"Madras" redirects here. For other uses, see Madras (disambiguation). Chennai (சென்னை) Madras —  Metropolitan city  — From top clockwise: Ripon Building, Santhome Basilica, Chennai Central, Valluvar Kottam Chennai (சென்னை) Location of Chennai (சென்னை) in Tamil Nadu and India Coordinates 13°5′2″N 80°16′12″E / 13.08389°N 80.27°E / 13.08389; 80.27Coordinates: 13°5′2″N 80°16′12″E / 13.08389°N 80.27°E / 13.08389; 80.27 Former name Madras Country  India State Tamil Nadu District(s)  • Chennai  • Kanchipuram  • Tiruvallur Mayor M. Subramaniam Corporation Commissioner D. Karthikeyan Population • Density • Metro 4,616,6391 a (5th) (2010[update]) • 26,532 /km2 (68,718 /sq mi) • 7,413,7792 (4th) (2010[update]) Time zone IST (UTC+5:30) Area • Metro • Elevation 174 km2 (67 sq mi)3 • 1,189 square kilometres (459 sq mi) • 6 metres (20 ft) Codes • Pincode • 600 xxx • Telephone • +044 • UN/LOCODE • IN MAA • Vehicle • TN 01 to 10, 18, 20,& 22 Website chennaicorporation.gov.in Chennai (Tamil: சென்னை; [ˈtɕennəj]), formerly known as Madras (மெட்ராஸ் or மதறாஸ்) or Madarasapatinam (மதராசப்பட்டினம்), is the capital city of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Chennai being the fourth most populous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India, it is also the world's 36th largest metropolitan area.4 Located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal, according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, Chennai is a "Gamma+ world city", alongside cities such as Montreal, Nairobi, Bratislava, Panama City, Brisbane, Casablanca, Denver, Vancouver, Zagreb, Manama and Cape Town. As of 2009, Chennai had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001 census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extended Metropolitan Population of 6.5 million.5 a The urban agglomeration of metropolitan Chennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.6 Chennai's economy has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology, hardware manufacturing, and healthcare industries. The city is India's second largest exporter of software, information technology (IT) and information-technology-enabled services (ITES). A major chunk of India's automobile manufacturing industry is based in and around the city.78 Chennai Zone contributes 39 per cent of the State's GDP. Chennai accounts for 60 per cent of the country's automotive exports,91011 which leads it to be called as 'The Detroit of Asia'.1213 Chennai is an important centre for Carnatic Music and hosts a large cultural event, the annual Madras Music Season, which includes performances by hundreds of artists. The city has a vibrant theatre scene and is an important centre for the Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form. The Tamil film industry, one of the largest film industries in India, also popularly known as Kollywood is based in the city; the soundtracks of the films dominate its music scene. Contents 1 Names 2 History 3 Environment 3.1 Geography 3.2 Climate 3.3 Water 4 Administration and utility services 4.1 Utility services 5 Economy 6 Demographics 7 Culture 8 Transport 8.1 Air 8.2 Sea 8.3 Rail 8.4 Road 9 Media 10 Education and health care 11 Sports 12 Sister cities 13 See also 14 Notes 14.1 Footnotes 14.2 Citations 15 Further reading 16 External links // Names The name Chennai is a shortened form of Chennaipattinam, the name of the town that grew around Fort St. George, which was built by the British in 1640.14 There are two versions about the origin of the name Chennai: according to one version, Chennaipattinam was named after Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, Nayaka of Kalahasthi and Vandavasi father of Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, from whom the British acquired the town in 1639. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed, dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the British East India Company.15 According to the second account, Chennapattinam was named after the Chenna Kesava Perumal Temple; the word chenni in Tamil means face, and the temple was regarded as the face of the city.16 The city's former name, Madras, is derived from Madraspattinam, a fishing village north of Fort St. George. There is some argument among researchers about the exact origin of the name Madraspattinam. Some believe that the Portuguese, who arrived in the area in the 16th century, may have named the village Madre de Deus.17 Others believe that the village's name came from the once prominent Madeiros family (variously known as Madera or Madra in succeeding years) of Portuguese origin, which had consecrated the Madre de Deus Church in the Chennai locality, Santhome, in 1575. It is uncertain whether the name 'Madraspattinam' was in use before European influence. According to some Indian resources, the name Madraspattinam derived from Mutharasa Pattinam, ruled by King of Muthurasa (Mutharayar) in earlier stage before British rule. The sequence of the name began with Mutharasa to Muthras to Matras to Madras.citation needed Some time after the British gained possession of the area in the 17th century, the two towns, Madraspattinam and Chennapattinam, were merged. The British referred to the united town as Madraspattinam. The state government officially changed it to Chennai in 1996, at a time when many Indian cities were being renamed.1819 History Main article: History of Chennai Historical populations Year Pop.  %± 1639 7,000 — 1646 19,000 171.4% 1648 15,000 −21.1% 1670 40,000 166.7% 1673 33,300 −16.8% 1674 50,000 50.2% 1681 200,000 300.0% 1685 300,000 50.0% 1691 400,000 33.3% 1715 100,000 −75.0% 1720 80,000 −20.0% 1726 100,000 25.0% 1733 100,000 0.0% 1791 300,000 200.0% 1871 367,552 22.5% 1881 405,848 10.4% 1891 452,518 11.5% 1901 509,346 12.6% 1911 518,660 1.8% 1921 526,911 1.6% 1931 647,230 22.8% 1941 776,000 19.9% 1951 1,416,056 82.5% 1961 1,729,141 22.1% 1971 2,469,449 42.8% 1981 3,266,034 32.3% 1991 3,841,398 17.6% 2001 4,216,268 9.8% Sources: 1639-1791: H. D. Love (1913). "Population of Madras". Vestiges of Old Madras, Vol 3. pp. 557.  1871 - 1901: Imperial Gazetter of India, Volume 16. Clarendon Press. 1908.  1871 - 1931: Mary Elizabeth Hancock (2008). The politics of heritage from Madras to Chennai. Indiana University Press. p. 220. ISBN 0253352231, ISBN 978-0-253-35223-1.  1951 - 1961: Sangya Srivastava (2005). Studies in Demography. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. p. 251. ISBN 8126119926, ISBN 978-81-261-1992-9.  1991-2001: "Area and Population". Chennai District Statistical Handbook. District Administration, Chennai. http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/shb-pdf/SHB001%20-%20AREA%20POPULATION.pdf.  Fort St. George, ca. 1905 The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, and economic centre since the 1st century. Stone age implements were found in a pit near Pallavaram in Chennai. According to the archeological survey of India, Pallavaram was a megalithic cultural establishment.20 The area was ruled by various South Indian dynasties, notably the Pallava, the Chera Dynasty, the Chola, the Pandya, and Vijaynagar.20 The town of Mylapore, now part of Chennai, was once a major Pallavan port. The Portuguese arrived in 1522 and built a port called São Tomé after the Christian apostle, St Thomas,21 who is believed to have preached in the area between 52 and 70 AD. In 1612, the Dutch established themselves near Pulicat, just north of the city. The city of Madras in 1909 On 22 August 1639, Francis Day of the British East India Company bought a small strip of land on the Coromandel Coast. The region was ruled by Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu,, the Nayaka of Vandavasi.20 He granted the British permission to build a factory and warehouse for their trading enterprises. A year later, the British built Fort St George, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city. Fort St. George housed the Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010.2022 In 1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General La Bourdonnais, the Governor of Mauritius, who plundered the town and its outlying villages.21 The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and fortified the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and another looming threat, Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore. By the late 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.23 Under British rule, the city grew into a major urban centre and naval base. Victoria Public Hall, an example of a colonial building in Chennai

