This article is about the "people of Canada". For the "country of Canada", see Canada. For other uses of "Canadian", see Canadian (disambiguation). Canadians Canadiens (French) 1st row: Shanawdithit, Aatsista-Mahkan, Louis Riel, Sir John A. Macdonald, Lester B. Pearson 2nd row: Celine Dion, Thomas D'Arcy McGee, John Diefenbaker, Linda Evangelista, Patrick Chan 3rd row: Russell Peters, Cassie Steele, Michaëlle Jean, David Suzuki, Tommy Douglas Total population Canada 34,300,000 (Est.Note 1) Regions with significant populations United States 1,003,850 1 Hong Kong 200,000 1 United Kingdom 72,518 1 Taiwan 52,500 1 People's Republic of China 40,000 1 Lebanon 45,000 1 Australia 27,289 1 Italy 23,487 1 France 18,913 1 Greece 12,477 1 Egypt 10,000 1 South Korea 8,763 1 Belgium 4,145 1 New Zealand 7,770 1 Switzerland 7,519 1 Philippines 7,500 1 Portugal 7,326 1 Japan 7,067 1 Netherlands 8,427 1 Mexico 5,768 1 Norway 2,290 1 Ireland 4,081 1 Spain 3,810 1 Denmark 2,752 1 Sweden 2,742 2 Languages Official languages are English (Canadian English) and French (Canadian French). Numerous indigenous American languages are also recognized. Religion Multiple denominations Canadians (singular Canadian) are the people who are identified with the place and country of Canada. This connection may be genetic, residential, legal, historical, cultural or ethnic. For most Canadians, several (frequently all) of those types of connections exist and are the source(s) of them being considered Canadians. Aside from the Aboriginal peoples, who according to the 2006 Canadian Census numbered 1,172,790, 3.8% of the country's total population,3 the majority of the populace is made up of old world immigrants and their descendents. After the initial period of French and then British colonization, different waves (or peaks) of immigration and settlement of non-aboriginal peoples took place over the course of nearly two centuries and is currently ongoing. Elements of Aboriginal, French, British and more recent immigrant customs, languages and religions have combined to form the culture of Canada and thus a Canadian identity. Canada has also been strongly influenced by that of its linguistic, geographic and economic neighbour, the United States. The Canadian Citizenship Act of 1946 took effect on 1 January 1947. Prior to that date, Canadians were British subjects and Canada's nationality law closely mirrored that of the United Kingdom. As Canadian independence was obtained incrementally over the course of many years since the formation of the Canadian Confederation in 1867, World War I and World War II in particular gave rise to a desire amongst Canadians to have their country recognized as a fully-fledged sovereign state with a distinct citizenship. Legislation since the mid 20th century represents Canadians' commitment to multilateralism and socioeconomic development. Contents 1 Origins 1.1 Immigration 1.2 Citizenship 1.3 Ethnic ancestry 2 Culture 2.1 Religion 2.2 Languages 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links // Origins See also: History of Canada Canadians make up 0.5% of the world's total population,4 having relied on immigration for population growth and social development.5 Approximately 41% of current Canadians are first or second generation immigrants.6 Meaning one out of every five Canadians currently living in Canada was not born in the country.7 Statistics Canada projects that, by 2031, nearly one-half of Canadians above the age of 15 will be foreign-born or have one foreign-born parent.8 Immigration Main article: immigration to Canada The French originally settled New France in present-day Quebec, during the early part of the 17th century.9 They also settled the Acadian peninsula alongside a smaller number of other European merchants, who collectively became the Acadians.10 During the 18th and 19th century; immigration westward (to the area know as Rupert's Land) was carried out by French settlers (Coureur des bois) working for the North West Company, and by British (English and Scottish) settlers representing the Hudson's Bay Company.11 This led to the creation of the Métis, an ethnic group of mixed European and First Nations parentage.12 The British conquest of New France was proceeded by small number of Germans and Swedes who settled alongside the Scottish in Port Royal, Nova Scotia, while some Irish immigrated to the Colony of Newfoundland.13 In the wake of the 1775 invasion of Canada by the newly-formed Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, approximately 60,000 United Empire Loyalist fled to British North America, a large portion of whom migrated to New Brunswick.14 After the War of 1812, British (included British army regulars), Scottish and Irish immigration was encouraged throughout Rupert's Land, Upper Canada and Lower Canada.15 Between 1815 and 1850 some 800,000 immigrants came to the colonies of British North America, mainly from the British Isles as part of the great migration of Canada.16 These included some Gaelic-speaking Highland Scots displaced by the Highland Clearances to Nova Scotia.17 The Irish Potato Famine of the 1840s significantly increased the pace of Irish immigration to Prince Edward Island and the Province of Canada, with over 35,000 distressed individuals landing in Toronto in 1847 and 1848.1819 Beginning in late 1850s, Chinese immigrants into the Colony of Vancouver Island and Colony