Brazil

This article is about the country. For other uses, see Brazil (disambiguation). Federative Republic of Brazil República Federativa do Brasil (Portuguese) Flag Coat of arms Motto: "Ordem e Progresso" (Portuguese) "Order and Progress" Anthem: Hino Nacional Brasileiro (Portuguese) "Brazilian National Anthem" National seal Selo Nacional do Brasil (Portuguese) "National Seal of Brazil" Capital Brasília 15°45′S 47°57′W / 15.75°S 47.95°W / -15.75; -47.95 Largest city São Paulo Official language(s) Portuguese Ethnic groups (2008 1 ) 48.43% White 43.80% Brown (Multiracial) 6.84% Black 0.58% Asian 0.28% Amerindian Demonym Brazilian Government Federal presidential constitutional republic  -  President Dilma Rousseff (PT)  -  Vice President Michel Temer (PMDB)  -  President of the Chamber of Deputies Marco Maia (PT)  -  President of the Senate José Sarney (PMDB)  -  Chief Justice Cezar Peluso Legislature National Congress  -  Upper House Federal Senate  -  Lower House Chamber of Deputies Independence from Kingdom of Portugal   -  Declared 7 September 1822   -  Recognized 29 August 1825   -  Republic 15 November 1889   -  Current constitution 5 October 1988  Area  -  Total 8,514,877 km2 (5th) 3,287,597 sq mi   -  Water (%) 0.65 Population  -  2010 census 190,732,694 2 (5th)  -  Density 22/km2 (182nd) 57/sq mi GDP (PPP) 2009 estimate  -  Total $2.013 trillion3   -  Per capita $10,5133  GDP (nominal) 2009 estimate  -  Total $1.574 trillion3   -  Per capita $8,2203  Gini (2009) 49.34  HDI (2010) 0.6995 (high) (73th) Currency Real (R$) (BRL) Time zone BRT6 (UTC-2 to -46)  -  Summer (DST) BRST (UTC-2 to -4) Date formats dd/mm/yyyy (CE) Drives on the right ISO 3166 code BR Internet TLD .br Calling code +55 Brazil (pronounced /brəˈzɪl/ ( listen); Portuguese: Brasil, IPA: [bɾaˈziw]), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil78 (Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil, listen (help·info)), is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population.910 It is the only Portuguese-speaking country in the Americas and the largest lusophone country in the world.9 Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of over 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).9 It is bordered on the north by Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; on the northwest by Colombia; on the west by Bolivia and Peru; on the southwest by Argentina and Paraguay and on the south by Uruguay. Numerous archipelagos form part of Brazilian territory, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.9 It has borders with all other South American countries apart from Ecuador and Chile. Brazil was a colony of Portugal from the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in 1500 until 1815, when it was elevated to United Kingdom with Portugal and Algarves. The colonial bond was in fact broken in 1808, when the capital of the Portuguese Kingdom was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, after Napoleon invaded Portugal.11 The independence from Portugal was achieved in 1822. Initially independent as the Empire of Brazil, the country has been a republic since 1889, although the bicameral legislature, now called Congress, dates back to 1824, when the first constitution was ratified.11 Its current Constitution defines Brazil as a Federal Republic.12 The Federation is formed by the union of the Federal District, the 26 States, and the 5,564 Municipalities.1213 The Brazilian economy is the world's eighth largest economy by nominal GDP14 and the seventh largest by purchasing power parity.15 Brazil is one of the world's fastest growing major economies. Economic reforms have given the country new international recognition.16 Brazil is a founding member of the United Nations, the G20, CPLP, Latin Union, the Organization of Ibero-American States, Mercosul and the Union of South American Nations, and is one of the BRIC Countries. Brazil is also home to a diversity of wildlife, natural environments, and extensive natural resources in a variety of protected habitats.9 Contents 1 History 1.1 Etymology 1.2 Portuguese colonization and territorial expansion 1.3 Independence and empire 1.4 Old republic and Vargas era 1.5 Military regime and contemporary era 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Biodiversity 2.3 Environment 3 Politics 3.1 Law 3.2 Foreign relations 3.3 Military 3.4 Administrative divisions 4 Economy 4.1 Components and energy 4.2 Science and technology 4.3 Transport 5 Demographics 5.1 Religion 5.2 Urbanization 5.3 Language 6 Culture 6.1 Literature 6.2 Cuisine 6.3 Sports 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliographic 9 Further reading 10 External links // History Main article: History of Brazil Etymology Main article: Name of Brazil The etymology of Brazil remains unclear. Traditionally, the word "Brazil" comes from the brazilwood, a timber tree which many sailors traded from Brazilian regions to Europe in the 16th century.17 In Portuguese brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from Latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).181920 This theory is taught as official in schools of Brazil and Portugal, but somewho? Brazilian scholars have postulated that the word is older, being found in the language of ancient Phoenicians though some think it has Celtic origins.21 These people kept the trade of a red dye extracted from a mineral which operated mines in Iberia to Ireland. In fact, the legendary Irish island of Hy-Brazil is seen by somewho? (and was also to 16th century scholars) as one of the most likely etymological sources for "Brazil".17 In the Guarani language, an official language of Paraguay, Brazil is called "Pindorama" — it was the name the natives gave to the region, meaning "land of the palm trees." Portuguese colonization and territorial expansion Main article: Colonial Brazil See also: Indigenous peoples in Brazil and Slavery in Brazil The land now called Brazil was claimed by Portugal in April 1500, on the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral.22 The Portuguese encountered stone age natives divided into several tribes, most of whom shared the same Tupi-Guarani linguistic family, and fought among themselves.23 Colonization was effectively begun in 1534—though the first settlement was founded in 1532—, when Dom João III divided the territory into twelve hereditary captaincies,2425 but this arrangement proved problematic and in 1549 the king assigned a Governor-General to administer the entire colony.2526 The Portuguese assimilated some of the native tribes27 while others were enslaved or exterminated in long wars or by European diseases to which they had no immunity.2829 By the mid-16th century, sugar had become Brazil's most important export2330 and the Portuguese imported African slaves3132 to cope with the increasing international demand.2833 The first Christian mass in Brazil, 1500. Through wars against the French, the Portuguese slowly expanded their territory to the southeast, taking Rio de Janeiro in 1567, and to the northwest, taking São Luís in 1615.34 They sent military expeditions to the Amazon rainforest and conquered British and Dutch strongholds,35 founding villages and forts from 1669.36 In 1680 they reached the far south and founded Sacramento on the bank of the Rio de la Plata, in the Eastern Strip region (present-day Uruguay).37 At the end of the 17th century, sugar exports started to decline38 but beginning in the 1690s, the discovery of gold by explorers in the region that would later be called Minas Gerais (General Mines) in current Mato Grosso and Goiás, saved the colony from imminent collapse.39 From all over Brazil, as well as from Portugal, thousands of immigrants came to the mines.40 The Spanish tried to prevent Portuguese expansion into the territory that belonged to them according to the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, and succeeded in conquering the Eastern Strip in 1777. However, this was in vain as the Treaty of San Ildefonso, signed in the same year, confirmed Portuguese sovereignty over all lands proceeding from its territorial expansion, thus creating most of the current Brazilian borders.41 In 1808, the Portuguese royal family, fleeing the troops of the French Emperor Napoleon I that were invading Portugal and most of Central Europe, established themselves in the city of Rio de Janeiro, which thus became the seat of the entire Portuguese Empire.42 In 1815 Dom João VI, then regent on behalf of his incapacitated mother, elevated Brazil from colony to sovereign Kingdom united with Portugal.42 In 1809 the Portuguese invaded French Guiana (which was returned to France in 1817)43 and in 