With the advent of railways in India in the late 19th century, the thriving urban centre was connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promoting increased communication and trade with the hinterland. Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World War I, when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMS Emden on 22 September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption to shipping.24 After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital of Madras State, renamed the state of Tamil Nadu in 1969. The violent agitations of 1965 against the imposition of Hindi as the national language, marked a major shift in the political dynamics of the city and the whole state.25 On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killing many and permanently altering the coastline.26 Environment Geography Main article: Geography of Chennai See also: List of neighbourhoods in Chennai, Flora and fauna of Chennai, and List of birds of Chennai Chennai is on a flat coastal plain, as shown on this Landsat 7 map. Chennai is on the southeast coast of India in the northeast of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around 6.7 metres (22 ft),27 and its highest point is 60 m (200 ft).28 The Marina Beach runs for 12 km along the shoreline of the city. Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, flows through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the sea at Ennore. Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources. The state government periodically removes silt and pollution from the Adyar river, which is much less polluted than the Cooum. A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.2930 The Buckingham Canal, 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east-west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Red Hills, Sholavaram and Chembarambakkam Lake supply Chennai with potable water. Groundwater sources are becoming brackish.31 Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.32 Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, such as Thiruvanmiyur, Adyar, Kottivakkam, Santhome, George Town, Tondiarpet and the rest of coastal Chennai. Here rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Clay underlies most of the city including T. Nagar, West Mambalam, Anna Nagar, Villivakkam, Perambur and Virugambakkam. Areas of hard rock include Guindy, Perungudi, Velachery, Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet.citation needed Chennai is divided into four broad regions: North, Central, South and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area. Central Chennai is the commercial heart of the city and includes an important business district, Parry's Corner. South Chennai and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are fast becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west.33 Chennai is one of the few cities in the world that accommodates a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits.34 Climate Chennai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate. The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known locally as Agni Nakshatram ("fire star") or as Kathiri Veyyil,35 with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–108 °F). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The lowest temperature recorded is 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) and highest 45 °C (113 °F)36 The average annual rainfall is about 1,300 mm (51 in). The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is 2,570 mm (101 in) in 2005.37 Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October 38 and northeasterly during the rest of the year. Climate data for Chennai, India Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 33 (91) 37 (99) 39 (102) 43 (109) 45 (113) 43 (109) 41 (106) 40 (104) 39 (102) 39 (102) 34 (93) 33 (91) 45 (113) Average high °C (°F) 29 (84) 31 (88) 33 (91) 35 (95) 38 (100) 38 (100) 36 (97) 35 (95) 34 (93) 32 (90) 29 (84) 29 (84) 33.3 (91.9) Average low °C (°F) 19 (66) 20 (68) 22 (72) 26 (79) 28 (82) 27 (81) 26 (79) 26 (79) 25 (77) 24 (75) 22 (72) 21 (70) 23.8 (74.9) Record low °C (°F) 14 (57) 15 (59) 17 (63) 20 (68) 21 (70) 21 (70) 22 (72) 21 (70) 21 (70) 17 (63) 15 (59) 14 (57) 14 (57) Precipitation mm (inches) 16.2 (0.638) 3.7 (0.146) 3.0 (0.118) 13.6 (0.535) 48.9 (1.925) 53.7 (2.114) 97.8 (3.85) 149.7 (5.894) 109.1 (4.295) 282.7 (11.13) 350.3 (13.791) 138.2 (5.441) 1,266.9 (49.878) Source: Indian Meteorological Department39 Water Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. With a steadily increasing population, the city has faced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlier Veeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.40 In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwater harvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages.41 Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Ganga project that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh have eased water shortages. The city has constructed a sea water desalination plant to further increase the water supply.citation needed4243 Administration and utility services Main article: Administration of Chennai See also: Chennai architecture and Subdivisions of India City officials, as of September 20074445 Mayor Ma. Subramanian Deputy Mayor R. Sathya Bama Corporation Commissioner Mr. Karthikeyan IAS Commissioner of Police T. Rajendran Postmaster General M.S. Ramanujan Chennai city is governed by the Corporation of Chennai. Established in 1688, it is the oldest municipal corporation not only in India, but also in any Commonwealth nation outside the United Kingdom. It consists of 155 councillors who represent 155 wards and are directly elected by the city's residents. From among themselves, the councillors elect a mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about six standing committees.46 The area of jurisdiction of the Corporation of Chennai is set to expand manifold from its present extent of 176 km² to 800 km² pending a decision to be taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu. On doing this the population of Chennai is also set to increase from the present 4.5 million to over 8 million. The Tamil Nadu legislative assembly-secretariat complex at the Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai Chennai, the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings on the Fort St George campus but also in many other buildings scattered around the city. The Madras High Court, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, is the highest judicial authority in the state and is also in the city. Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies — Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South — and elects 14 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.47 The metropolitan region of Chennai covers many suburbs that are part of Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. While the city covers an area of 174 km2 (67 sq mi),48 the metropolitan area is spread over 1,189 km2 (459 sq mi).49 The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has drafted a Second Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. Contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram to the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar to the southwest, and Kanchipuram town, Sriperumpudur, Tiruvallur and Arakkonam to the west. A Chennai Metropolitan Police patrol car

The Greater Chennai Police department, a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, is the law enforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a commissioner of police, and administrative control rests with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. The department consists of 36 subdivisions with a total of 121 police stations. The city's traffic is managed by the Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP). The Metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, and outer district areas are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments. Utility services The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services. Garbage in most zones is handled by Neel Metal Fanalica Environment Management, a private company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Water supply and sewage treatment are handled by the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, popularly referred to as CMWSSB. Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.50 The city does not have a piped gas network and gas is supplied in cylinders by both state owned and private petroleum companies. Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. With a steadily increasing population, the city has faced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlier Veeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.40 In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwater harvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages.41 Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Ganga project that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh have eased water shortages. The city has constructed water desalination plants to further increase the water supply.4243 Telephone services in the city are provided by nine mobile phone service companies that include nine GSM networks and two CDMA networks along with four land line companies.5152 Commercial and domestic broadband Internet services are provided by all the four land line service providers and a majority of the mobile network service providers. Some areas of the city are also covered by a paid Wifi Internet service. Economy Main article: Economy of Chennai See also: List of Tech Parks in Chennai Chennai is an emerging powerhouse and is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.53 The city has so far in 2010 created over 100,000 jobs—more than any other Indian city outside of the much larger Delhi and Mumbai. Chennai's metropolitan area is taking full advantage of India's soaring industrial sector, particularly the booming automobile sector. Electronics, led by Dell, Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Siemens, Sony, Flextronics and Foxconn, are also booming. Chennai is home to India's second-largest entertainment industry, behind Mumbai. Parry's Corner, one of the older Business Districts of Chennai Chennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, healthcare and financial services industries.54 As of 2000, the city's total personal income was 12,488.83 crores, making up 10.9% of the total income of Tamil Nadu.55 In 2001, the total workforce in Chennai was about 1.5 million, which was 31.79% of its population. According to the 1991 census, most of the city's workforce was involved in trade (25.65%), manufacturing (23.52%), transportation (10.72%), construction (6.3%) and other services (31.8%). Chennai metropolitan area accounts for over 75% of the sales tax revenue in the state.56 According to the CII, Chennai is estimated to grow to a $100-billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by the year 2025.57 The city is base to around 30% of India's automobile industry58 and 35% of its auto components industry.59 A large number of automotive companies including Hyundai, Ford, BMW, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Komatsu, The TVS Group (TVS Electronics and TVS Motors), Ashok Leyland, Daimler Trucks, TI Cycles of India, TAFE Tractors, Royal Enfield, Caterpillar Inc., Caparo, Madras Rubber Factory (MRF) and Apollo Tyres have or are in the process of setting up manufacturing plants in and around Chennai. The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: Arjun MBT. The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.60 The Ambattur-Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and an SEZ for apparel and footwear manufacture has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.61 Chennai contributes more than 50% of India's leather exports.62 Tidel Park is one of the many software parks in Chennai. Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14% of India's total software exports of 144,214 crores during 2006–07, making it the second-largest exporter, by city, of software in the country, behind Bangalore.63 Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base. Prominent financial institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and Citibank have back office operations in the city.64 Chennai is home to two large national level commercial banks656667 and many state level co-operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom and Electronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Nokia, Nokia Siemens, Motorola, Dell, Samsung, Foxconn and Siemens among others. Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicals have research and development facilities in Chennai. TICEL bio-tech park68 and Golden Jubilee bio-tech park69 at Siruseri house biotechnology companies and laboratories. Chennai has a fully computerised stock exchange called the Madras Stock Exchange. Medical tourism is another important part of the city's economy with health care providers like Apollo Hospitals based in Chennai. The Tamil movie industry, the related Tamil Music industry and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts of Chennai's economy. Demographics Ranganathan Street in T. Nagar usually throngs with shoppers. Religions in Chennai Religion Percentage Hindu    81.3% Muslim    9.4% Christian    7.6% Jains    1.1% A resident of Chennai is called a Chennaite. As of 2001, Chennai city had a population of 4.34 million, while the total metropolitan population was 8.24 million.70 The estimated metropolitan population in 2006 is 4.5 million. With the area of the Chennai Corporation being extended to 456 km² the population with in the area administered by the corporation was 5.6 million in 2001 which makes it the third largest city in India.71 In 2001, the population density in the city was 24,682 per km² (63,926 per mi²), while the population density of the metropolitan area was 5,922 per km² (15,337 per mi²), making it one of the most densely populated cities in the world.7072 The sex ratio is 951 females for every 1,000 males,73 slightly higher than the national average of 944.74 The average literacy rate is 80.1%,75 much higher than the national average of 64.5%. The city has the fourth highest population of slum dwellers among major cities in India, with about 820,000 people (18.6% of its population) living in slum conditions.76 This number represents about 5% of the total slum population of India. In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 313.3 per 100,000 people, accounting for 6.2% of all crimes reported in major cities in India.77 The number of crimes in the city showed a significant increase of 61.8% from 2004.78 The majority of the population in Chennai are Tamils. Tamil is the primary language spoken in Chennai. English is widely spoken especially in business, education and white collar professions. Sizeable Telugu and Malayalee communities live in the city.79 Chennai also has a large migrant population, who come from other parts of Tamil Nadu and the rest of the country. As of 2001, out of the 937,000 migrants (21.6% of its population) in the city, 74.5% were from other parts of the state, 23.8% were from rest of India and 1.7% were from outside the country.80 According to the 2001 census, Hindus constitute about 81.3% of the city's population, and Muslims (9.4%), Christians (7.6%) and Jains (1.1%) are other major religious groups.81 Culture Bharata natyam recital Main articles: Culture of Chennai and Cuisine of Chennai See also: Tamil cuisine and Cinema of Tamil Nadu

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India.82 The city is known for its classical dance shows and Hindu temples. Every December, Chennai holds a five-week long Music Season celebrating the 1927 opening of the Madras Music Academy.83 It features performances (kutcheries) of traditional Carnatic music by hundreds of artists in and around the city. An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases various arts of Tamil Nadu is held in January every year. Chennai is also known for Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu. An important cultural centre for Bharatanatyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city.84 Chennai is also home to some of the best choirs in India, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.8586 Chennai is the base for the large Tamil movie industry, known as Kollywood, home to most of the movie studios.87 The industry makes more than 150 Tamil movies a year,88 and its soundtracks dominate the city's music. Some of the biggest names in the Indian film fraternity like Ilaiyaraaja, K. Balachander, Sivaji Ganesan, M. G. Ramachandran, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Mani Ratnam and S. Shankar are based out of Chennai. A. R. Rahman took Chennai to international fame by winning two Oscars, two Grammy Awards in 2009 for the movie Slumdog Millionaire.89 Chennai's theatres stage many Tamil plays; political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama are among the popular genres.909192 English plays are also staged in the city. Among Chennai's festivals, Pongal is celebrated over five days in January, is the most important. Almost all major religious festivals such as Deepavali, Eid and Christmas are celebrated in Chennai. Tamil cuisine in Chennai includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the city's restaurants offer light meals or tiffin, which usually include rice-based dishes like pongal, dosa, idli and vadai, served with steaming hot filter coffee. Transport Main article: Transport in Chennai Chennai is rated 3rd in the world's best commutes.93 Chennai's transit system is highly planned as the result of its standing as a tech and outsourcing hub, and it is relatively easy to manage given its population of 5 million. Chennai's status as a port city (which requires rail logistics and has led to mass public rail systems like the MRTS and the Chennai Metro which is under construction) and the high influx of planned campuses for informational technology (which results in multilane highways like the IT highway) have improved mobility to commercial areas The Chennai International Airport Air Chennai serves as a major gateway to southern India and the Chennai International Airport, comprising the Anna international terminal and the Kamaraj domestic terminal, is the third busiest airport in India.9495 The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, and North America through more than 30 national and international carriers. The airport is the second busiest cargo terminus in the country. The existing airport is undergoing further modernisation and expansion, and a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur.96 Sea The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports, and Ennore Port. The Chennai port is the largest in Bay of Bengal and India's second busiest container hub, handling automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo. The Ennore Port handles cargo such as coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products.97 A smaller harbour at Royapuram is used by fishing boats and trawlers. Rail MRTS Train station in Chennai Chennai is the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has two main railway terminals. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides access to other major cities as well as many other smaller towns across India.98 Chennai Egmore is a terminus for trains to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; it also handles a few inter-state trains.99 The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country, consists of four broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and Chennai Beach. Regular services are offered in the following sectors from these termini: Chennai Central/Chennai Beach - Arakkonam - Tiruttani, Chennai Central/Chennai Beach – Gummidipoondi - Sullurpeta and Chennai Beach – Tambaram - Chengalpattu - Tirumalpur(Kanchipuram). The fourth sector is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) which links Chennai Beach to Velachery and is interlinked with the remaining rail network. Construction is underway for an underground and elevated Chennai Metro rail.100 Road Chennai is well connected to other parts of India by road. Four major national highways link Chennai to Mumbai (via Bangalore), Kolkata, Tiruchirapalli (Trichy) and Tirupati and onwards to the rest of the national highway system. An MTC bus in Chennai Numerous state highways link the city to Puducherry and other towns and cities in Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states.101 The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), the terminus for all intercity buses from Chennai, is the largest bus station in Asia.102 Seven government-owned transport corporations operate inter-city and inter-state bus services. Many private inter-city and inter-state bus companies also operate services to and from Chennai. The Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) runs an extensive city bus system consisting of 3280 buses on 643 routes, and moves an estimated 5.52 million passengers each day.103 Vans, popularly known as Maxi Cabs and 'share' auto rickshaws ply many routes in the city and provide an alternative to buses. Metered call taxis, tourist taxis and auto rickshaws are also available on hire. Chennai's transportation infrastructure provides coverage and connectivity, but growing use has caused traffic congestion and pollution. The government has tried to address these problems by constructing grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, starting with the Gemini flyover, built in 1973 over the most important arterial road, Anna Salai to the recently completed Kathipara Flyover.104105 Media Main article: Media in Chennai See also: List of Tamil language television channels Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785.106 It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazzette and The Government Gazzette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.107 The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.106 The major English dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India recently joined the list. The evening dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and The News Today. As of 2004, The Hindu was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349.108 The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar and major Telugu dailies include Eenandu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi.109 The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika. Neighbourhood newspapers such as The Annanagar Times and The Adyar Times cater to particular localities. Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, "Thuglak", Frontline and Sportstar. Doordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks like Sun TV, Raj TV, Zee Tamil, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV, Kalaignar TV and Captain TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While SCV is the monopoly cable TV service providers, Direct-to-home (DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, videocon dth, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV(Airtel-Bharti)110111 Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television.112 Radio broadcasting started from the radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex, founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938.106 The city has 4 AM and 14 FM radio stations, operated by Anna University, All India Radio and private broadcasters.113 Education and health care Main article: Education in Chennai See also: Schools in Chennai and Education in India Anna University's Guindy campus

Schools in Chennai are either run publicly by the Tamil Nadu government or privately, some with financial aid from the government.114 The medium of education is either English or Tamil, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, the Matriculation Board or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).115 A few schools are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) board, there are even schools which cater National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board, Anglo-Indian board or the Montessori system. Schooling begins at the age of three with two years of kindergarten followed by ten years of primary and secondary education. Students then need to complete two years of higher secondary education in either science or commerce before being eligible for college education in a general or professional field of study.116117 There are 1,389 schools in the city, out of which 731 are primary, 232 are secondary and 426 are higher secondary schools.118 The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and College of Engineering, Guindy, founded in 1794 and Madras Institute of Technology (Alma mater of former president Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam) are the premier centres for engineering education in the city. Most colleges that offer engineering programs are affiliated to Anna University. Madras Medical College (MMC), Stanley Medical College (SMC), Kilpauk Medical College and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRMC) are the notable medical colleges in Chennai. The Government General Hospital Colleges for science, arts and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the University of Madras, which has three campuses in the city; some colleges such as Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Madras Christian College, Loyola College and The New College are autonomous. Research institutions like the prestigious Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSc), Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) and the Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR) are in the city. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in India.119 It has been declared a UNESCO information centre.120 Officers Training Academy has been established in the city by the Indian Army. There are 15 Government hospitals and a large number of private hospitals which provide medical and health care. The Government General hospital, popularly referred to as "G.H.", is the biggest government run hospital in the city. There are many large private hospitals, among which many are multi-speciality hospitals. Some of India's well-known healthcare institutions such as Apollo Hospitals (the largest private healthcare provider in Asia),121 Sankara Nethralaya,Madras Medical Mission(MMM),Frontier Lifeline & K.M.Cherian heart foundation and Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre are based in the city, making it one of the preferred destinations for medical tourists from across the globe.122 Sports Main article: Sport in Chennai An IPL match in progress at M.A. Chidambaram Cricket Stadium Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai.123 The M.A. Chidambaram Stadium (MAC) in Chepauk is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India.124 The Chemplast Cricket Ground on the IIT Madras campus is another important venue hosting first class matches. Prominent cricketers from the city include former Test-captains S. Venkataraghavan and Kris Srikkanth.125126 A cricket fast bowling academy, the MRF Pace Foundation, whose coaches include Bob Simpson and Dennis Lillee, is based in Chennai.127128 Chennai is home to the Indian Premier League cricket