of British Columbia peaked with the onset of the Fraser Canyon Gold Rush.20 The Chinese Immigration Act of 1885 eventually placed a head tax on all Chinese immigrants, in hopes of discouraging Chinese immigration after completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.21 The population of Canada has consistently risen, doubling approximately every 40 years, since the establishment of the Canadian Confederation in 1867.22 From the mid to late 19th century Canada had a policy of assisting immigrants from Europe, including an estimated 100,000 unwanted "Home Children" from Britain.23 Block settlement communities were established throughout western Canada between the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Some were planned and other were spontaneously created by the settlers themselves.24 Canada was now receiving a large amount of European immigrants mainly Italians, Germans, Scandinavians, Dutch and Ukrainians.25   100,000 +   50,000 - 99,999   20,000 - 49,999   10,000 - 19,999

Legislative restrictions on immigration (such as the Continuous journey regulation and Chinese Immigration Act) that had favoured British and other European immigrants were amended in the 1960s, opening the doors to immigrants from all parts of the world.26 While the 1950s had still seen high levels of immigration by Europeans, by the 1970s immigrants increasingly were Chinese, Indian, Vietnamese, Jamaican and Haitian.27 During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Canada received many American Vietnam War draft dissenters.28 Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s Canada's growing Pacific trade brought with it a large influx of South Asians, that tended to settle in British Columbia.29 In 2009, Canada received 252,179 immigrants - the top ten source countries were China (29,049), the Philippines (27,277), India (26,122), the United States (9,723), the United Kingdom (9,566), France (7,300), Pakistan (6,214), Iran (6,065), South Korea (5,864), and Morocco (5,222).30 These countries were followed closely by Algeria (4,785), United Arab Emirates (4,640), and Iraq (4,567) with Sri Lanka, Colombia, and Germany each contributing over 4,000 immigrants.30 Immigrants of all backgrounds tend to settle in the major urban centres.3132 The majority of illegal immigrants come from the southern provinces of the People's Republic of China, with Asia as a whole, Eastern Europe, Caribbean, Africa and the Middle East all contributing to the illegal population.33 Estimates of illegal immigrants range between 35,000 and 120,000.34 A 2008 report by the Auditor General of Canada Sheila Fraser, stated that Canada has lost track of approximately 41,000 illegal immigrants whose visas have expired.35 Citizenship Main article: Canadian nationality law Members of the first official Canadian Citizenship ceremony held at the Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, 3 January, 1947 Canadian citizenship is typically obtained by birth in Canada, birth abroad when at least one parent is a Canadian citizen and was born in Canada, or by adoption abroad by at least one Canadian citizen.36 It can also be granted to a permanent resident who lives in Canada for three out of four years and meets specific requirements.36 Canada established its own nationality law in 1946 with the enactment of the Canadian Citizenship Act, which took effect on 1 January 1947.37 The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, was passed by the Parliament of Canada in 2001 as Bill C-11, which replaced the Immigration Act of 1976 as the primary federal legislation regulating immigration.38 Prior to the conferring of legal status on Canadian citizenship, Canada's naturalization laws consisted of a multitude of Acts beginning with the Immigration Act of 1910.39 According to Citizenship and Immigration Canada there are three main classifications for immigrants: Family class (closely related persons of Canadian residents), Economic class (admitted on the basis of a point system that account for age, health and labour-market skills required for cost effectively inducting the immigrants into Canada's labour market) and Refugee class (those seeking protection by applying to remain in the country by way of the Canadian immigration and refugee law).40 In 2008, there were 65,567 immigrants in the family class, 21,860 refugees, and 149,072 economic immigrants amongst the 247,243 total immigrants to the country.6 Canada resettles over one in 10 of the world’s refugees41 and has one of the highest per-capita immigration rates in the world,42 driven by economic policy and family reunification, and is aiming for between 240,000 and 265,000 "new permanent residents" in 2011.43 The majority of Canadian citizens live in Canada; however, there are approximately 2,800,000 Canadians abroad as of November 1, 2009.44 This represents about 7.5% of the total Canadian population. Of those abroad the United States, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Taiwan, China, and Lebanon have the largest Canadian diaspora. Canadians in United States are the greatest single expatriate community at over 1 million in 2009, representing 35.8% of all Canadians abroad.45 Under current Canadian law, Canada does not restrict dual citizenship but Passport Canada encourages its citizens to travel abroad on their Canadian passport, so they can access Canadian consular