1816 the Eastern Strip, subsequently renamed Cisplatina44 (but Brazil lost it in 1828 when it became an independent nation known as Uruguay).45 Independence and empire Main articles: Brazilian Independence and Empire of Brazil King João VI returned to Europe on 26 April 1821, leaving his elder son Prince Pedro de Alcântara as regent to rule Brazil.46 The Portuguese government attempted to turn Brazil into a colony once again, thus depriving it of its achievements since 1808.47 The Brazilians refused to yield and Prince Pedro stood by them declaring the country's independence from Portugal on 7 September 1822.48 On 12 October 1822, Pedro was declared the first Emperor of Brazil and crowned Dom Pedro I on 1 December 1822.49 Declaration of the Brazilian independence by Emperor Pedro I on 7 September 1822. At that time almost all Brazilians were in favor of a monarchy and republicanism had little support.5051 The subsequent Brazilian War of Independence spread through almost the entire territory, with battles in the northern, northeastern, and southern regions.52 The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 182453 and independence was recognized by Portugal on 29 August 1825.54 The first Brazilian constitution was promulgated on 25 March 1824, after its acceptance by the municipal councils across the country.55565758 Pedro I abdicated on 7 April 1831 and went to Europe to reclaim his daughter’s crown, leaving behind his five year old son and heir, who was to become Dom Pedro II.59 As the new emperor could not exert his constitutional prerogatives until he reached maturity, a regency was created.60 Disputes between political factions led to rebellions and an unstable, almost anarchical, regency.61 The rebellious factions, however, were not in revolt against the monarchy,6263 even though some declared the secession of the provinces as independent republics, but only so long as Pedro II was a minor.64 Because of this, Pedro II was prematurely declared of age and "Brazil was to enjoy nearly half a century of internal peace and rapid material progress."65 Brazilian forces (in blue uniform) engage the Paraguayan army (some in red uniform and other shirtless) during the War of the Triple Alliance. Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II (the Platine War, the Uruguayan War and the War of the Triple Alliance)66 and witnessed the consolidation of representative democracy, mainly due to successive elections and unrestricted freedom of the press.67 Most importantly, slavery was extinguished after a slow but steady process that began with the end of the international traffic in slaves in 185068 and ended with the complete abolition of slavery in 1888.69 The slave population had been in decline since Brazil's independence: in 1823, 29% of the Brazilian population were slaves but by 1887 this had fallen to 5%.70 When the monarchy was overthrown on 15 November 188971 there was little desire in Brazil to change the form of government72 and Pedro II was at the height of his popularity among his subjects.7374 However, he "bore prime, perhaps sole, responsibility for his own overthrow."75 After the death of his two sons, Pedro believed that "the imperial regime was destined to end with him."76 He cared little for the regime's fate7778 and so neither did anything, nor allowed anyone else to do anything, to prevent the military coup, backed by former slave owners who resented the abolition of slavery.798081 Old republic and Vargas era Main articles: República Velha, Estado Novo (Brazil), and Brazilian Second Republic The Brazilian coup d'état of 1930 raised Getúlio Vargas (center with military uniform but no hat) to power. He would rule the country for fifteen years. The "early republican government was little more than a military dictatorship. The army dominated affairs both at Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power".71 In 1894 the republican civilians rose to power, opening a "prolonged cycle of civil war, financial disaster, and government incompetence."82 By 1902, the government began a return to the policies pursued during the Empire, policies that promised peace and order at home and a restoration of Brazil's prestige abroad.82 and was successful in negotiating several treaties that expanded (with the purchase of Acre) and secured the Brazilian boundaries.83 After the events that during the 1910s marked the Brazilian political life, including the small role during World War I,84 in the 1920s the country was plagued by several rebellions caused by young military officers.8586 By 1930, the regime was weakened and demoralized, which allowed the defeated presidential candidate Getúlio Vargas to lead a coup d'état and assume the presidency.87 Vargas was supposed to assume the presidency temporarily but instead, he closed the National Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his supporters.8889 In 1935 Communists rebelled across the country and made an unsuccessful bid for power.90 The communist threat, however, served as an excuse for Vargas to launch another coup d'état in 1937 and Brazil became a full dictatorship.9192 The repression of the opposition was brutal with more than 20,000 people imprisoned, internment camps created for political prisoners in distant regions of the country, widespread torture by the government agents of repression, and censorship of the press.9394 Brazil remained neutral during the early years of World War II until the government declared war against the Axis powers in 1942.95 Vargas then forced German, Japanese and Italian immigrants into concentration camps,96 and, in 1944, sent troops to the battlefields in Italy.9798 With the allied victory in 1945 and the end of the Nazi-fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable and he was swiftly overthrown in a military coup.99 Democracy was reinstated and General Eurico Gaspar Dutra was elected president and took office in 1946.100 Vargas returned to power in 1951, this time democratically elected, but he was incapable of either governing under a democracy or of dealing with an active opposition, and he committed suicide in 1954.101102 Military regime and contemporary era Main articles: Military dictatorship (Brazil) and History of Brazil since 1985 Several brief interim governments succeeded after Vargas's suicide.103 Juscelino Kubitscheck became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the political opposition that allowed him to govern without major crises.104 The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,105 but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of Brasília, inaugurated in 1960.106 His successor was Jânio Quadros, who resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.107 His vice-president, João Goulart, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition108 and was deposed in April 1964 by a coup that resulted in a military regime.109 The new regime was intended to be transitory110 but it gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the Fifth Institutional Act in 1968.111 The repression of the dictatorship's opponents, including urban guerrillas,112 was harsh, but not as brutal as in other Latin American countries.113 Due to the extraordinary economic growth, known as an "economic miracle", the regime reached its highest level of popularity in the years of repression.114 The transition from Fernando Henrique Cardoso to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva revealed that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability. General Ernesto Geisel became president in 1974 and began his project of re-democratization through a process that he said would be "slow, gradual and safe."115116 Geisel ended the military indiscipline that had plagued the country since 1889,117 as well as the torture of political prisoners, censorship of the press,118 and finally, the dictatorship itself, after he extinguished the Fifth Institutional Act.111 However, the military regime continued, under his chosen successor General João Figueiredo, to complete the transition to full democracy.119 The civilians fully returned to power in 1985 when José Sarney assumed the presidency120 but, by the end of his term, he had become extremely unpopular due to the uncontrollable economic crisis and unusually high inflation.121 Sarney's unsuccessful government allowed the election in 1989 of the almost unknown Fernando Collor, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.122 Collor was succeeded by his Vice-President Itamar Franco, who appointed Fernando Henrique Cardoso as Minister of Finance. Cardoso produced a highly successful Plano Real (Royal or Real Plan)123 that granted stability to the Brazilian economy124 and he was elected as president in 1994 and again in 1998.125 The peaceful transition of power to Luís Inácio Lula da Silva, who was elected in 2002 and re-elected in 2006, proved that Brazil had finally succeeded in achieving its long-sought political stability.126 Geography Main article: Geography of Brazil See also: List of countries and outlying territories by total area Topography map of Brazil. Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,127 sharing land borders with Uruguay to the south; Argentina and Paraguay to the southwest; Bolivia and Peru to the west; Colombia to the northwest; and Venezuela, Suriname, Guyana and the French overseas department of French Guiana to the north. It shares a border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile. It also encompasses a number of oceanic archipelagos, such as Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Saint Peter and Paul Rocks, and Trindade and Martim Vaz.9 Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.127 Including its Atlantic islands, Brazil lies between latitudes 6°N and 34°S, and longitudes 28° and 74°W. Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world, after Russia, Canada, China and the United States, and third largest in the Americas; with a total area of 8,514,876.599 square kilometers (3,287,612 sq mi),128 including 55,455 square kilometers (21,411 sq mi) of water.9 It spans three time zones; from UTC-4 in the western states, to UTC-3 in the eastern states (and the official time of Brazil) and UTC-2 in the Atlantic islands.6 Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 metres (660 ft) and 800 metres (2,600 ft) in elevation.129 The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.129 The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.129 The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft).129 These ranges include the Mantiqueira and Espinhaço mountains and the Serra do Mar.129 In the north, the Guiana Highlands form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the Amazon Basin from rivers that empty into the Orinoco River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the Pico da Neblina at 2,994 metres (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.9 Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.130 Major rivers include the Amazon (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the Paraná and its major tributary the Iguaçu (which includes the Iguazu Falls), the Negro, São Francisco, Xingu, Madeira and Tapajós rivers.130 Climate Main article: Climate of Brazil Snow in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina (South) and tropical climate in Cabedelo, Paraiba (Northeast). The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.9 According to the Köppen system, Brazil hosts five major climatic subtypes: equatorial, tropical, semiarid, highland tropical, temperate, and subtropical. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from equatorial rainforests in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to temperate coniferous forests in the south and tropical savannas in central Brazil.131 Many regions have starkly different microclimates.132133 An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real dry season, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.131 Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),133 with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.132 Over central Brazil rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.132 This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.131 In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme. The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimetres (31.5 in) of rain,134 most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year135 and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.132 Brazil's 1877–78 Grande Seca (Great Drought), the most severe ever recorded in Brazil,136 caused approximately half a million deaths.137 The one from 1915 was devastating too.138 South of Bahia, near São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year .131 The south enjoys temperate conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);133 winter frosts are quite common, with occasional snowfall in the higher areas.131132 Biodiversity Main articles: Wildlife of Brazil and Deforestation in Brazil The Macaw is a typical animal of Brazil. The country has one of the world's most diverse populations of birds and amphibians. In the right the Amazon Rainforest, the largest tropical forest in the world.. Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon Rainforest, recognized as having the greatest biological diversity in the world,139 with the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado, sustaining the greatest biodiversity.140 In the south, the Araucaria pine forest grows under temperate conditions.140 The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Much of it, however, remains largely undocumented, and new species are regularly found.citation needed Scientists estimate that the total number of plant and animal species in Brazil could approach four million.140 Larger mammals include pumas, jaguars, ocelots, rare bush dogs, and foxes; peccaries, tapirs, anteaters, sloths, opossums, and armadillos are abundant. Deer are plentiful in the south, and many species of New World monkeys are found in the northern rain forests.140141 Concern for the environment has grown in response to global interest in environmental issues.142 Environment The natural heritage of Brazil is severely threatened by cattle ranching and agriculture, logging, mining, resettlement, oil and gas extraction, over-fishing, wildlife trade, dams and infrastructure, water contamination, climate change, fire, and invasive species.139 In many areas of the country, the natural environment is threatened by development.143 Construction of highways has opened up previously remote areas for agriculture and settlement; dams have flooded valleys and inundated wildlife habitats; and mines have scarred and polluted the landscape.142144 At least 70 dams are said to be planned for the Amazon region, including controversial Belo Monte hydroelectric dam.145 Politics Main article: Politics of Brazil The National Congress in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. The Brazilian Federation is the "indissoluble union" of three distinct political entities: the States, the Municipalities and the Federal District.12 The Union, the states and the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The Federation is set on five fundamental principles:12 sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labour and freedom of enterprise, and political pluralism. The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial under the checks and balances system), is formally established by the Constitution.12 The executive and legislative are organized independently in all three spheres of government, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state/Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.146147148 Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.146 Brazil has a multi-party system for most of its history. Voting is compulsory for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.12 Together with several smaller parties, four political parties stand out: Workers' Party (PT), Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), and Democrats (DEM). Almost all governmental and administrative functions are exercised by authorities and agencies affiliated to the Executive. The form of government is that of a democratic republic, with a presidential system.12 The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,12 with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is Dilma Rousseff who was inaugurated on January 1, 2011.149 The President appoints the Ministers of State, who assist in government.12 Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The National Congress is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. Fifteen political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly. The largest political parties are the Workers' Party (PT), Democrats (DEM), Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB-center), Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB), Progressive Party (PP), Brazilian Labor Party (PTB), Liberal Party (PL), Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB), Popular Socialist Party (PPS), Democratic Labor Party (PDT), and the Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB).150 Law Main articles: Law of Brazil and Crime in Brazil Supreme Federal Tribunal. Brazilian law is based on Roman-Germanic traditions151 and civil law concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. The legal system is based on the Federal Constitution, which was promulgated on 5 October 1988, and is the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.152 As of April 2007, there have been 53 amendments. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.153 Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas) which act in a similar way to constitutions.12154 Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.12 Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the Federal Constitution allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.12 There are also specialized military, labor, and electoral courts.12 The highest court is the Supreme Federal Tribunal. This system has been criticised over the last few decades for the slow pace at which final decisions are issued. Lawsuits on appeal may take several years to resolve, and in some cases more than a decade elapses before definitive rulings are made.155 Nevertheless, the Supreme Federal Tribunal was the first court in the world to transmit its sessions on television, and also via Youtube.156157 More recently, in December 2009, the Supreme Court adopted Twitter to display items on the day planner of the ministers, to inform the daily actions of the Court and the most important decisions made by them.158 Brazil continues to have high crime rates in a number of statistics, despite recent improvements. More than 500,000 people have been killed by firearms in Brazil between 1979 and 2003, according to a new report by the United Nations.159 In 2010, there were 473,600 people incarcerated in Brazilian prisons and jails.160 Foreign relations Main article: Foreign relations of Brazil States hosting a diplomatic mission of Brazil. Brazil is a political and economic leader in Latin America.161162 However, social and economic problems prevent it from becoming an effective global power.163 Between World War II and 1990, both democratic and military governments sought to expand Brazil's influence in the world by pursuing a state-led industrial policy and an independent foreign policy. More recently, the country has aimed to strengthen ties with other South American countries, and engage in multilateral diplomacy through the United Nations and the Organization of American States.164 Brazil's current foreign policy is based on the country's position as: a regional power in Latin America, a leader among developing countries, and an emerging world power.165 In general, current Brazilian foreign policy reflects multilateralism, peaceful dispute settlement, and nonintervention in the affairs of other countries.166 The Brazilian Constitution also determines that the country shall seek the economic, political, social and cultural integration of the nations of Latin America.12167168169 An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.170 Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.170 Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year that includes170: technical cooperation of around $480 million ($30 million in 2010 provided directly by the Brazilian Cooperation Agency (ABC)) an estimated $450 million for in-kind expertise provided by Brazilian institutions specialising in technical cooperation In addition, Brazil manages a peacekeeping mission in Haiti ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the World Food Programme ($300 million).170 This is in addition to humanitarian assistance and contributions to multilateral development agencies. The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India and ahead of many western donors.170 The Brazilian South-South aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".171 Military Main article: Brazilian Armed Forces Aircraft carrier NAE São Paulo of the Brazilian Navy. The armed forces of Brazil consist of the Brazilian Army, the Brazilian Navy, and the Brazilian Air Force. With a total of 371,199 active personnel,172 they comprise the largest armed force in Latin America.173 The Army is responsible for land-based military operations and has 235,978 active personnel.174 The Military Police (States' Military Police) is described as an ancillary force of the Army by the constitution, but is under the control of each state's governor.12 The Navy is responsible for naval operations and for guarding Brazilian territorial waters. It is the oldest of the Brazilian armed forces and the only navy in Latin America to operate an aircraft carrier, the NAe São Paulo (formerly FS Foch of the French Navy).175 The Air Force is the aerial warfare branch of the Brazilian armed forces, and the largest air force in Latin America, with about 700 manned aircraft in service.176 Administrative divisions Main articles: States of Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil See also: Regions of Brazil Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean North Region Northeast Region Central-West Region Southeast Region South Region Acre Amazonas Pará Roraima Amapá Rondônia Tocantins Maranhão Bahia Piauí Ceará Rio Grande do Norte Paraíba Pernambuco Alagoas Sergipe Mato Grosso Mato Grosso do Sul Federal District Goiás Minas Gerais São Paulo Rio de Janeiro Espírito Santo Paraná Santa Catarina Rio Grande do Sul Argentina Bolivia Chile Colombia French Guiana Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Brazil is a federation composed of twenty-six States, one federal district (which contains the capital city, Brasília) and municipalities.12 States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent Courts of Law for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can only be voted by the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.12 The states and the federal district may be grouped into regions: Northern, Northeast, Central-West, Southeast and Southern. The Brazilian regions are merely geographical, not political or administrative divisions, and they do not have any specific form of government. Although defined by law, Brazilian regions are useful mainly for statistical purposes, and also to define the application of federal funds in development projects. Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Union and state government.12 Each has a mayor and an elected legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called comarca (county). Economy Main article: Economy of Brazil An Embraer ERJ-135 commercial jet. Brazil is the world's third largest aircraft producer. Brazil is the largest national economy in Latin America, the world's eighth largest economy at market exchange rates and the ninth largest in purchasing power parity (PPP), according to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. Brazil has a free market economy with abundant natural resources. The Brazilian economy has been predicted to become one of the five largest in the world in the decades to come, the GDP per capita following and growing.177 Its current GDP (PPP) per capita is $10,200, putting Brazil in the 64th position according to World Bank data. It has large and developed agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, as well as a large labor pool.178 Brazilian exports are booming, creating a new generation of tycoons.179 Major export products include aircraft, electrical equipment, automobiles, ethanol, textiles, footwear, iron ore, steel, coffee, orange juice, soybeans and corned beef.180 The country has been expanding its presence in international financial and commodities markets, and is one of a group of four emerging economies called the BRIC countries.181 Brazil pegged its currency, the real, to the U.S. dollar in 1994. However, after the East Asian financial crisis, the Russian default in 1998182 and the series of adverse financial events that followed it, the Central Bank of Brazil temporarily changed its monetary policy to a managed-float scheme while undergoing a currency crisis, until definitively changing the exchange regime to free-float in January 1999.183 Brazil received an International Monetary Fund rescue package in mid-2002 of $30.4 billion,184 then a record sum. Brazil's central bank paid back the IMF loan in 2005, although it was not due to be repaid until 2006.185 One of the issues the Central Bank of Brazil recently dealt with was an excess of speculative short-term capital inflows to the country, which may have contributed to a fall in the value of the U.S. dollar against the real during that period.186 Nonetheless, foreign direct investment (FDI), related to long-term, less speculative investment in production, is estimated to be $193.8 billion for 2007.187 