team, the Chennai Super Kings. Chennai is also home to the Indian Cricket League team, the Chennai Superstars.129130 The city is home to a Premier Hockey League (PHL) team, the Chennai Veerans, and has hosted many hockey tournaments such as the Asia Cup and the Men's Champions Trophy at The Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium.131132 Chennai has produced popular tennis players such as Leander Paes, Vijay Amritraj, Ramesh Krishnan and Mahesh Bhupathi 133134135 and is host to an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) event since 1997, the Chennai Open,136 ATP World Tour 250 series, the country's only (ATP) event. A Chennai Open match in progress at the SDAT Tennis Stadium Football and athletic competitions are held at the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, which also houses a multi-purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Chennai was the venue of the South Asian Games (SAF Games) in 1995.137 Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in Irungattukottai, Sriperumbudur,138 which has also been the venue for several international competitions.139 Horse racing is held at the Guindy Race Course, while rowing competitions are hosted at the Madras Boat Club. The city has two 18-hole golf courses, the Cosmopolitan Club and the Gymkhana Club, both established in the late nineteenth century. Viswanathan Anand, the chess World champion, grew up in Chennai.140141142 Other athletes of repute from Chennai include table tennis players Sharath Kamal143 and two-time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam.144 The city has a rugby union team called the Chennai Cheetahs.145 Sister cities Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world. Country City State / Region Since United States San Antonio146 Texas 2008 Germany Frankfurt Hesse 2005 United States Denver147 Colorado 1984 Russia Volgograd148 Volgograd Oblast 1966 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur149 Federal Territory 2010 See also Chennai portal Areas of Chennai Water supply in Chennai Notes Footnotes ^ In December, 2009, The Tamil Nadu government announced plans to merge nine municipalities, eight town panchayats, and 25 village panchayats into the city of Chennai, which would increase its area to 426 square kilometres, and population (according to the 2001 census) to 5.6 million. The plans are that boundary of the expanded corporation will be drawn in 2011, after the term of the elected councillors ends.150 An ordinance was promulgated on 21 December 2010, amending the Madras City Municipal Corporation Act, giving effect to the total number of wards as 200. The corporation council is represented by 155 members.151 Citations ^ "India: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population". World Gazetteer. http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-104&srt=1npn&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500. Retrieved 2010-03-10.  ^ "India: metropolitan areas". World Gazeteer. http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=80&geo=-104&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a. Retrieved 2010-03-10.  ^ "About Corporation of Chennai". Corporation of Chennai. http://www.chennaicorporation.gov.in/about-chennai-corporation/aboutCOC.htm. 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Retrieved 2007-09-07.  ^ "Chennai as a home for Music – IV". Chennai Online. 2009. http://archives.chennaionline.com/columns/ethnomusic/durga23.asp. Retrieved 2009-02-24.  ^ "There's a song in the air...". NXg. January 2009. http://www.go-nxg.com/?p=3155. Retrieved 2009-02-24.  ^ Ellens, Dan; Lakshmi Srinivas (2006). A Time for India. Vantage Press Inc., New York. p. 150. ISBN 0533150922. http://books.google.com/?id=6Nsyr3J1fpIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=kollywood#PPA150,M1. Retrieved 2007-09-07.  ^ Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). Bollywood: A Guidebook To Popular Hindi Cinema. Routledge, London. p. 3. ISBN 0415288541. http://books.google.com/?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA3&dq=tamil+films+per+year. Retrieved 2007-09-07.  ^ "Rahman back with Oscars to rousing reception in Chennai". hindustantimes. February 26, 2009. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Rahman-back-with-Oscars-to-rousing-reception-in-Chennai/Article1-383752.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-26.  ^ Ramesh, V (July 17, 2003). "The Sultan of sarcasm". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/07/17/stories/2003071700060100.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-22.  ^ Ashok Kumar, S.R. (January 11, 2006). "Actor R.S. Manohar dead". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/11/stories/2006011115150700.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-22.  ^ Kumar, Ranee (December 10, 2003). "Laughter, the best medicine". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/10/stories/2003121000390100.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-22.  ^ Matt Woolsey (2008-10-28). "In Depth: World's 10 Best Commutes - 3. Chennai, India". Forbes.com. http://www.forbes.com/2008/10/28/commute-cities-world-forbeslife-cx_mw_1028realestate_slide_9.html. Retrieved 2010-11-04.  ^ "Traffic statistics - Passengers (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIIC" (PDF). Airports Authority of India. http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex3.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Traffic statistics - Aircraft movements (Intl+Domestic), Annexure IIC" (PDF). Airports Authority of India. http://aai.aero/traffic_news/jun2k7annex2.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "New greenfield airport to be set up near Chennai". The Hindu. May 22, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/001200705221441.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-22.  ^ 4753, "Gateway to India for Singapore firms". Business Times. July 6, 2006. http://app.mfa.gov.sg/pr/read_content.asp?View, 4753,. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Sub-urban Train timings". Indian Railways. http://www.southernrailway.org/sutt/arr-dep.php. Retrieved 2007-10-06.  ^ "35 trains to run at higher speed". The Hindu. August 27, 2004. http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/28/stories/2004082807870500.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Chennai metro work begins". The Hindu. April 18, 2008. http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/18/stories/2008041860651200.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-17.  ^ "GIS database for Chennai city roads and strategies for improvement". Geospace Work Portal. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/Utility/transport/utilitytr0001.htm. Retrieved 2005-08-04.  ^ Dorairaj, S (December 28, 2005). "Koyambedu bus terminus gets ISO certification". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/28/stories/2005122816740400.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "The Growth". Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai) Ltd. March 31, 2010. http://www.mtcbus.org/. Retrieved 2010-06-18.  ^ "Land Use and Planning Strategy" (PDF). Draft Master Plan – II for Chennai Metropolitan Area (Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority): p. 60. http://www.hindu.com/nic/draftmasterplanii_short.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-16.  ^ Srivathsan, A (September 29, 2007). "Bridge across time Skyline". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2007092950161200.htm&date=2007/09/29/&prd=pp&. Retrieved 2007-09-16.  ^ a b c "Historical Events at a Glance". District Profile. Govt. of Tamil Nadu. http://chennai.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#evt. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Muthiah, S (February 3, 2003). "A landmark's last vestiges vanish". The Hindu. Archived from the original on May 27, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060527125255/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/03/stories/2003020300160300.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Shankaran, Sanjiv (May 4, 2005). "How Deccan Chronicle stormed Chennai". Rediff.com. http://www.rediff.com/money/2005/may/04spec3.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Publication Place Wise-Registration". Registrar of Newspapers for India. https://rni.nic.in/search_place.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-09.  If one types in Chennai in the input box and submits, the list is displayed. ^ "Dish TV launches 'One Alliance' bouquet". The Hindu. June 13, 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/13/stories/2006061317950300.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "DTH companies come up with offers for World Cup". The Hindu. March 4, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/04/stories/2007030404630200.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Conditional Access System in South Delhi from December 15". The Hindu. December 6, 2003. http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/06/stories/2003120604511200.