services.46 Ethnic ancestry Main article: Ethnic origins of people in Canada Canada has thirty four ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each, of which eleven have over 1,000,000 people and numerous others are represented in smaller amounts.Note 2 According to the 2006 census, the largest self-reported ethnic origin is Canadian (32%),Note 3 followed by English (21%), French (15.8%), Scottish (15.1%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (4.6%), Chinese (4.3%), North American Indian (4.0%),Note 4 Ukrainian (3.9%), and Dutch (Netherlands) (3.3%).47 In the 2006 census, over five million Canadians identified themselves as a member of a visible minority. Together, they make up 16.2% of the total population: most numerous among these are South Asian (4.0%), Black (2.5%), and Filipino (1.1%).47 Aboriginal peoples are not considered a visible minority under the Employment Equity Act,48 and is the definition that Statistics Canada also uses. Map of the dominant self-identified ethnic origins of ancestors per census division of 2006.Note 2   CanadianNote 3   English   French   Scottish   German   Italian   North American IndianNote 4   Ukrainian   East Indian   Inuit Ethnic originNote 2  % Population Area of largest proportion CanadianNote 3 32.22% &000000001006629000000010,066,290 Quebec (66.2%) English Canadian 21.03% &00000000065700150000006,570,015 Newfoundland and Labrador (43.2%) French Canadian (excluding Acadians) 15.82% &00000000049412100000004,941,210 Quebec (28.9%) Scottish Canadian 15.11% &00000000047198500000004,719,850 Prince Edward Island (40.5%) Irish Canadian 13.94% &00000000043541550000004,354,155 Prince Edward Island (29.2%) German Canadian 10.18% &00000000031794250000003,179,425 Saskatchewan (30.0%) Italian Canadian 4.63% &00000000014453350000001,445,335 Ontario (7.2%) Chinese Canadian 4.31% &00000000013465100000001,346,510 British Columbia (10.6%) North American IndianNote 4 4.01% &00000000012536150000001,253,615 Northwest Territories (36.5%) Ukrainian Canadian 3.87% &00000000012090850000001,209,085 Manitoba (14.8%) Dutch Canadian (Netherlands) 3.32% &00000000010359650000001,035,965 Alberta (5.3%) Polish Canadian 3.15% &0000000000984565000000984,565 Manitoba (7.3%) East Indian Canadian 3.08% &0000000000962665000000962,665 British Columbia (5.7%) Russian Canadian 1.60% &0000000000500600000000500,600 Manitoba (4.3%) Welsh Canadian 1.41% &0000000000440965000000440,965 Yukon (3.1%) Filipino Canadian 1.40% &0000000000436190000000436,190 Manitoba (3.5%) Norwegian Canadian 1.38% &0000000000432515000000432,515 Saskatchewan (7.2%) Portuguese Canadian 1.32% &0000000000410850000000410,850 Ontario (2.4%) Métis 1.31% &0000000000409065000000409,065 Northwest Territories (6.9%) British Canadian (British Isles not included elsewhere) 1.29% &0000000000403915000000403,915 Yukon (2.3%) Swedish Canadian 1.07% &0000000000334765000000334,765 Saskatchewan (3.5%) Spanish Canadian 1.04% &0000000000325730000000325,730 British Columbia (1.3%) American Canadian 1.01% &0000000000316350000000316,350 Yukon (2.0%) Hungarian Canadian (Magyar) 1.01% &0000000000315510000000315,510 Saskatchewan (2.9%) Jewish Canadian (From all continents) 1.01% &0000000000315120000000315,120 Ontario (1.5%) For a complete list see: Canadian ethnic groups Culture Main article: Culture of Canada A 1911 political cartoon on Canada's bicultural identity showing a flag combining symbols of Britain, France and Canada. - Title: "The next favor. 'A flag to suit the minority.'"

Canada's culture, like that of most any country in the world, is a product of its history, geography and political systems. Being a settler nation, Canada has been shaped by waves of migration that have combined to form a unique blend of art, cuisine, literature, humour, music and traditions that have marked the socio-cultural development of the nation.49 Today, Canada has a diverse makeup of nationalities and cultures and constitutional protection for policies that promote multiculturalism rather than a single national myth.5051 In Quebec, cultural identity is strong, and many French-speaking commentators speak of a Quebec culture as distinguished from English Canadian culture,52 however as a whole Canada is a cultural mosaic - collection of several regional, aboriginal, and ethnic subcultures.5354 It is often asserted that Canadian Government policies such as publicly-funded health care, higher and more progressive taxation, outlawing capital punishment, strong efforts to eliminate poverty, an emphasis on multiculturalism, imposing strict gun control, leniency in regard to drug use and most recently legalizing same-sex marriage are social indicators of how Canada's political and cultural evolution differ from that of the United States.55 American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant, in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the United States and worldwide.56 The Government of Canada has also influenced culture with programs, laws and institutions. It has created "crown corporations" to promote Canadian culture through media and has also tried to protect Canadian culture by setting legal minimums on Canadian content.57 Monument to Multiculturalism by Francesco Pirelli in Toronto. Four identical sculptures are located in Buffalo City, Changchun, Sarajevo and Sydney. Canadian culture has historically been influenced by Aboriginal, French