Inflation monitoring and control currently plays a major part in the Central bank's role of setting out short-term interest rates as a monetary policy measure.188 Components and energy Main articles: Agriculture in Brazil, Industry in Brazil, and Energy policy of Brazil Itaipu Dam, the world's largest hydroelectric plant by energy generation and second-largest by installed capacity. Brazil's economy is diverse,189 encompassing agriculture, industry, and many services.179190191192 The recent economic strength has been due in part to a global boom in commodities prices with exports from beef to soybeans soaring.191192 Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 5.1% of the gross domestic product in 2007,193 a performance that puts agribusiness in a position of distinction in terms of Brazil's trade balance, in spite of trade barriers and subsidizing policies adopted by the developed countries.vague194195 The industry — from automobiles, steel and petrochemicals to computers, aircraft, and consumer durables— accounted for 30.8% of the gross domestic product.193 Industry, which is often technologically advanced, is highly concentrated in metropolitan São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Campinas, Porto Alegre, and Belo Horizonte.196 Brazil is the world's tenth largest energy consumer with much of its energy coming from renewable sources, particularly hydroelectricity and ethanol; nonrenewable energy is mainly produced from oil and natural gas.197 A global power in agriculture and natural resources, Brazil experienced tremendous economic growth over the past three decades.198 It is expected to become a major oil producer and exporter, having recently made huge oil discoveries.199200201 The governmental agencies responsible for the energy policy are the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the National Council for Energy Policy, the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels, and the National Agency of Electricity.202203 Science and technology Main article: Brazilian science and technology Brazilian National Laboratory of Synchrotron Light in Campinas. Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes. But more than 73% of funding for basic research still comes from government sources.204 Some of Brazil's most notable technological hubs are the Oswaldo Cruz Institute, the Butantan Institute, the Air Force's Aerospace Technical Center, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation and the INPE. The Brazilian Space Agency has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant capabilitiesvague in launch vehicles, launch sites and satellite manufacturing.205 Uranium is enriched at the Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory to fuel the country's energy demands and plans are underway to build the country's first nuclear submarine.206 Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America207 with an operational Synchrotron Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences. Transport Main article: Transport in Brazil BR-116 highway in the outskirts of Fortaleza. Brazil has a large and diverse transport network. Roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The road system totaled 1.98 million km (1.23 million mi) in 2002. The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 184,140 km (114,425 mi) in 2002.208 Recife Airport. Brazil's railway system has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The total length of railway track was 30,875 km (19,186 mi) in 2002, as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970. Most of the railway system belongs to the Federal Railroad Corp., with a majority government interest; there are also seven lines which the government privatized in 1997.209 The São Paulo Metro was the first underground transit system in Brazil. The other metro systems are in Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre, Recife, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Teresina, Fortaleza, and Salvador. There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second largest number in the world, after the United States.210 São Paulo-Guarulhos International Airport, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting the city with virtually all major cities across the world.211 Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at Santos. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are some of the most important.vague212 Demographics Main articles: Demographics of Brazil and Brazilian people See also: Immigration to Brazil and Municipalities of Brazil Colour/Race (2008) White 48.43% Brown (Multiracial) 43.80% Black 6.84% Asian 0.58% Amerindian 0.28% The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million213 (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer), with a ratio of men to women. of 0.95:1214 and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.215 The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants. Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, due to a decline in the mortality rate, even though the birth rate underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual population growth rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years216 and to 72.6 years in 2007.217 It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950–1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050 218 thus completing the demographic transition.219 According to the National Research by Household Sample (PNAD) of 2008, 48.43% of the population (about 92 million) described themselves as White; 43.80% (about 83 million) as Brown (Multiracial), 6.84% (about 13 million) as Black; 0.58% (about 1.1 million) as Asian; and 0.28% (about 536 thousand) as Amerindian, while 0.07% (about 130 thousand) did not declare their race.1 In 2007, the National Indian Foundation reported the existence of 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of uncontacted peoples in the world.220 Most Brazilians descend from the country's indigenous peoples, Portuguese settlers, and African slaves.221 Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable intermarriage between these three groups has taken place. The brown population (as multiracial Brazilians are officially called; pardo in Portuguese)222223 is a broad category that includes Caboclos (descendants of Whites and Indians), Mulattoes (descendants of Whites and Blacks) and Cafuzos (descendants of Blacks and Indians).221222223224225226 Caboclos form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Central-Western regions.227 A large Mulatto population can be found in the eastern coast of the northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba226228 and also in northern Maranhão,229230 southern Minas Gerais231 and in eastern Rio de Janeiro.226231 From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to immigration. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them from Portugal, Italy, Spain, Germany, Japan and the Middle-East.232 In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%233 and among the youth (ages 15–19) 1.74%. It was highest (20.30%) in the Northeast, which had a large proportion of rural poor.234 Illiteracy was high (24.18%) among the rural population and lower (9.05%) among the urban population.235 Religion Main article: Religion in Brazil Religion in Brazil (2000 Census)236 Religion Percent Roman Catholicism    73.8% Protestantism    15.4% No religion    7.4% Spiritism    1.3% Others    2.1% Roman Catholicism is the country's predominant faith. Brazil has the world's largest Catholic population.237 According to the 2000 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 73.57% of the population followed Roman Catholicism; 15.41% Protestantism; 1.33% Kardecist spiritism; 1.22% other Christian denominations; 0.31% Afro-Brazilian religions; 0.13% Buddhism; 0.05% Judaism; 0.02% Islam; 0.01% Amerindian religions; 0.59% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 7.35% have no religion.236 However, in the last ten years Protestantism, particularly Pentecostal Protestantism, is gaining more followers, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped sharply. Urbanization The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 19.5, 11.5, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.238 Almost all of the state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, the capital of Santa Catarina. There are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo (Campinas, Santos and the Paraíba Valley), Minas Gerais (Steel Valley), Rio Grande do Sul (Sinos Valley), and Santa Catarina (Itajaí Valley).239 Largest cities of Brazil (2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate)240 Rank City Name State Pop. Rank City Name State Pop. view · talk · São Paulo Rio de Janeiro Salvador 1 São Paulo São Paulo 11 244 369 11 Belém Pará 1 392 031 2 Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 6 323 037 12 Goiânia Goiás 1 301 892 3 Salvador Bahia 2 676 606 13 Guarulhos São Paulo 1 222 357 4 Brasília Federal District 2 562 963 14 Campinas São Paulo 1 080 999 5 Fortaleza Ceará 2 447 409 15 São Luís Maranhão 1 011 943 6 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais 2 375 444 16 São Gonçalo Rio de Janeiro 999 901 7 Manaus Amazonas 1 802 525 17 Maceió Alagoas 932 608 8 Curitiba Paraná 1 746 896 18 Duque de Caxias Rio de Janeiro 855 046 9 Recife Pernambuco 1 536 934 19 Teresina Piauí 814 439 10 Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul 1 409 939 20 Natal Rio Grande do Norte 803 811 Language Main articles: Languages of Brazil, Portuguese language, and Brazilian Portuguese Museum of the Portuguese Language in São Paulo, the first language museum in the world. The official language of Brazil is Portuguese10 which is spoken by almost all of the population and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. The exception to this is in the municipality of São Gabriel da Cachoeira where Nheengatu, an indigenous language of South America, has been granted co-official status with Portuguese.241 Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.242 Brazilian Portuguese has had its own development, influenced by the Amerindian and African languages.243 As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other Portuguese-speaking countries. These differences are comparable to those between American and British English.243 In 2008, the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), which included representatives from all countries with Portuguese as the official language, reached an agreement on the reform of Portuguese into one international language, as opposed to two diverged dialects of the same language. All CPLP countries were given from 2009 until 2014 to adjust to the necessary changes.244 Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty Amerindian languages are spoken in remote areas and a number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.243 There are significant communities of German (mostly the Hunsrückisch, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the Talian dialect, of Venetian origin) speakers in the south of the country, both of which are influenced by the Portuguese language.245246 Brazil is the first country in South America to offer Esperanto to High School students.247 Culture Main article: Culture of Brazil The core culture of Brazil is derived from Portuguese culture, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese empire. Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the Portuguese language, Roman Catholicism and colonial architectural styles.248 The culture was, however, also strongly influenced by African, indigenous and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.249broken citation Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of Italian, German and other European immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil.250broken citation The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and cuisine; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, music, dance and religion.251 Machado de Assis, poet and novelist whose work extends for almost all literary genre, is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian writer.252 Brazilian art has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from Baroque (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)253254 to Romanticism, Modernism, Expressionism, Cubism, Surrealism and Abstractionism. Brazilian cinema dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim in recent years.255broken citation Brazilian music encompasses various regional styles influenced by African, European and Amerindian forms. It developed distinctive styles, among them samba, música popular Brasileira, choro, sertanejo, brega, forró, frevo, maracatu, bossa nova, Brazilian rock, and axé. Literature Brazilian literature dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as Pêro Vaz de Caminha, filled with descriptions of fauna, flora and natives that amazed Europeans that arrived in Brazil.256broken citation Brazil produced significant works in Romanticism — novelists like Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and José de Alencar wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated Indigenous people as heroes in the Indigenist novels O Guarany, Iracema, Ubirajara.257 Cuisine Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's mix of native and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.258broken citation Examples are Feijoada, considered the country's national dish;259260 and regional foods such as vatapá, moqueca, polenta and acarajé. Brazil has a variety of candies such as brigadeiros ("brigadiers") and beijinhos ("kissies"). The national beverage is coffee and cachaça is Brazil's native liquor. Cachaça is distilled from sugar cane and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, Caipirinha. Sports Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in Brazil.261 The most popular sport in Brazil is football (soccer). The Brazilian national football team is ranked among the best in the world according to the FIFA World Rankings, and has won the World Cup tournament a record five times.262 Basketball, volleyball, auto racing, and martial arts also attract large audiences. Brazil men's national volleyball team, for example, currently hold the titles of the World League, World Grand Champions Cup, World Championship and the World Cup. Others sports practiced in Brazil are tennis, team handball, swimming, and gymnastics that have found a growing number of enthusiasts over the last decades. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: beach football,263 futsal (indoor football)264 and footvolley emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed Capoeira,265 Vale tudo,266 and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.267 In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the Formula One world championship eight times.268269270 Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1950 FIFA World Cup271 and has been chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup.272 The São Paulo circuit, Autódromo José Carlos Pace, hosts the annual Grand Prix of Brazil.273 São Paulo organized the IV Pan American Games in 1963,274 and Rio de Janeiro hosted the XV Pan American Games in 2007.274 On 2 October 2009, Brazil was selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games, the first to be held in South America.275 In May 2010 Brazil launched TV Brasil Internacional, an international television station, initially broadcasting to 49 countries. Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil, described its aim as "presenting Brazil to the world".276 See also Brazil portal Index of Brazil-related articles Outline of Brazil References ^ a b 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por cor ou raça, situação e sexo". ^ IBGE. Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas. ^ a b c d "Brazil". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2007&ey=2010&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=223&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=83&pr.y=18. Retrieved 2010-04-21.  ^ "Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada (Ipea)". Ipea. http://www.rumosustentavel.com.br/desigualdade-e-pobreza-continuaram-caindo-no-brasil-mesmo-com-crise-revela-ipea/. Retrieved 2010-12-15.  ^ UNDP Human Development Report 2010. "Table H: Human development index 2010 and its components" (PDF). UNDP. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete.pdf. Retrieved 2010-11-02.  ^ a b c "Hora Legal Brasileira". Observatório Nacional. http://pcdsh01.on.br/Fusbr.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-21.  ^ As on for example the national website. ^ Mugnier, Clifford (January 2009). Grids & Datums – Federative Republic of Brazil. http://www.asprs.org/resources/GRIDS/01-2009-brazil.pdf.  ^ a b c d e f g h i "Geography of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  ^ a b "People of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  ^ a b "Introduction of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "Brazilian Federal Constitution" (in Portuguese). Presidency of the Republic. 1988. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/Constituicao/Constituiçao.