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.  ^ Gilbert, Sean, ed (2006). World Radio TV Handbook 2007: The Directory of International Broadcasting. London: WRTH Publications Ltd.. pp. 237–242. ISBN 0823059979.  ^ "District-wise number of schools according to area, type and management" (PDF). Reports. Govt. of Tamil Nadu. pp. 1–25. http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/SS/SS1to5.pdf. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ Ramachandran, K. and Srinivasan, Meera (November 20, 2006). "Balancing uniformity and diversity". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/edu/2006/11/20/stories/2006112000410100.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-07.  ^ "Educational Structure". Govt. of Tamil Nadu. http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/structure.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Educational System in Tamil Nadu". Govt. of Tamil Nadu. http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/statistics/picture1-edn.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "No. of Schools in the Town: Chennai". Govt. of Tamil Nadu. http://www.schools.tn.nic.in/TownSchools.asp?DCODE=02&VTCODE=40200988. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "The Delivery of Books' and Newspapers' (Public Libraries) Act, 1954". Govt. of India. http://www.connemarapubliclibrarychennai.com/forPublisher.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Highlights". Connemara Public Library. http://www.connemarapubliclibrarychennai.com/History.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Medical Tourism". Apollo Hospitals. http://www.apollohospdelhi.com/medical-tourism.html. Retrieved 2007-09-12.  ^ "Indian State: Tamil Nadu". Govt of India. http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/tamilnadu.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-12.  ^ "About Chennai". Tamil Nadu Physical Education and Sports University. http://tnpesu.org/chennai.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Sriram, Natarajan. "MA Chidambaram stadium". Cricinfo. http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ Ramchand, Partab. "Srinivas Venkataraghavan". Cricinfo. http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/35656.html. Retrieved 2007-10-15.  ^ Ramchand, Partab. "Kris Srikkanth". Cricinfo. http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/india/content/player/34103.html. Retrieved 2007-10-15.  ^ "Howard visits MRF Pace Foundation". The Hindu. March 9, 2006. http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/09/stories/2006030908432000.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Pathan owes his success to MRF Pace Foundation". Indo-Asian News Service (Yahoo! News). February 20, 2004. Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311232922/http://in.news.yahoo.com/040220/43/2bljj.html. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Lokapally, Vijay (2007-12-17). "Chennai Superstars tame Lions to triumph". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/17/stories/2007121760922500.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-18.  ^ "Chennai Superstars crowned ICL 20:20 Champions". Indian Cricket League. http://www.indiancricketleague.in/news/news-52.html. Retrieved 2009-03-02.  ^ "India retains Asia Cup hockey title". The Hindu. September 10, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/10/stories/2007091055590100.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ "Radhakrishnan stadium to have new turf". The Hindu. October 20, 2004. http://www.hindu.com/2004/10/20/stories/2004102004161800.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ Basu, Arundhati (March 19, 2005). "Off-court ace". The Telegraph. http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050319/asp/weekend/story_4513588.asp. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Srinivasan, Kamesh (December 28, 2001). "For Paes and Bhupathi, glory days began in Chennai". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2001/12/28/stories/2001122801651900.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Keerthivasan, K (December 30, 2004). "A trip down memory lane". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/30/stories/2004123006512000.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-11.  ^ "About the venue". International Management Group. http://www.chennaiopen.org. Retrieved 2007-09-13.  ^ Thyagarajan, S (December 4, 2003). "On the road to restoration". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/04/stories/2003120400820400.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Thyagarajan, S (August 22, 2002). "On the right track". The Hindu. http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/22/stories/2002082200640400.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Chennai on right track". The Indian Express. February 5, 1998. http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19980205/03650544.html. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ Brijnath, Rohit (October 6, 2007). "India's most consistent champion". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/06/stories/2007100655521900.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-11.  ^ Fide (October 15, 2007). "FIDE Top 100 Players October 2007". Fide. http://ratings.fide.com/toparc.phtml?cod=117. Retrieved 2007-10-15.  ^ Official site of the 2007 World Chess Championship (October 15, 2007). "Viswanathan Anand the new World Champion 2007". http://www.chessmexico.com/es/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=22&Itemid=114. Retrieved 2007-10-15.  ^ Srinivasan, Meera (September 7, 2007). "Four Chennai teachers have a reason to rejoice". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/07/stories/2007090760930400.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Indian Teams in International Competitions". Govt. of India. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927012135/http://sportal.nic.in/front.asp?maincatid=51&headingid=71. Retrieved 2007-10-11.  ^ "Chennai Cheetahs lifts title". The Hindu. April 16, 2007. http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/16/stories/2007041605951700.htm. Retrieved 2007-10-04.  ^ "Mayor announces Chennai, India Sister City Agreement". Official Website of the City of San Antonio. February 28, 2008. http://www.sanantonio.gov/news/NewsMayorCouncil/nrChennaiSisterCity.asp?res=1280&ver=true. Retrieved 11 October 2010.  ^ "Overview of Chennai, India: Denver Sister Cities International". Denversistercities.org. Archived from the original on June 5, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080605045557/http://www.denversistercities.org/chennai.php. Retrieved 2009-03-03.  ^ "International / India & World: Riding into a steppe sunset en route to Mumbai". The Hindu. 2006-11-26. http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/26/stories/2006112602291000.htm. Retrieved 2009-03-03.  ^ "Chennai, Kuala Lumpur sign sister city pact". The Hindu. November 26, 2010. http://hindu.com/2010/11/26/stories/2010112661760300.htm. Retrieved 26 November 2010.  ^ Gunasekaran, M (30 December 2009). "Chennai city just got bigger". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Chennai-city-just-got-bigger/articleshow/5393680.cms. Retrieved 31 December 2009.  ^ [2] Further reading Muthiah, S. (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.  The University of Houston Digital Library has a collection of historical photographs from the magazine, India Illustrated. View this collection at the University of Houston Digital Libraries External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chennai Find more about Chennai on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Official government website of Chennai District Official website of the Corporation of Chennai Chennai travel guide from Wikitravel  Chennai v · d · eChennai History History of Chennai, Fort St George, Madras Presidency, George Town, Chennai, Pallava, SMS Emden (1906), Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Siege of Madras, Battle of Madras, Carnatic Wars, Thomas Parry (Chennai merchant), Arbuthnot & Co, Madras State, Geography & Architecture Geography of Chennai, Coromandel Coast, Cooum, Adyar River, Broken bridge, Chennai, Chembarambakkam Lake, Chennai architecture, Madras High Court, Valluvar Kottam, Vivekanandar Illam, Seven Pagodas of Mahabalipuram, Government Museum, Ravishwarar, Victoria Public Hall, Madras War Cemetery, Rajiv Gandhi Memorial, Places of worship Kapaleeswarar Temple, Parthasarathy Temple, Marundeeswarar Temple, Ashtalakshmi Kovil, Santhome Basilica, Madhya Kailash, Church of Our Lady of Light, Chennai, Kalikambal Temple, Saint Patrick's Cathedral, Chennai, St. George's Cathedral, Chennai, St. Mary's Church (Fort St. George), Varasiddhi Vinayaka temple, Armenian Church, Chennai, Corporations Ripon Building, Chennai Corporation, North Chennai Corporation, South Chennai Corporation Localities North Chennai Ambattur, Avadi, Gummidipoondi, Ayanavaram, Kodungaiyur, Kolathur (Chennai), Korattur, Madhavaram, Perambur, Purasawalkam, Royapuram, Sowcarpet, Tiruvottiyur, Tolgate, Tondiarpet, Vallalar Nagar, Villivakkam, Vyasarpadi Jeeva, Washermanpet, West Chennai Sriperumbudur, Tiruvallur, Arakkonam, Valasaravakkam, Alwarthirunagar, Virugambakkam, Aminjikarai, Anna Nagar, Anna Nagar West, Mogappair, Arumbakkam, Ashok Nagar, Choolaimedu, KK Nagar, Koyambedu, Manapakkam, Nandambakkam, Poonamallee, Porur, Shenoy Nagar, Thirumangalam, Vadapalani, West Mambalam Central Chennai T Nagar, Parry's Corner, Saidapet, Mylapore, Chepauk, Chetput (Chennai), Egmore, George Town, Kilpauk, Mambalam, Nandanam, Nungambakkam, Palavakkam, Panagal Park, Park Town, Chennai, Parry's Corner, Pondy Bazaar, Royapettah, Santhome, Teynampet, Triplicane, Trustpuram, Kodambakkam, South Chennai Adyar, Besant Nagar, Guindy, Thuraipakkam, Velachery, Adambakkam, Chitlapakkam, Chromepet, Foreshore Estate, Greenways Road, Guindy Thiru Vi Ka Estate, Injambakkam, Karapakkam, Kotturpuram, Madipakkam, Mandavelli, Meenambakkam, Nanganallur, Neelankarai, Pazhavanthangal, Pammal, Perungalathur, Perungudi, Puzhuthivakkam, Jafferkhanpet, Sholinganallur, St. Thomas Mount, Tambaram, Taramani, Thiruvanmiyur, Tirusulam, Education