and British cultures and traditions. Most of Canada's territory was inhabited and developed later than other European colonies in the Americas, with the result that themes and symbols of pioneers, trappers, and traders were important in the early development of the Canadian identity.58 First Nations played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, from their role in assisting exploration of the continent during the North American fur trade. Through their art and culture, First Nations, Inuit and Métis continue to exert influence on Canadian identity.59 The British conquest of New France in the mid 1700s brought a large Francophone population under British Imperial rule, creating a need for compromise and accommodation,60 while the migration of United Empire Loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies brought in strong American influences.61 The Canadian Forces and overall civilian participation in the First World War and Second World War helped to foster Canadian nationalism,626364 however in 1917 and 1944 conscription crisis's caused a considerable rift along ethnic lines between Anglophones and Francophones.65 As a result of the First and Second World Wars, the Government of Canada became more assertive and less deferential to British authority.66 With the gradual loosening of political and cultural ties to the United Kingdom, in the 20th century immigrants with African, Caribbean and Asian nationalities have added to the Canadian identity and its culture.67 The multiple origins immigration pattern continues today with the arrival of large numbers of immigrants from non British or French backgrounds.68 Multiculturalism in Canada was adopted as the official policy of the government during the premiership of Pierre Elliot Trudeau in the 1970s and 1980s.69 The Canadian government has often been described as the instigator of multicultural ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.70 Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Canadian Heritage and reflected in the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act71 and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.72 In parts of Canada, especially the major urban areas, multiculturalism itself is the cultural norm and diversity is a force that unites the community.7374 In a 2002 interview with the Globe and Mail, Karīm al-Hussainī the 49th Aga Khan of the Ismaili Muslims described Canada as "the most successful pluralist society on the face of our globe", citing it as "a model for the world."75 He explained that the experience of Canadian governance - its commitment to pluralism and its support for the rich multicultural diversity of its peoples - is something that must be shared and would be of benefit to all societies in other parts of the world.75 Religion Top self-identified religious affiliations as of 2001.76 Main article: Religion in Canada Canada as a nation is religiously diverse, encompasses a wide range of groups and beliefs, especially in large main urban centers such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Montreal. The preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms references "God", and the monarch carries the title of "Defender of the Faith". However Canada has no official religion and support for religious pluralism (Freedom of religion in Canada) is an important part of Canada's political culture.777879 The 2001 Canadian census reported that 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6%).7980 The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada (9.5%), followed by the Anglicans (6.8%), Baptists (2.4%), Lutherans (2%), and other Christians (4.4%).80 About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, including agnostics, atheists, humanists, and other groups. The remaining 6.3% are affiliated with non-Christian religions, the largest of which is Islam (2.0%), followed by Judaism (1.1%).7980 Languages Main article: Languages of Canada Approximately 98% of Canadians can speak either English and/or French.81   English - 57.8%   English and French (Bilingual) - 17.4%   French - 22.1%   Sparsely populated area ( < 0.4 persons per km2)

A multitude of languages are used by Canadians, with English and French (the official languages) being the mother tongues of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population respectively.81 Approximately twenty percent or over six million people in Canada list a non-official language as their mother tongue. Some of the most common first languages include :Chinese (3.1%), Italian (1.4%), German (1.2%), Spanish (1.2%), Punjabi (1.1%), Tagalog (0.9%), Tamil (0.8%), Gujarati (0.6%).82 Less than one percent of Canadians (just over 250,000 individuals) know how to speak an aboriginal language. About half this number (129,865) reported using an aboriginal language on a daily basis.83 English and French are recognized by the Constitution of Canada as official languages.84 Thus all federal government laws are enacted in both English and French with government services available in both languages.84 Two of Canada's territories give official status to indigenous languages. In Nunavut, Inuktitut and Inuinnaqtun are official languages alongside the national languages of English and French, and Inuktitut is a common vehicular language in territorial government.85 In the Northwest Territories, the Official Languages Act declares