out corruption and malfeasance among party cadres. Other central organizations include: General Office11 Central Organization Department; Propaganda Department International Liaison Department; and United Front Department In addition, there are numerous commissions and leading groups, the most important of which are: Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Work Committee for Organs under the Central Committee Work Committee for Central Government Organs Central Financial and Economic Leading Group Central Leading Group for Rural Work Central Leading Group for Party Building Central Foreign Affairs Leading Group Central Taiwan Affairs Leading Group Commission for Protection of Party Secrets Leading Group for State Security Party History Research Centre Party Research Center Central Party School Every five years, the Communist Party of China holds a National Congress. The latest happened on October 19, 2005. Formally, the Congress serves two functions: to approve changes to the Party constitution regarding policy and to elect a Central Committee, about 300 strong. The Central Committee in turn elects the Politburo. In practice, positions within the Central Committee and Politburo are determined before a Party Congress, and the main purpose of the Congress is to announce the party policies and vision for the direction of China in the following few years. The party's central focus of power is the Politburo Standing Committee. The process for selecting Standing Committee members, as well as Politburo members, occurs behind the scenes in a process parallel to the National Congress. The new power structure is announced obliquely through the positioning of portraits in the People's Daily, the official newspaper of the Party. The number of Standing Committee members varies and has tended to increase over time. The Committee was expanded to nine at the 16th Party National Congress in 2009. There are two other key organs of political power in the People's Republic of China: the formal government and the People's Liberation Army. There are, in addition to decision-making roles, advisory committees, including the People's Political Consultative Conference. During the 1980s and 1990s there was a Central Advisory Commission established by Deng Xiaoping which consisted of senior retired leaders, but with their passing this has been abolished since 1990. Factions The flag of the Communist Party of China Political scientists have identified two groupings within the Communist Party12 leading to a structure which has been called "one party, two factions".13 The first is the "elitist coalition" or Shanghai clique which contains mainly officials who have risen from the more prosperous provinces. The second is the "populist coalition", the core of which are the tuanpai, or the "Youth League faction" which consists mainly of officials who have risen from the rural interior, through the Communist Youth League. Minor informal groupings include the reformist Qinghua clique, and the derogatorily-termed Crown Prince Party of officials benefiting from nepotism. The interaction between the two main factions is largely complementary with each faction possessing a particular expertise and both committed to the continued rule of the Communist Party and not allowing intra-party factional politics threaten party unity. It has been noted that party and government positions have been assigned to create a very careful balance between these two groupings. Within his "one party, two factions" model, Li Chen has noted that one should avoid labeling these two groupings with simplistic ideological labels, and that these two groupings do not act in a zero-sum, winner take all fashion. Neither group has the ability or will to dominate the other completely.14 Membership The party was small at first, but grew intermittently through the 1920s. Twelve voting delegates were seated at the 1st National Congress in 1921, as well as at the 2nd (in 1922), when they represented 195 party members. By 1923, the 420 members were represented by 30 delegates. The 1925 4th Congress had 20 delegates representing 994 members; then real growth kicked in. The 5th Congress (held in April–May 1927 as the KMT was cracking down on communists) comprised 80 voting delegates representing 57,968 members. It was on October 3, 1928 6th Congress that the now-familiar ‘full’ and ‘alternate’ structure originated, with 84 and 34 delegates, respectively. Membership was estimated at 40,000. In 1945, the 7th Congress had 547 full and 208 alternate delegates representing 1.21 million members, a ratio of one representative per 1,600 members as compared to 1:725 in 1927. After the Party defeated the Nationalists, participation at National Party Congresses became much less representative. Each of the 1026 full and 107 alternate members represented 9,470 party members (10.73 million in total) at the 1956 8th Congress. Subsequent