Education in Chennai, Schools in Chennai, Connemara Public Library, Universities Anna University, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, University of Madras, Madras Christian College, Presidency College, Pachaiyappa's College, Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai Mathematical Institute, Indian Maritime University Engineering colleges Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT), College of Engineering, Guindy, Madras Institute of Technology, Alagappa College of Technology, Medical colleges Stanley Medical College, Madras Medical College, Kilpauk Medical College, Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute, Hospitals Government General Hospital, Apollo Hospitals, Adyar Cancer Institute, Regional Institute of Ophthalmology and Government Ophthalmic Hospital, Chennai, Sir Ivan Stedeford Hospital Industry Automobile industry in Chennai, EMS Industry in Chennai, Heavy Vehicles Factory, Integral Coach Factory, Irevna, EID Parry, Anabond, Accel Transmatic Limited, Anantara Solutions, Murugappa Group, Madras Rubber Factory, Ashok Leyland, Royal Enfield, Sify, TI Cycles of India, TVS Motors, Laser Soft, Infrastructure Urban transits Chennai Metro, Chennai Monorail, Chennai BRTS, Chennai RBTW, Chennai Suburban Railway, Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai), Chennai Elevated Expressways, Chennai HSCTC, Chennai Bypass, Inner Ring Road, Outer Ring Road, Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway, East Coast Elevated Expressway Other public transits Transport in Chennai, Chennai International Airport, Chennai Port, Ennore Port, Kattupalli Shipyard, Chennai Central, Chennai Central MMC, Chennai Egmore, Chennai Beach, Royapuram, CMBT, CCCBT, MTC Major roads Anna Salai, Cenotaph Road, Nungambakkam High Road, Peters Road, Chennai, Sardar Patel Road, Chennai Grade separators Kathipara Junction, Koyambedu Junction, Padi Junction, Maduravoyal Junction, Madhya Kailash Junction Flyovers Anna Flyover, Chennai Airport Flyover, Chennai Airport Flyover–Travelator, Chrompet Flyover, High-technology business districts IT Corridor, Automotive Corridor, Chennai ITIR, Electronics Corridor, SEZ Corridor, Entertainment Corridor, Mahindra World City, New Chennai, DLF IT Park, SIPCOT IT Park, Tidel Park, International Tech Park, Chennai, Olympia Tech Park, List of tech parks in Chennai, Sports Chennai Open, Chennai Veerans, Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Chennai, M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, SDAT Tennis Stadium, Sholavaram, Chennai Super Kings, Chennai Superstars, Madras Boat Club, Sholavaram, Madras Motor Sports Club, Irungattukottai Race Track, Cosmopolitan Club, Guindy Race Course, Gymkhana Club, Chennai, Sport in Chennai, Tamil Nadu Cricket Association, Velachery Aquatic Complex, Chennai Sepak Takraw League Beaches & beachways Elliot's Beach, Marina Beach, East Coast Road, Golden Beach, Chennai, Covelong, Thiruvanmiyur Beach, Adyar Beach, Pebble Beach, Chennai, Mamallapuram Beach, Palavakkam Beach Malls & multiplexes Spencer Plaza, Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai Citi Centre, Mayajaal Multiplex, Abirami Mall, Ampa Mall, Chennai Central Mall, Express Avenue, Coromandal Plaza, Marina Grand, AGS multiplex Parks Guindy National Park, Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Arignar Anna Zoological Park, Adyar Eco Park Theme parks MGM Dizzee World, Queen's Land, VGP Universal Kingdom, Dash N Splash, Kishkinta, Mayajaal Beach Resort Culture Kollywood, Chennai Sangamam, Theosophical Society Adyar, Saarang, Techofes, Gaana, KM Music Conservatory, Kalakshetra, Madras Music Academy, Cholamandal Artists' Village, Moksha (Indian band), Tamil cuisine, LBG, DakshinaChitra, Chennai Book Fair, Other topics 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake   Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 13°5′2″N 80°16′12″E / 13.08389°N 80.27°E / 13.08389; 80.27 v · d · eUrban transit in Chennai Bus Transits Chennai BRTS† · Chennai RBTW* Chennai HSCTC† Corridors Adyar Corridor* · Central Buckingham Canal Corridor* · Chennai Bypass · Chennai Port - Maduravoyal Expressway† · Connectivity Corridor* · East Coast Elevated Expressway* · Inner Ring Road Corridor* · Mambalam Canal Corridor* · North Buckingham Canal Corridor* Interchanges Irumbuliyur Junction · Koyambedu Junction† · Madhavaram Junction† · Maduravoyal Junction Intra-city Expressways Chennai Elevated Expressways† · Inner Ring Road · Outer Ring Road† Rail Transits Chennai Suburban Railway North Line · South Line · South West Line · West Line · West North Line · West South Line Other rail-based transits Chennai Metro† · Chennai Monorail* · Chennai MRTS * Planned · † Under construction v · d · eNeighbourhoods of Chennai Adyar · Adambakkam · Alwarpet · Alwarthirunagar · Ambattur · Aminjikarai · Anna Nagar · Anna Nagar West · Arumbakkam · Ashok Nagar · Avadi · Ayanavaram · Besant Nagar · Chepauk · Chetput · Chitlapakkam · Choolaimedu · Chromepet · Egmore · Foreshore Estate · Georgetown · Greenways Road · Guindy · Guindy TVK Estate · Injambakkam · K. K. Nagar · Karapakkam · Kilpauk · Kodambakkam · Kodungaiyur · Kolathur · Korattur · Kotturpuram · Koyambedu · Madipakkam · Madhavaram · Mambalam · Manapakkam · Mandavelli · Meenambakkam · Mogappair · Mylapore · Nandanam · Nandambakkam · Nanganallur · Neelankarai · Nungambakkam · Palavakkam · Palavanthangal · Pammal · Panagal Park · Park Town · Parry's Corner · Perambur · Perungalathur · Perungudi · Pondy Bazaar · Poonamallee · Porur · Purasawalkam · Puzhuthivakkam · Royapettah · Royapuram · Saidapet · Santhome · Sholinganallur · Shenoy Nagar · Sithalapakkam · Sowcarpet · St. Thomas Mount · T. Nagar · Tambaram · Tharamani · Teynampet · Thirumangalam · Thiruvanmiyur · Tirusulam · Tiruvottiyur · Tolgate · Tondiarpet · Triplicane · Trustpuram · Vadapalani · Valasaravakkam · Vallalar Nagar · Vandalur · Velachery · Villivakkam · Vinayagapuram · Virugambakkam · Vyasarpadi · Washermanpet · West Mambalam v · d · e State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala · Aizawl · Bangalore · Bhopal · Bhubaneswar · Chandigarh · Chennai (Madras) · Daman · Dehradun · New Delhi · Dispur · Gandhinagar · Gangtok · Hyderabad · Imphal · Itanagar · Jaipur · Jammu (in winter) · Kavaratti · Kohima · Kolkata (Calcutta) · Lucknow · Mumbai (Bombay) · Panaji (Panjim) · Patna · Puducherry (Pondicherry) · Port Blair · Raipur · Ranchi · Shillong · Shimla · Silvassa · Srinagar (in summer)  · Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) v · d · eMillion-plus cities in India Category A-1 Metro cities Mumbai · Delhi · Hyderabad · Kolkata · Chennai · Bangalore · Vijayawada · Ahmedabad Other Million-plus Cities of India Agra · Amritsar · Aurangabad ·  · Belgaum · Bhopal · Chandigarh · Coimbatore · Erode · Faridabad · Ghaziabad · Gorakhpur · Gulbarga · Gurgaon · Howrah · Hubli · Indore · Jabalpur · Jaipur · Jodhpur · Kalyan-Dombivali  · Kanpur · Lucknow · Ludhiana · Mangalore · Meerut · Mysore · Nagpur · Nashik · Navi Mumbai · Patna · Pimpri Chinchwad · Pune · Rajkot · Ranchi · Solapur · Srinagar · Surat · Thane · Thiruvananthapuram · Vadodara · Varanasi · Visakhapatnam v · d · e State of Tamil Nadu Capital : Chennai Topics:

Cinema · Cuisine · Economy · Government · History · Language · Literature · Music · People · Politics · Temples · Wildlife Capital: Chennai  · State bird: Emerald Dove  · State Animal: Nilgiri Tahr  · State Tree: Palm Tree  · State flower: Gloriosa Lily  · Districts: Ariyalur · Chennai · Coimbatore · Cuddalore · Dharmapuri · Dindigul · Erode · Kanchipuram · Kanyakumari · Karur · Krishnagiri · Madurai · Nagapattinam · Namakkal · Perambalur · Pudukkottai · Ramanathapuram · Salem · Sivaganga · Thanjavur · The Nilgiris · Theni · Thoothukudi · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli · Tirupur · Tiruvallur · Tiruvannamalai · Tiruvarur · Vellore · Viluppuram · Virudhunagar Major cities: Chennai  · Coimbatore  · Erode  · Madurai  · Salem · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli  · Tirupur  · Tuticorin · Vellore Protected areas: Biosphere Reserves: · Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve · Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve · Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve · National Parks: Guindy National Park · Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park · Indira Gandhi National Park · Mudumalai National Park · Mukurthi National Park · Palani Hills National Park Wildlife Sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary · Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary · Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary · Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary · Bird Sanctuaries: Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary · Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary · Vellode Birds Sanctuary · Conservation reserves: Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Portal : Tamil Nadu v · d · eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo –Yokohama Jakarta Mumbai Delhi Manila New York São Paulo Seoul –Incheon Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka –Kobe –Kyoto Kolkata Los Angeles Shenzhen Beijing Moscow Guangzhou Istanbul Karachi Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Dongguan Paris Dhaka Nagoya Lagos Chicago London Kinshasa Bangkok Tehran Lima Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg –East Rand Ruhr Area  (Essen–Düsseldorf) Bangalore Lahore Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Taipei Toronto –Hamilton Baghdad Kuala Lumpur Santiago Dallas –Fort Worth San Francisco –San Jose

Cinema · Cuisine · Economy · Government · History · Language · Literature · Music · People · Politics · Temples · Wildlife Capital: Chennai  · State bird: Emerald Dove  · State Animal: Nilgiri Tahr  · State Tree: Palm Tree  · State flower: Gloriosa Lily  · Districts: Ariyalur · Chennai · Coimbatore · Cuddalore · Dharmapuri · Dindigul · Erode · Kanchipuram · Kanyakumari · Karur · Krishnagiri · Madurai · Nagapattinam · Namakkal · Perambalur · Pudukkottai · Ramanathapuram · Salem · Sivaganga · Thanjavur · The Nilgiris · Theni · Thoothukudi · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli · Tirupur · Tiruvallur · Tiruvannamalai · Tiruvarur · Vellore · Viluppuram · Virudhunagar Major cities: Chennai  · Coimbatore  · Erode  · Madurai  · Salem · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli  · Tirupur  · Tuticorin · Vellore Protected areas: Biosphere Reserves: · Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve · Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve · Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve · National Parks: Guindy National Park · Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park · Indira Gandhi National Park · Mudumalai National Park · Mukurthi National Park · Palani Hills National Park Wildlife Sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary · Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary · Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary · Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary · Bird Sanctuaries: Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary · Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary · Vellode Birds Sanctuary · Conservation reserves: Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Portal : Tamil Nadu v · d · eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo –Yokohama Jakarta Mumbai Delhi Manila New York São Paulo Seoul –Incheon Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka –Kobe –Kyoto Kolkata Los Angeles Shenzhen Beijing Moscow Guangzhou Istanbul Karachi Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Dongguan Paris Dhaka Nagoya Lagos Chicago London Kinshasa Bangkok Tehran Lima Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg –East Rand Ruhr Area  (Essen–Düsseldorf) Bangalore Lahore Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Taipei Toronto –Hamilton Baghdad Kuala Lumpur Santiago Dallas –Fort Worth San Francisco –San Jose

Cinema · Cuisine · Economy · Government · History · Language · Literature · Music · People · Politics · Temples · Wildlife Capital: Chennai  · State bird: Emerald Dove  · State Animal: Nilgiri Tahr  · State Tree: Palm Tree  · State flower: Gloriosa Lily  · Districts: Ariyalur · Chennai · Coimbatore · Cuddalore · Dharmapuri · Dindigul · Erode · Kanchipuram · Kanyakumari · Karur · Krishnagiri · Madurai · Nagapattinam · Namakkal · Perambalur · Pudukkottai · Ramanathapuram · Salem · Sivaganga · Thanjavur · The Nilgiris · Theni · Thoothukudi · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli · Tirupur · Tiruvallur · Tiruvannamalai · Tiruvarur · Vellore · Viluppuram · Virudhunagar Major cities: Chennai  · Coimbatore  · Erode  · Madurai  · Salem · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli  · Tirupur  · Tuticorin · Vellore Protected areas: Biosphere Reserves: · Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve · Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve · Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve · National Parks: Guindy National Park · Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park · Indira Gandhi National Park · Mudumalai National Park · Mukurthi National Park · Palani Hills National Park Wildlife Sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary · Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary · Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary · Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary · Bird Sanctuaries: Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary · Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary · Vellode Birds Sanctuary · Conservation reserves: Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Portal : Tamil Nadu v · d · eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo –Yokohama Jakarta Mumbai Delhi Manila New York São Paulo Seoul –Incheon Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka –Kobe –Kyoto Kolkata Los Angeles Shenzhen Beijing Moscow Guangzhou Istanbul Karachi Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Dongguan Paris Dhaka Nagoya Lagos Chicago London Kinshasa Bangkok Tehran Lima Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg –East Rand Ruhr Area  (Essen–Düsseldorf) Bangalore Lahore Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Taipei Toronto –Hamilton Baghdad Kuala Lumpur Santiago Dallas –Fort Worth San Francisco –San Jose

Cinema · Cuisine · Economy · Government · History · Language · Literature · Music · People · Politics · Temples · Wildlife Capital: Chennai  · State bird: Emerald Dove  · State Animal: Nilgiri Tahr  · State Tree: Palm Tree  · State flower: Gloriosa Lily  · Districts: Ariyalur · Chennai · Coimbatore · Cuddalore · Dharmapuri · Dindigul · Erode · Kanchipuram · Kanyakumari · Karur · Krishnagiri · Madurai · Nagapattinam · Namakkal · Perambalur · Pudukkottai · Ramanathapuram · Salem · Sivaganga · Thanjavur · The Nilgiris · Theni · Thoothukudi · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli · Tirupur · Tiruvallur · Tiruvannamalai · Tiruvarur · Vellore · Viluppuram · Virudhunagar Major cities: Chennai  · Coimbatore  · Erode  · Madurai  · Salem · Tiruchirapalli · Tirunelveli  · Tirupur  · Tuticorin · Vellore Protected areas: Biosphere Reserves: · Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve · Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve · Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve · National Parks: Guindy National Park · Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park · Indira Gandhi National Park · Mudumalai National Park · Mukurthi National Park · Palani Hills National Park Wildlife Sanctuaries: Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary · Point Calimere Wildlife and Bird Sanctuary · Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary · Vallanadu Wildlife Sanctuary · Bird Sanctuaries: Koothankulam Bird Sanctuary · Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary · Vellode Birds Sanctuary · Conservation reserves: Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve Portal : Tamil Nadu v · d · eWorld's fifty most-populous urban areas Tokyo –Yokohama Jakarta Mumbai Delhi Manila New York São Paulo Seoul –Incheon Mexico City Shanghai Cairo Osaka –Kobe –Kyoto Kolkata Los Angeles Shenzhen Beijing Moscow Guangzhou Istanbul Karachi Buenos Aires Rio de Janeiro Dongguan Paris Dhaka Nagoya Lagos Chicago London Kinshasa Bangkok Tehran Lima Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Chennai Johannesburg –East Rand Ruhr Area  (Essen–Düsseldorf) Bangalore Lahore Hong Kong Hyderabad Tianjin Taipei Toronto –Hamilton Baghdad Kuala Lumpur Santiago Dallas –Fort Worth San Francisco –San Jose