that there are eleven different languages: Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ.86 Canadian media offers specialty television channels, newspapers and other publications in many minority languages, that are widely accessible across the county.87 In Canada as elsewhere in the world of European colonization, the frontier of European exploration and settlement tended to be a linguistically diverse and fluid place, as cultures using different languages met and interacted. The need for a common means of communication between the indigenous inhabitants and new arrivals for the purposes of trade and (in some cases) intermarriage led to the development of hybrid languages.88 Languages like Michif, Chinook Jargon and Bungi creole tended to be highly localized and were often spoken by only a small number of individuals who were frequently capable of speaking another language.89 See also Canada portal Book:Canada Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. Demographics of Canada List of Canadians Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada - complex system by which Canadians are honoured Persons of National Historic Significance Notes ^ The population count appearing may differ from the official estimates and projections released by Statistics Canada. Data displayed is as a rough estimate of the current Canadian population. Source: "Canada's population clock". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/ig-gi/pop-ca-eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ a b c Data for ethnic origin was collected by self-declaration, labels may not necessarily describe the true (genetic) ancestry of respondents. Many respondents also acknowledged multiple ancestries, thus data reflects both single and multiple responses and may exceed the total population count. Source: "Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  Additional data: "2006 Census release topics". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/index-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ a b c Although all Citizen of Canada are classified as Canadians, since 1996 Statistics Canada added the ethnic group "Canadian" to the Long form census for possible ancestry. The majority of respondents to this selection are from the eastern part of the country that was first settled. Respondents generally are visibly European (Anglophones and Francophones), however no-longer self identify with their ethnic ancestral origins. This response is attributed to a multitude and/or generational distance from ancestral lineage. Source: Kerr, Don (2007). The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population. Canadian Scholars' Press. pp. 313–317. ISBN 9781551303222. http://books.google.ca/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&lpg=PA313&dq=CAnadian%20as%20an%20%20ethnic%20origin&pg=PA313#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ a b c The category "North American Indian" includes respondents who indicated that their ethnic origins were from a Canadian First Nation, or another, non-Canadian aboriginal group (excluding Inuit and Métis). Source: "How Statistics Canada Identifies Aboriginal Peoples". Statistics Canada. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/12-592-x/12-592-x2007001-eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Distribution of Canadians Abroad" (Requires selection of location for data). Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. 2010. http://www.asiapacific.ca/distribution-of-canadians-abroad. Retrieved 2010-07-12.  ^ "Tables on the population in Sweden 2008" (PDF). Statistics of Sweden. 2008. http://www.scb.se/statistik/_publikationer/BE0101_2008A01_BR_00_BE0109TAB.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-01.  ^ "2006 Census: Aboriginal peoples". Statistics Canada.. Government of Canada. 2009. http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/rt-td/ap-pa-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2009-09-18.  ^ "Environment — Greenhouse Gases (Greenhouse Gas Emissions per Person)". Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=64. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Cornelius, Wayne A (2004). Controlling immigration: a global perspective. Stanford University Press. pp. 100–105. ISBN 0804744890. http://books.google.ca/books?id=i0d10wbGkWEC&lpg=PA100&dq=waves%20of%20immigration%20to%20Canada&pg=PA100#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-06-01.  ^ a b "Canada – Permanent residents by gender and category, 1984 to 2008". Facts and figures 2008 – Immigration overview: Permanent and temporary residents. Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2009-08-25. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/statistics/facts2008/permanent/01.asp. Retrieved 2009-12-04.  ^ Bybee, Rodger W; McCrae, Barry (2009). PISA science 2006: implications for science teachers and teaching. National Science Teachers Association. p. 92. ISBN 9781933531311. http://books.google.ca/books?id=iZ3zu2130AUC&lpg=PP1&dq=PISA%20science%202006%3A%20implications%20for%20science%20teachers%20and%20teaching&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-08-01.  ^ "Projections of the Diversity of the Canadian Population". Statistics Canada. March 9, 2010. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/cgi-bin/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=5126&lang=en&db=imdb&adm=8&dis=2. Retrieved 2010-03-15.  ^ Hudson, John C (2002). Across this land: a regional geography of the United States and Canada. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 15. ISBN 0801865670. http://books.google.ca/books?id=FQUbfAWhh-oC&lpg=PP1&dq=Across%20this%20land%3A%20a%20regional%20geography%20of%20the%20United%20States%20and%20Canada&pg=PA15#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ Elizabeth, Naomi; Griffiths, Saundaus (2005). From migrant to Acadian: a North American border people, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0773526994. http://books.google.ca/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Acadians&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ Stanford, Frances (2000). The development of Western Canada. S&S Learning Materials. p. 42. ISBN 155035681X. http://books.google.ca/books?id=0wcCxtLgrqwC&lpg=PA42&dq=North%20West%20Company%2C%20and%20%20the%20Hudson's%20Bay%20Company%20and%20%20settlers&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ "Ethno-Cultural and Aboriginal Groups". Library and Archives Canada (Canadian Genealogy Centre). 2008. http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/genealogie/022-905.004-e.html. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ Hogeveen, Yolanda; Janzen, Jennifer (2001). Pioneer Quest "kit" : a Year in the Real West. Portage & Main Press. p. 14. ISBN 1894110978. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Mwu_YQuMRhgC&lpg=PP1&dq=Pioneer%20Quest%20%5Bkit%5D%20%3A%20a%20Year%20in%20the%20Real%20West&pg=PA14#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Murrin, John M (2009). Liberty, equality, power : a history of the American people. Thomson & Wadsworth. p. 172. ISBN 9780495566342. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Hlyz-YK4oG8C&lpg=PA172&dq=60%2C000%20United%20Empire%20Loyalists%20fled%20to%20British%20North%20America&pg=PA172#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-17.  ^ Feltes, Norman N (1999). This side of heaven: determining the Donnelly murders. University of Toronto Press. p. 19. ISBN 0802044867. http://books.google.ca/books?id=57k295ba3wEC&pg=PA19&dq=Britain+and+Ireland+was+encouraged+to+settle+in+Canada+after+the+War+of+1812,&hl=en&ei=tso3TZWJBMWblgePsrnSBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Harland-Jacobs, Jessica (2007). Builders of empire: Freemasons and British imperialism, 1717-1927. University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 9780807830888. http://books.google.ca/books?id=KE2ddOJieM8C&lpg=PA177&dq=800%2C000%20immigrants%20came%20to%20the%20colonies%20of%20British%20North%20America%2C&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Campey, Lucille H (2008). An Unstoppable Force: The Scottish Exodus to Canada. Dundurn. p. 112. ISBN 1550028111. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Writa2bcjaEC&lpg=PA122&dq=Highland%20Scots%20displaced%20by%20the%20Highland%20Clearances%20to%20Canada&pg=PA122#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ McGowan, Mark (2009). Death or Canada: the Irish Famine Migration to Toronto 1847. Novalis Publishing Inc. p. 97. ISBN 2896461299.  ^ Elliott, Bruce S (2004). Irish migrants in the Canadas: a new approach. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 106. ISBN 077352321. http://books.google.ca/books?id=LzJN9ee6YbYC&lpg=PP1&dq=Irish%20Migrants%20in%20the%20Canadas&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-14.  ^ Hall, Patricia Wong; Hwang, Victor M (2001). Anti-Asian violence in North America : Asian American and Asian Canadian reflections on hate, healing, and resistance. AltaMira Press. p. 9. ISBN 0742504581. http://books.google.ca/books?id=xdfX7UCyDuQC&lpg=PA9&dq=first%20substantial%20wave%20of%20Chinese%20immigrants%201858&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ Huang, Annian (2006). The silent spikes : Chinese laborers and the construction of North American railroads. China Intercontinental Press. p. 107. ISBN 7508509889. http://books.google.ca/books?id=x9sVX209FW0C&pg=PA107&dq=head+tax+on+all+Chinese+immigrants&hl=en&ei=2OY5Tb3kJ8L6lweChbSLBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-20-01.  ^ "Canadians in Context — Population Size and Growth". Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2010. http://www4.hrsdc.gc.ca/.3ndic.1t.4r@-eng.jsp?iid=35. Retrieved 2010-12-17.  ^ Hobbs, Sandy; Lavalette, Michael; MacKechnie, Jim (1999). Child labor : a world history companion. ABC-CLIO. p. 33. ISBN 0874369568. http://books.google.ca/books?id=LH30IGx2tlQC&lpg=PA33&dq=Canada's%20100%2C000%20%22Home%20Children%20from%20Britain&pg=PA33#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-18-01.  ^ Martens, Klaus (2004). The Canadian alternative. Königshausen. pp. 28–29. ISBN 3826026365. http://books.google.ca/books?id=njiFCaSIbzIC&pg=PA28&dq=Block+settlement++Canada&hl=en&ei=jDIxTeHlM4aBlAfI9-nICg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-14.  ^ Day, Richard J. F (2000). Multiculturalism and the history of Canadian diversity. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 24–25. ISBN 0742500349. http://books.google.ca/books?id=S4bPrHKui5EC&pg=PA124&dq=Block+settlement++Canada&hl=en&ei=jTQxTZWhGISClAe3zLWaCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEIQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-14.  ^ Ksenych, Edward; Liu, David (2001). Conflict, order and action, readings in sociology. Canadian Scholars' Press. p. 407. 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ISBN 0886451132. http://books.google.ca/books?id=jnDRXZFYwIcC&pg=PA25&dq=British+conquest+of+New+France&hl=en&ei=plI3TY_CHMSblgfv273WAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCsQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Powell, John (2005). Encyclopedia of North American immigration. Facts On File. p. 10. ISBN 0816046581. http://books.google.ca/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&lpg=PP1&ots=2kFSkLdU4_&dq=Encyclopedia%20of%20North%20American%20immigration%20%20By%20John%20Powell&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-19-01.  ^ Exploring Canada. Learning Materials. 2003. p. 38. ISBN 1550357506. http://books.google.ca/books?id=xMXPu7CD9bEC&lpg=PA38&dq=WWI%20%20Canadian%20national%20sense%20of%20identity&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2010-04-10.  ^ Nersessian, Mary (April 9, 2007). "Vimy battle marks birth of Canadian nationalism". CTV Television Network. http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20070402/vimy_90years_070402. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ "Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship And Immigration, 1900–1977 – The growth of Canadian nationalism". Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006. http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/legacy/chap-5.asp. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ Linteau, Paul André; Durocher, René; Robert, Jean-Claude (1983). Quebec, a history, 1867-1929. J. Lorimer. p. 522. ISBN 0888626045. http://books.google.ca/books?id=_vA0o0e0PdgC&pg=PA522&dq=The+Conscription+Crisis+of+1917&hl=en&ei=ITcyTdnZIYa8lQe8gI3SCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-15.  ^ "Canada and the League of Nations". Faculty.marianopolis.edu. 2007. http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/LeagueofNation.htm. Retrieved 2010-08-10.  ^ Bodvarsson, Örn Bodvar; Van den Berg, Hendrik (2009). The economics of immigration: theory and policy. Springer. p. 380. ISBN 9783540777953. http://books.google.ca/books?id=yZNBMfwi968C&lpg=PA380&dq=Canada%20in%20the%2020th%20century%20immigrants%20from%20Africa%20%20Caribbean%20and%20Asia%20nationalities&pg=PA380#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-17-01.  ^ Prato, Giuliana B (2009). Beyond multiculturalism: views from anthropology. Ashgate. p. 50. ISBN 0754671739. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ny7fs5qL23sC&lpg=PA50&dq=multiculturalism%20patterns%20Canada&pg=PA50#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-18-01.  ^ Duncan, James S; Ley, David (1983). Place/culture/representation. Routledge. pp. 205–206. ISBN 0415094518. http://books.google.ca/books?id=XsINAAAAQAAJ&lpg=PA205&dq=multiculturalism%20and%20Pierre%20Elliott%20Trudeau&pg=PA205#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2010-09-12.  ^ Wayland, Shara (1997). "Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada" (PDF). University of Toronto Department of Political Science. http://www.geography.ryerson.ca/jmaurer/030_108art/030Multiculturalism.pdf. Retrieved 2010-09-12.  ^ "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Being Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)". Electronic Frontier Canada. 2008. http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/charter/charter.text.html. Retrieved 2010-09-12.  ^ "Canadian Multiculturalism Act (1985, c. 24 (4th Supp.)". Department of Justice Canada. Act current to November 14, 2010. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/C-18.7/FullText.html. Retrieved 2010-09-12.  ^ Giscombe, Katherine (2008). Career Advancement in Corporate Canada, A Focus on Visible Minorities ~ Workplace Fit and Stereotyping. Catalyst. p. 6. ISBN 0895842807. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WI_qCAsAUt8C&lpg=PA6&dq=multiculturalism%20patterns%20Canada&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-18-01.  ^ Rob Wilson (2005). Global, local: cultural production and the transnational imaginary. Duke Univ. Press. pp. 216-122. ISBN 0822317125. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ldRaZaJCuKAC&lpg=PA219&dq=canada%20multiculturalism%20itself%20is%20the%20cultural%20norm&pg=PA219#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-01-15.  ^ a b Stackhouse, John; Martin, Patrick (2002-02-02). "Canada: 'A model for the world'". The Globe and Mail. p. F3. http://ismaili.net/timeline/2002/20020202a.html. Retrieved 2010-09-12.  ^ "Overview: Canada still predominantly Roman Catholic and Protestant". Statistics Canada. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/Products/Analytic/companion/rel/canada.cfm. Retrieved 2010-01-19.  ^ "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982)". Department of Justice Canada. 2010. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/charter/1.html#anchorbo-ga:l_I-gb. Retrieved 2010-09-10.  ^ Miedema, Gary R (2005). For Canada's sake: public religion, centennial celebrations, the re-making .... McGill-Queen's University Press. p. xv. ISBN 0773528776. http://books.google.ca/books?id=0q8OSvcfqBkC&lpg=PR15&dq=religious%20pluralism%20in%20Canada&pg=PR15#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2010-07-12.  ^ a b c "Ethnic Origin of Canadians by Provinces and Territories" (2001 detailed census last long form). Statistics Canada. 