congresses held the number of participants down despite membership growing to more than 60 million by 2000.15 History This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) Location of the first Congress of the Chinese Communist Party in July 1921, in Xintiandi, former French Concession, Shanghai. Museum of the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. Main article: History of the Communist Party of China The CPC has its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, where radical political systems like anarchism and Communism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals.16 Stalin opposed the Chinese Communist Party in Xinjiang because he wanted to expand Soviet influence in the province.17 The CPC's ideologies have significantly evolved since its founding and establishing political power in 1949. Mao's revolution that founded the PRC was nominally based on Marxism-Leninism with a rural focus based on China's social situations at the time. During the 1960s and 1970s, the CPC experienced a significant ideological breakdown with the Communist Party of the Soviet Union under Nikita Khrushchev, and later, Leonid Brezhnev. Since then Mao's peasant revolutionary vision and so-called "continued revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" stipulated that class enemies continued to exist even though the socialist revolution seemed to be complete, giving way to the Cultural Revolution. This fusion of ideas became known officially as "Mao Zedong Thought", or Maoism outside of China. It represented a powerful branch of communism that existed in opposition to the Soviet Union's "Marxist revisionism". Following the death of Mao Zedong in 1976, however, the CPC under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping moved towards Socialism with Chinese characteristics and instituted Chinese economic reform. In reversing some of Mao's "extreme-leftist" policies, Deng argued that a socialist country and the market economy model were not mutually exclusive. While asserting the political power of the Party itself, the change in policy generated significant economic growth. The ideology itself, however, came into conflict on both sides of the spectrum with Maoists as well as progressive liberals, culminating with other social factors to cause the 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests. Deng's vision for economic success and a new socialist market model became entrenched in the Party constitution in 1997 as Deng Xiaoping Theory. The "third generation" of leadership under Jiang Zemin, Zhu Rongji, and associates largely continued Deng's progressive economic vision while overseeing the re-emergence of Chinese nationalism in the 1990s. Nationalist sentiment has seemingly also evolved to become informally the part of the Party's guiding doctrine. As part of Jiang's nominal legacy, the CPC ratified the Three Represents into the 2003 revision of the Party Constitution as a "guiding ideology", encouraging the Party to represent "advanced productive forces, the progressive course of China's culture, and the fundamental interests of the people." There are various interpretations of the Three Represents. Most notably, the theory has legitimized the entry of private business owners and quasi-"bourgeoisie" elements into the party. The insistent road of focusing almost exclusively on economic growth has led to a wide range of serious social problems. The CPC's "fourth generation" of leadership under Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao, after taking power in 2003, attempted reversing such a trend by bringing forth an integrated ideology that tackled both social and economic concerns. This new ideology was known as the creation of a Harmonious Society using the Scientific Development Concept. The degree of power the Party had on the state has gradually decreased as economic liberalizations progressed. The evolution of CPC ideology has gone through a number of defining changes that it no longer bears much resemblance to its founding principles. Some believe that the large amount of economic liberalization starting from the late 1970s to present, indicates that the CPC has transitioned to endorse economic neoliberalism.18192021 The CPC's current policies are fiercely rejected as capitalist by most communists, especially anti-revisionists, and by adherents of the Chinese New Left from within the PRC. The Communist Party of China comprises a single-party state form of government; however, there are parties other than the CPC within China, which report to the United Front Department of the Communist Party of China and do not act as opposition or independent parties. Since the 1980s, as its commitment to Marxist ideology has appeared to wane, the party has begun to increasingly invoke Chinese nationalism as a legitimizing principle as opposed to the socialist construction for which the party was originally created. The change from socialism to nationalism has pleased the CPC's former enemy, the Kuomintang (KMT), which has warmed its relations with the CPC since 2003.22 Political ideology and stances Regional corruption and reform The leaders of the Communist Party of China are aware that there are serious problems with political corruption within China and with maintaining the trust of the Chinese people because of it. However, attempts made in closed-door sessions at the Fourth Plenary Session of the 17th Communist Party of China's Central Committee in September 2009 to grapple with these problems produced inconclusive results, although a directive which requires disclosure of investments and property holdings by party and governmental officials was passed.23 Relationship with competing ideologies This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) The neutrality of this section is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (October 2010) Trotskyists argue that the party was doomed to its present character, that of petty-bourgeois nationalism in the 1920s, because of the near-annihilation of the workers' movement in the KMT betrayal of 1927, which was made possible by Stalin's order that the Communists join with the KMT in a centrist coalition, effectively disarming it, which opportunity the KMT swiftly exploited to defeat the communist revolution.24 This slaughter forced the tiny surviving Party to switch from a workers' union- to a peasant, guerrilla-based organization, and to seek the aid of the most heterodox sources: from "patriotic capitalists" to the dreaded KMT itself, with which it openly sought to participate in a coalition government, even after the Japanese general surrender in 1945.25 Chinese Trotskyists from Chen Duxiu onward have called for a political revolution against what they see as an opportunist, capitalist leadership of the CPC. Marxists also existed in the Kuomintang party. They viewed the Chinese revolution in different terms than the Communists, claiming that China already went past its feudal stage and in a stagnation period rather than in another mode of production. These marxists in the Kuomintang opposed the Chinese communist party ideology.26 Maoists and other 'anti-revisionists' viciously attack the changes after Mao Zedong's death, calling them the precise "capitalist road" Mao had pledged to fight during the early existence of the PRC. They do not hold any allegiance to the CPC. An example of a well-known group, until recently armed, that looks to Mao's principles is the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) who the current CPC has publicly opposed. Also, some Maoist groupings attack even some of the shifts and changes that occurred while Mao was still alive and in leadership, like his 1972 welcoming of Richard Nixon (see lesser evil for more on this event). The Chinese New Left, which encompasses these Maoists and other postmodernists is a current within China that seeks to "revert China to the socialist road" – i.e., to return China to the socialist system that existed before Deng Xiaoping's reforms. Some of the opponents of the Party within the Chinese democracy movement have tended not to argue that a strong Chinese state is inherently bad, but rather that the Communist leadership is corrupt. The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 represented a controversial point in criticism of the Chinese Communist Party by Chinese students within China.27 Another school of thought argues that the worst of the abuses took place decades ago, and that the current leaders were not only unconnected with them, but were actually victims of that era. They have also argued that, while the modern Communist Party may be flawed, it is comparatively better than previous regimes, with respect to improving the general standard of living, than any other government that has governed China in the past century and can be seen in a more favorable light compared with most governments of the developing nations. As a result, the CPC has recently taken sweeping measures to regain support from the countryside, with limited success. In addition, some scholars contend that China has never operated under a decentralized democratic regime in its several thousand years of history, and therefore it can be argued that the present political structure, albeit not up to Western moral or political standards, is the best possible option when compared to the alternatives. A sudden transition to democracy, these experts contend, would result in the economic and political upheaval that occurred in the Soviet Union in the 1990s, and that by focusing on economic growth, China is setting the stage for a more gradual but sustainable transition to a more politically liberal system. This group sees mainland China as being similar to Franco's Spain in the 1960s, and South Korea during the 1970s when South Korea was run by