2010-03-09. http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55822&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=56&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=99&GK=NA&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0. Retrieved 2010-09-10.  ^ a b c "Population by religion, by province and territory (2001 Census)". Statistics Canada. 2005-01-25. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a-eng.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-19.  ^ a b "2006 Census: The Evolving Linguistic Portrait, 2006 Census: Highlights". Statistics Canada. 2006 (2010). http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-555/p1-eng.cfm. Retrieved 2010-10-12.  ^ "Population by mother tongue, by province and territory". Statistics Canada. Last modified: 2007-12-11. http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a-eng.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-16.  ^ Gordon, Raymond G Jr. (2009), Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15 ed.), Dallas, TX: SIL International, ISBN 1-55671-159-X, http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CA, retrieved 2011-20-01  ^ a b "Official Languages Act - 1985, c. 31 (4th Supp.)". Act current to July 11th, 2010. Department of Justice. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/O-3.01/page-1.html. Retrieved 2010-08-15.  ^ "Nunavut's Languages". Office of the Languages Commissioner of Nunavut. http://www.langcom.nu.ca/nunavuts-official-languages. Retrieved 2009-11-16.  ^ "Highlights of the Official Languages Act". Legislative Assembly of the NWT. 2003. http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/pages/wpPages/olahighlights.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-12.  ^ Ha, Louisa S; Ganahl, Richard J (2006). Webcasting Worldwide, Business Models of an Emerging Global Medium. Routledge. p. 62. ISBN 0805859160. http://books.google.ca/books?id=WmJjvuIm8K8C&pg=PA62&dq=Canadian+media+in+many+foreign+languages&hl=en&ei=PPs1TeP5BMSclgeKpeWuCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-18-01.  ^ Winford, Donald (2003). An introduction to contact linguistics. Blackwell. p. 183. ISBN 0631212507. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Lc1DFju-FlYC&lpg=PP1&dq=An%20introduction%20to%20contact%20linguistics&pg=PA183#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-02.  ^ Wurm, S A; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tryon, D T (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas. International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies - Mouton de Gruyter. p. 1491 (sub-index). ISBN 3110134179. http://books.google.ca/books?id=glU0vte5gSkC&lpg=PA1491&dq=Michif%20Chinook%20Bungee&pg=PA1491#v=onepage&q&f=true. Retrieved 2011-02-02.  Further reading Bumsted, J. M (2003). Canada's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Library of Congress ( ABC-CLIO). ISBN 1576076725. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Pb5AvfpCZZkC&lpg=PA42&dq=The%20people%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  Cohen, Andrew (2008). The Unfinished Canadian: The People We Are. Emblem ed. ISBN 9780771022869. http://books.google.ca/books?id=glcBcaMC6doC&lpg=PP1&dq=who%20is%20a%20Canadian&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  Magocsi, Paul R (1999). Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples. Society of Ontario, University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0802029388. http://books.google.ca/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&lpg=PA582&dq=Territorial%20evolution%20of%20Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  Pannekoek, Frits; Taras, David; Bakardjieva, Maria (2003). How Canadians communicate, Volume 1. University of Calgary Press. ISBN 1552381048. http://books.google.ca/books?id=-Cc9mDr2DA8C&lpg=PP1&dq=Canadians&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  Resnick, Philip (2005). The European Roots Of Canadian Identity. Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-705-3. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JJLOERVCUg0C&lpg=PP1&dq=The%20European%20Roots%20Of%20Canadian%20Identity&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  Richard, Madeline (1992). Ethnic history and marital assimilation in Canada, 1871 and 1971. University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 0774804319. http://books.google.ca/books?id=y00ho38YLGMC&lpg=PA164&dq=Ethnic%20origins%20of%20people%20in%20Canada&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true.  External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Canadians Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Canadians Canada Year Book 2010 - Statistics Canada Canada: A People's History - Teacher Resources - Canadian Broadcasting Corporation How Canadians Govern Themselves - Parliament of Canada Persons of National Historic Significance in Canada - Parks Canada Multicultural Canada - Department of Canadian Heritage The Canadian Immigrant Experience - Library and Archives Canada The Dictionary of Canadian Biography – Library and Archives Canada   Links related to Canadians v · d · e People of Canada Demographics Languages · Religion · Population totals · 1666 census · 1911 Census · 1996 Census · 2001 Census · 2006 Census · 2011 Census By province & territory.. 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