corrupt, authoritarian regimes. This school of thought also brings together some unlikely political allies. Not only do most intellectuals within the Chinese government follow this school of thinking, but it is also the common belief held amongst pro-free trade liberals in the West. Many observers from both within and outside of China have argued that the CPC has taken gradual steps towards democracy and transparency, hence arguing that it is best to give it time and room to evolve into a better government that is more responsive to its people rather than forcing an abrupt change with all the deleterious effects such a loss of stability might entail.28 However, other observers (like Minxin Pei) question whether these steps are genuine efforts towards democratic reform or disingenuous measures by the CPC to retain power.29 Religion See also: Freedom of religion in the People's Republic of China The CPC is officially atheist and promotes atheism, however in recent times it has become more open towards religion and has eased off the suppression of religious practices. Current leadership The Members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China are: Hu Jintao: General Secretary of the CPC, President of the PRC, Chairman of the Central Military Commission. Wu Bangguo: Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Wen Jiabao: Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Jia Qinglin: Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Li Changchun: "Propaganda Chief" Xi Jinping: Top-ranked Secretary of CPC Secretariat, Vice President of the People's Republic of China, Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission Li Keqiang: First-ranked Vice Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China He Guoqiang: Secretary of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Zhou Yongkang: Secretary of Political and Legislative Affairs Committee Members of the Politburo of the CPC Central committee: Wang Lequan, Wang Zhaoguo, Hui Liangyu, Liu Qi, Liu Yunshan, Li Changchun, Wu Yi, Wu Bangguo, Wu Guanzheng, Zhang Lichang, Zhang Dejiang, Luo Gan, Zhou Yongkang, Hu Jintao, Yu Zhengsheng, He Guoqiang, Jia Qinglin, Guo Boxiong, Cao Gangchuan, Zeng Qinghong, Zeng Peiyan, Wen Jiabao. Alternate member of the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee: Wang Gang Members of Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee: Zeng Qinghong, Liu Yunshan, Zhou Yongkang, He Guoqiang, Wang Gang, Xu Caihou, He Yong. Historical leaders Main article: List of leaders of the Communist Party of China Between 1921 and 1943 the Communist Party of China was headed by the General Secretary: Chen Duxiu, General Secretary 1921–1922 and 1925–1927 Qu Qiubai, General Secretary 1927–1928 Xiang Zhongfa, General Secretary 1928–1931 Li Lisan, acting General Secretary 1929–1930 Wang Ming, acting General Secretary 1931 Bo Gu, a.k.a. Qin Bangxian, acting General Secretary 1932–1935 Zhang Wentian a.k.a. Luo Fu, acting General Secretary 1935–1943 In 1943 the position of Chairman of the Communist Party of China was created. Mao Zedong, Chairman 1943–1976 Hua Guofeng, Chairman 1976–1981 Hu Yaobang, Chairman 1981–1982 In 1982, the post of Chairman was abolished, and the General Secretary, at this time held by the same man as the post of Chairman, once again became the supreme office of the Party. Hu Yaobang, General Secretary 1982–1987 Zhao Ziyang, General Secretary 1987–1989 Jiang Zemin, General Secretary 1989–2002 Hu Jintao, General Secretary since 2002 References ^ New Approaches to the Study of Political Order in China, by Donald Clarke, Modern China, 2009 ^ a b Goodman, David S. G.; Segal, Gerald. China deconstructs: politics, trade, and regionalism. Psychology Press. pp. 48. ISBN 9780415118330.  ^ a b Ralph H. Folsom, John H. Minan, Lee Ann Otto, Law and Politics in the People's Republic of China, West Publishing (St. Paul 1992), pp. 76–77. ^ "China Information: The Communist Party of China (CPC)". China Today. http://www.chinatoday.com/org/cpc/. Retrieved October 29, 2010.  ^ Gay, Kathlyn. [2008] (2008). 21st Century Books. Mao Zedong's China. ISBN 0822572850. pg 7 ^ Moses, Russell Leigh. "China’s Communist Party Prepares for a Showdown". Wall Street Journal. http://blogs.wsj.com/chinarealtime/2010/10/15/chinas-communist-party-prepares-for-a-showdown/. Retrieved October 29, 2010.  ^ "China 'will not have democracy' China will never adopt Western-style democracy with a multi-party system, its top legislator has said." BBC 9 March 2009, accessed October 9, 2010 ^ Richburg, Keith. "Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao talks reform, but most countrymen never get to hear what he says". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/13/AR2010101306347.html. Retrieved October 29, 2010.  ^ The Communist Party of China ^ China's communist party members near 78 mln ^ Images of GO CPC in Session ^ Uchicago.edu ^ Chinavitae.com ^ The Jamestown Foundation ^ Press center of the 17th CPC National Congress ^ Dirlik, Arif (1993). Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution. University of California Press. p. 16.  ^ Andrew D. W. Forbes (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949. Cambridge, England: CUP Archive. pp. 376. ISBN 0521255147. http://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=warlords+and+muslims&source=bl&ots=KzhMe1dpqU&sig=YUq2zwbyUFNCsO5Jnt2RTAKL0rc&hl=en&ei=SdobTNyIEYO8lQfuvYm1Cg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAQ#v=snippet&q=fascist%20trotskyite%20plotters&f=false. Retrieved 2010-12-31.  ^ Harvey, David. 2005. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. Pp. 120 ^ Greenhalgh, Susan; Winckler, Edwin A. 2005. Governing China's Population: From Leninist to Neoliberal Biopolitics. Stanford, California, USA: Stanford University Press. ^ Zhang, Xudong. Whither China?: Intellectual Politics in Contemporary China. Duke University Press. Pp. 52 ^ Wong, John; Lai, Hongyi; Hongyi, Lai. China Into the Hu-Wen Era: Policy Initiatives and Challenges. Pp. 99 "...influence of neoliberalism has spread rapidly in China", "...neoliberalism had influenced not only college students but also economists and leading party cadres"... ^ See 2005 Pan-Blue visits to mainland China. ^ "Party’s Agenda in China Seems to Fall Flat" article by Michael Wines in The New York Times September 20, 2009 ^ The tragedy of the 1925-1927 Chinese Revolution: Part 3 Article at a Trotskist groupings website. ^ The death of China’s “red capitalist” and the 1949 revolution Article at a Trotskist groupings website. ^ T. J. Byres, Harbans Mukhia (1985). Feudalism and non-European societies. Psychology Press. p. 207. ISBN 0714632457. http://books.google.com/books?id=usOMZjTWrJ0C&pg=PA207&dq=china+stagnated+feudalism+political&hl=en&ei=AvO4TPjFE4T6lwfa5oWwDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=guomindang%20marxists&f=false. Retrieved 2010-11-28.  ^ Zhang, L., Nathan, A. J., Link, P. & Schell O. The Tiananmen Papers: The Chinese Leadership's Decision to Use Force Against Their Own People – In Their Own Words. PublicAffairs, 2002. ISBN 978-1586481223. ^ Yang, Dali. Remaking the Chinese Leviathan. Stanford University Press, 2004. ^ An, Alex and An, David, China Brief, October 7, 2008. "Media control and the Erosion of an Accountable Party-State in China." External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Communist Party of China Official News of the Communist Party of China Official newspaper Join the Party - slideshow by The First Post The Communist Party of China—Council on Foreign Relations "A Struggle Within the Chinese Communist Party"—Monthly Review article from May 2002  Links to related articles v · d · eWarlord era in early Republic of China (1916–1930) Main events (1916–1920) Main events (1920–1930) Northern Factions Southern Factions Empire of China (1915–1916) National Protection War (1915–1916) Death of Yuan Shikai (1916) Manchu Restoration (1917) Constitutional Protection Movement (1917–1922) Siberian Intervention (1918–1920) Paris Peace Conference (1919) May Fourth Movement (1919) Occupation of Mongolia (1919–1921) Zhili–Anhui War (1920) Guangdong–Guangxi War (1920–1921) First Zhili–Fengtian War (1922) Second Zhili–Fengtian War (1924) Beijing coup (1924) Yunnan–Guangxi War (1925) May 30 Movement (1925) Anti–Fengtian War (1925–1926) Northern Expedition (1926–1928) Huánggūtun Incident (1928) Flag Replacement of the Northeast (1928) Central Plains War (1930) Beiyang Army: Yuan Shikai Anhui clique Zhili clique Regional: Fengtian clique Shanxi clique Guominjun Ma clique Xinjiang clique Yunnan clique Old Guangxi clique New Guangxi clique Guangdong clique Kuomintang (KMT) Communist Party of China (CPC) Sichuan clique v · d · eChinese Civil War Main events pre-1945 Main events post-1945 Specific articles First United Front (1924) Shanghai massacre of 1927 Nanchang Uprising Autumn Harvest Uprising Guangzhou Uprising Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) Encirclement Campaigns (1930–1934) Chinese Soviet Republic (1931–1934) Long March (1934–1936) Xi'an Incident (1936) Second United Front (1937–1946) Part of the Cold War Full-scale Civil War (1946–1949) Kuomintang Islamic Insurgency in China (1950–1958) Campaign at the China–Burma Border (1960-1961) First Taiwan Strait Crisis (1955) Second Taiwan Strait Crisis (1958) Third Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996) Pan-Blue visits to mainland China (2005-) Political status of Taiwan Legal status of Taiwan Chinese reunification Taiwan independence Cross-Strait relations Primary participants Kuomintang of China Communist Party of China v · d · e Cold War Participants and notable figures · ANZUS · NATO · Non-Aligned Movement · SEATO · Warsaw Pact 1940s Yalta Conference · Operation Unthinkable · Potsdam Conference · Gouzenko Affair · War in Vietnam (1945–1946) · Iran crisis of 1946 · Greek Civil War · Restatement of Policy on Germany · First Indochina War · Truman Doctrine · Asian Relations Conference · Marshall Plan · Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 · Tito–Stalin split · Berlin Blockade · Western betrayal · Iron Curtain · Eastern Bloc · Chinese Civil War (Second round) 1950s Korean War · 1953 Iranian coup d'état · Uprising of 1953 in East Germany · 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état · Partition of Vietnam · First Taiwan Strait Crisis · Geneva Summit (1955) · Poznań 1956 protests · Hungarian Revolution of 1956 · Suez Crisis · Sputnik crisis · Second Taiwan Strait Crisis · Cuban Revolution · Kitchen Debate · Asian–African Conference · Bricker Amendment · McCarthyism · Operation Gladio · Hallstein Doctrine 1960s Congo Crisis · Sino–Soviet split · 1960 U-2 incident · Bay of Pigs Invasion · Cuban Missile Crisis · Berlin Wall · Vietnam War · 1964 Brazilian coup d'état · United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1965–1966) · South African Border War · Rhodesian Bush War · Transition to the New Order · Domino theory · ASEAN Declaration · Laotian Civil War · Greek military junta of 1967–1974 · Six-Day War · War of Attrition · Cultural Revolution · Sino-Indian War · Prague Spring · Goulash Communism · Sino–Soviet border conflict 1970s Détente · Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty · Black September in Jordan · Cambodian Civil War · Realpolitik · Ping Pong Diplomacy · Four Power Agreement on Berlin · 1972 Nixon visit to China · 1973 Chilean coup d'état · Yom Kippur War · Strategic Arms Limitation Talks · Angolan Civil War · Mozambican Civil War · Ogaden War · Sino-Albanian split · Cambodian–Vietnamese War · Sino-Vietnamese War · Iranian Revolution · Operation Condor · Bangladesh Liberation War  · Korean Air Lines Flight 902 1980s Soviet war in Afghanistan · Iran–Iraq War  · 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts · Solidarity (Soviet reaction) · Contras · Central American crisis · RYAN · Korean Air Lines Flight 007 · Able Archer 83 · Star Wars · Invasion of Grenada · People Power Revolution · Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 · United States invasion of Panama · Fall of the Berlin Wall · Revolutions of 1989 · Glasnost · Perestroika 1990s Democratic Revolution in Mongolia · Breakup of Yugoslavia · Dissolution of the Soviet Union · Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Foreign policy Truman Doctrine · Marshall Plan · Containment · Eisenhower Doctrine · Domino theory · Kennedy Doctrine · Peaceful coexistence · Ostpolitik · Johnson Doctrine · Brezhnev Doctrine · Nixon Doctrine · Ulbricht Doctrine · Carter Doctrine · Reagan Doctrine · Rollback Ideologies Capitalism (Chicago school · Keynesianism · Monetarism · Neoclassical economics · Supply-side economics · Thatcherism · Reaganomics) · Communism (Marxism–Leninism · Castroism · Eurocommunism · Guevarism · Juche · Left communism · Maoism · Stalinism · Titoism · Trotskyism) · Liberal democracy Organizations ASEAN · CIA · Comecon · EEC · KGB · MI6 · Stasi Propaganda Active measures · Izvestia · Pravda · Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty · Red Scare · TASS · Voice of America · Voice of Russia Races Arms race · Nuclear arms race · Space Race See also Brinkmanship · NATO–Russia relations · Soviet and Russian espionage in U.S. · Soviet Union – United States relations · US–Soviet summits Category · Portal · Timeline of events v · d · ePolitics of the People's Republic of China Constitution of the People's Republic of China State organs National People's Congress (Standing Committee · Chairman) · President (Vice President) · State Council (Premier · Vice Premier) · Central Military Commission (People's Liberation Army) · People's Political Consultative Conference Parties Parties · Communist Party · Central Committee (General Secretary · Politburo · Politburo Standing Committee · Central Secretariat) Politics of province-level divisions Provinces Anhui · Fujian · Gansu · Guangdong · Guizhou · Hainan · Hebei · Heilongjiang · Henan · Hubei · Hunan · Jiangsu · Jiangxi · Jilin · Liaoning · Qinghai · Shaanxi · Shandong · Shanxi · Sichuan · Yunnan · Zhejiang Autonomous regions Guangxi · Inner Mongolia · Ningxia · Xinjiang · Tibet Municipalities Beijing · Chongqing · Shanghai · Tianjin SARs Hong Kong · Macau See also: Elections v · d · ePolitical parties in the People's Republic of China Major party Communist Party of China Minor registered parties Revolutionary Committee of the Kuomintang • China Democratic League • China Democratic National Construction Association • China Association for Promoting Democracy • Chinese Peasants' and Workers' Democratic Party • Zhigongdang of China • Jiusan Society • Taiwan Democratic Self-Government League Portal:Politics • Political parties by country • Politics of the People's Republic of China