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  "Brazilian Federal Constitution". v-brazil.com. 2007. http://www.v-brazil.com/government/laws/titleI.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03. "Unofficial translate"  ^ "Territorial units of the municipality level" (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 2008. http://www.sidra.ibge.gov.br/bda/territorio/tabunit.asp?n=6&t=2&z=t&o=4. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  ^ "World Development Indicators database" (PDF file), World Bank, 7 October 2009. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html. Retrieved 25 January 2011.  ^ Clendenning, Alan (2008-04-17). "Booming Brazil could be world power soon". USA Today – The Associated Press. p. 2. http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-12-12.  ^ a b (Portuguese) Eduardo Bueno, Brasil: uma História (São Paulo: Ática, 2003; ISBN 8508082134), p.36. ^ CNRTL - Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (French) ^ Michaelis - Moderno Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa (Portuguese) ^ iDicionário Aulete (Portuguese) ^ (Portuguese) "República Federativa do Brasil". Consulted on October 9, 2010. ^ Boxer, p. 98. ^ a b Boxer, p. 100. ^ Boxer, pp. 100–101. ^ a b Skidmore, p. 27. ^ Boxer, p. 101. ^ Boxer, p. 108 ^ a b Boxer, p. 102. ^ Skidmore, pp. 30, 32. ^ Skidmore, p. 36. ^ Boxer, p. 110 ^ Skidmore, p. 34. ^ Skidmore, pp. 32–33. ^ Bueno, pp. 80–81. ^ Facsimiles of multiple original documents relating about the events in Brazil in the 17th century that led to a Dutch influence and their final defeat ^ Calmon, p. 294. ^ Bueno, p. 86. ^ Boxer, p. 164. ^ Boxer, pp. 168, 170. ^ Boxer, p. 169. ^ Boxer, p. 207. ^ a b Boxer, p. 213. ^ Bueno, p. 145. ^ Calmon (2002), p. 191. ^ Barman (1999), pp.18, 27 ^ Lustosa, pp. 109–110 ^ Lustosa, pp. 117–119 ^ Lustosa, pp. 150–153 ^ Vianna, p. 418 ^ Hendrik Kraay apud Lorenzo Aldé, Revista de História da Biblioteca Nacional, issue 50, year 5 (Rio de Janeiro: SABIN, 2009), p. 20 ^ Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, O Brasil Monárquico: o processo de emancipação, 4th ed. (São Paulo: Difusão Européia do Livro, 1976), p. 403 ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178 ^ Diégues 2004, pp. 179–180 ^ Lustosa, p. 208 ^ Vianna, p. 140 ^ José Murilo de Carvalho, A Monarquia brasileira (Rio de Janeiro: Ao Livro Técnico, 1993), p. 23 ^ Calmon (2002), p. 189 ^ Vainfas, p. 170 ^ Lyra (v.1), p. 17 ^ Carvalho 2007, p. 21 ^ Miriam Dohlnikoff, Pacto imperial: origens do federalismo no Brasil do século XIX (São Paulo: Globo, 2005), p. 206 ^ Carvalho (2007), p. 43 ^ Souza, p. 326 ^ Janotti, pp. 171–172 ^ Munro, p. 273 ^ Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272 ^ Carvalho (2007), pp. 9, 222 ^ Lyra (v.1), p. 166 ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 62 ^ Vainfas, p. 18 ^ a b Munro, p. 280 ^ George Ermakoff, Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica (Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial, 2006), p. 189 ^ Schwarcz, p. 444 ^ Vainfas, p. 201 ^ Barman (1999), p. 399 ^ Barman (1999), p. 130 ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 126 ^ Barman (1999), p. 361 ^ Ricardo Salles, Nostalgia Imperial (Rio de Janeiro: Topbooks, 1996), p. 194 – However, the monarchist reaction after the fall of the empire and the subsequent exile of the Imperial Family "was not small and even less was its repression". ^ Lyra (v.3), p. 99 ^ Schwarcz, pp. 450, 457 ^ a b Barman (1999), p. 403 ^ Barman (1999), p. 404 ^ Scheina, Robert L. Latin America's Wars Volume II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001. Potomac Books, 2003 ISBN 1574884522 Part 4; Chapter 5 - World War I and Brazil, 1917-18. ^ Skidmore, p. 153 ^ Bueno, pp. 296–301 ^ Skidmore, p. 154 ^ Skidmore, pp. 155–156 ^ Bueno, pp. 328 and 331 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 249 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 267 ^ Skidmore, p. 162 ^ Bueno, p. 336 ^ Skidmore, p. 164 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 272 ^ Dietrich, Ana Maria in História Viva magazine, issue 67, year VI, 2009, p. 61 ^ Bueno, pp. 343–344 ^ Skidmore, p. 173 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 281 ^ Skidmore, pp. 182–183 ^ Bueno, pp. 346–347 ^ Skidmore, pp. 188–194 ^ Skidmore, p. 201 ^ Skidmore, pp. 202–203 ^ Skidmore, p. 204 ^ Skidmore, pp. 204–205 ^ Skidmore, pp. 209–210 ^ Skidmore, p. 210 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 397 ^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 141–142. ^ a b Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, p. 35. ^ Elio Gaspari, A ditadura escancarada (São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002), p. 193. ^ Skidmore, p. 239 ^ Fausto (2005), p. 422 ^ Bueno, p. 379. ^ Fausto (2005), p. 455. ^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 34–35. ^ Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 35–36. ^ Bueno, p. 382. ^ Fausto (2005), p. 460. ^ Fausto (2005), pp. 464–465. ^ Fausto (2005), pp. 465, 475. ^ The name of the current Brazilian currency came both from the Real Unity of Value (a transition currency) and from an older currency that existed until 1942. In Portuguese it is called "Real", meaning "royal", as it originated in Portugal, then a monarchy (Skidmore, p. 311). ^ Fausto (2005), p. 482. ^ Fausto (2005), p. 474. ^ Fausto (2005), p. 502. ^ a b "Land and Resources". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html#s1. Retrieved 2008-06-11. dubious – discuss ^ Official Area (In Portuguese) IBGE: Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Retrieved 2010-01-08. ^ a b c d e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html#s1. Retrieved 2008-06-11. dubious – discuss ^ a b "Rivers and Lakes". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-11. dubious – discuss ^ a b c d e "Brazil". Country Guide. BBC Weather. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/country_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT005220. Retrieved 2008-06-11.  ^ a b c d e "Natural Regions". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-11. dubious – discuss ^ a b c "Temperature in Brazil". Brazil Travel. http://www.v-brazil.com/information/geography/temperature-graphs.html. Retrieved 2008-06-11.  ^ Embrapa. "Annual averages of Mandacaru Agro-meteorological station" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2007-08-20. http://web.archive.org/web/20070820215606/http://www.cpatsa.embrapa.br/servicos/dadosmet/cem-anual.html. Retrieved 2008-10-21.  ^ "CPD: South America, Site SA19, Caatinga of North-eastern Brazil, Brazil". Botany.si.edu. http://botany.si.edu/projects/cpd/sa/sa19.htm. Retrieved 2009-10-29.  ^ "Drought, Smallpox, and Emergence of Leishmania braziliensis in Northeastern Brazil". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). ^ "Ó Gráda, C.: Famine: A Short History". Princeton University Press. ^ "Inland fishery enhancements". FAO. ^ a b "One fifth of the world's freshwater". Amazon. World Wide Fund for Nature. 2007-08-06. http://www.panda.org/about_our_earth/about_freshwater/rivers/amazon/. Retrieved 2008-06-12.  ^ a b c d "Plant and Animal Life". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-12. dubious – discuss ^ "Atlantic Forest, Brazil". Map: Biodiversity hotspots (BBC News). 2004-10-01. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3707888.stm#brazil. Retrieved 2008-06-12.  ^ a b "Environmental Issues". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_2/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-12. dubious – discuss ^ "Under threat". Greenpeace. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/forests/south-america/under-threat. Retrieved 2008-06-12.  ^ "Amazon destruction: six football fields a minute". Greenpeace. Archived from the original on 2008-04-05. http://web.archive.org/web/20080405192352/http://www.greenpeace.org/international/news/amazon-destruction. Retrieved 2008-06-12.  ^ "Brazil grants environmental licence for Belo Monte dam". BBC News. February 2, 2010. ^ a b "Embassy of Brazil — Ottawa". http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/brazil_in_brief/political_institution.html. Retrieved 2007-07-19. "Political Institutions — The Executive"  ^ "City Mayors". http://www.citymayors.com/government/brazil_government.html. Retrieved 2007-07-19. "Brazil federal, state and local government"  ^ "JSTOR". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0024-7413(196424)1%3A2%3C29%3ABP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W. Retrieved 2007-07-19. "Brazilian Politics"  ^ "Leftist Lula wins Brazil election" BBC News. Accessed 17 May 2007 ^ "Government – Brazil". Southtravels.com. 1988-10-05. http://www.southtravels.com/america/brazil/government.html. Retrieved 2010-03-17.  ^ "The Brazilian Legal System", Organization of American States. Accessed 17 May 2007. ^ José Afonso da Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo (Malheiros, 2004; ISBN 85-7420-559-1), p.  46. ^ Silva, Curso de Direito Constitucional Positivo, p.  592. ^ "Government structure"dead link Brazilian Government. Accessed 17 May 2007. ^ Miguel Glugoski and Odete Medauar, "Nossos direitos nas suas mãos", USP Journal, 24–30 November 2003. Retrieved 17 May 2007. ^ Diego Abreu, "Primeira Corte do mundo a ter canal de vídeo no YouTube é o STF", G1. (Portuguese) Accessed October 12, 2009. ^ "STF: Primeira corte do mundo no Youtube". ESMA-PB. (Portuguese) Accessed October 12, 2009. ^ "Página do STF no Twitter está no ar" (12/01/009). STF Official Website. (Portuguese) Consulted on December 5, 2009. ^ Kingstone, Steve (2005-06-27). "UN highlights Brazil gun crisis". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4628813.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-30.  ^ Number of people incarcerated in Brazil - 2010 ^ Maria Regina Soares de Lima and Mônica Hirst, "Brazil as a regional power: Action, choice and responsibilities", International Affairs 82 (2006) 21–40. Retrieved June 22, 2007. ^ Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, "Brazil as a regional power", Sage Journals Online. Retrieved June 22, 2007. ^ Raúl Zibechi, "Difficult Path" Funder's Network on Trade and Globalization. Retrieved June 22, 2007. ^ Universia Knowledge at Wharton website, "Can Brazil Play a Leadership Role in the Current Round of Global Trade Talks?" Wharton School, Pennsylvania. Retrieved June 22, 2007. ^ Clare Ribando, "US-Brazil relations", Congressional Research Service. Retrieved on August 16, 2007. ^ Georges D. Landau, "The Decisionmaking Process in Foreign Policy: The Case of Brazil," Center for Strategic and International Studies: Washington DC: March 2003. ^ Raúl Zibechi, "Brazil and the Difficult Path to Multilateralism". IRC Americas. Retrieved on August 16, 2007. ^ Maria Regina Soares De Lima and Monica Hirst, "Brazil as an intermediate state and regional power: action, choice and responsibilities", International Affairs 82 (1), 21–40. Retrieved on August 16, 2007. ^ Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira, "Brazil as a Regional Power and Its Relations with the United States", University of Brasília. Retrieved on August 16, 2007. ^ a b c d e Cabral and Weinstock 2010. Brazil: an emerging aid player. London: Overseas Development Institute ^ Cabral, Lidia 2010. Brazil’s development cooperation with the South: a global model in waiting. London: Overseas Development Institute ^ "Pesquisa mostra que Brasil investe pouco em estratégia na FAB" (in Portuguese). http://g1.globo.com/jornaldaglobo/0,,MUL1412734-16021,00-PESQUISA+MOSTRA+QUE+BRASIL+INVESTE+POUCO+EM+ESTRATEGIA+NA+FAB.html. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  ^ "Brazil: Military: Introduction". http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/brazil/intro.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  ^ "Decreto Nº 5.670 de 10 de Janeiro de 2006" (in Portuguese). http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2004-2006/2006/Decreto/D5670.htm. Retrieved 2010-10-02.  ^ "Perguntas" (in Portuguese). https://www.mar.mil.br/menu_v/ccsm/perguntas/perguntas_mais_frequentes.htm#44.44. Retrieved 2007-08-16.  ^ "Sala de imprensa – FAB em números" (in Portuguese). http://www.fab.mil.br/portal/imprensa/fab_numeros.php. Retrieved 2007-12-12.  ^ The N-11: More Than an Acronym. Goldman Sachs. http://www.chicagobooth.edu/alumni/clubs/pakistan/docs/next11dream-march%20'07-goldmansachs.pdf. Retrieved 2010-03-17.  ^ "Economy of Brazil". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html. Retrieved 2008-06-03.  ^ a b Phillips, Tom (2008-05-10). "The country of the future finally arrives". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/may/10/brazil.oil. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "The economy of heat". The Economist. 2007-04-12. http://www.economist.com/surveys/displaystory.cfm?story_id=8952496. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ O'Neill, Jim. "BRICs". Goldman Sachs. http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/brics/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Baig, Taimur; Goldfajn, Ilan (2000). "The Russian default and the contagion to Brazil" (PDF). IMF Working Paper. International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2000/wp00160.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Fraga, Arminio (2000). "Monetary Policy During the Transition to a Floating Exchange Rate: Brazil's Recent Experience". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2000/03/fraga.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Wheatley, Jonathan (2002-09-02). "Brazil: When an IMF Bailout Is Not Enough". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_35/b3797071.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Brazil to pay off IMF debts early". BBC News. 2005-12-14. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4527438.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Economic Quarterly" (PDF). Institute of Applied Economic Research. 2007-03-01. pp. 171. http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/publicacoes/eqb/ieq11.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ The Institute of International Finance (2007-05-31). "Capital Flows to Emerging Markets Set at Close to Record Levels". Press release. http://www.iif.com/press/press+32.php. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "IPCA, IPC-FIPE and IPC-BR: Methodological and Empirical Differences" (PDF). Central Bank of Brazil. 2004. http://www.bcb.gov.br/htms/relinf/ing/2004/06/ri200406b2i.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Brazil's shares at all-time high". BBC News. 2008-04-30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7376539.stm. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ Alves, Fabio; Caminada, Carlos (2008-04-30). "Brazilian Debt Raised to Investment Grade by S&P". Reuters. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601086&sid=a86v4f6_W2Jg. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ a b Warner, Jeremy (2008-05-02). "Jeremy Warner's Outlook: Brazil secures investment grade". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/jeremy-warner/jeremy-warners-outlook-brazil-secures-investment-grade-819744.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ a b Colitt, Raymond (2008-05-13). "Sleeping giant Brazil wakes, but could stumble". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/managerViews/idUSNOA33289320080513. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ a b "Field Listing – GDP – composition by sector". Central Intelligence Agency. 2008. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2012.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ "Agriculture and Cattle-raising". Brazil by Topics. Brazilian Government official website. http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/. Retrieved 2008-06-09. dead link ^ "Agriculture". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_6/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09. dubious – discuss ^ "Manufacturing". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_6/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09. dubious – discuss ^ "Energy". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_7/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09. dubious – discuss ^ Moffett, Matt (2008-05-13). "Brazil Joins Front Rank Of New Economic Powers". The Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121063846832986909.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ "An economic superpower, and now oil too". The Economist. 2008-04-17. http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11052873. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ Schneyer, Joshua (2007-11-09). "Brazil, the New Oil Superpower". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/content/nov2007/db20071115_045316.htm?chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ "More bounty". The Economist. 2008-04-17. http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11049391. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ "Focus on Brazil" (PDF). World Energy Outlook. International Energy Agency. 2006. http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/docs/weo2006/brazil.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-14.  ^ "Project Closing Report. Natural Gas Centre of Excellence Project. Narrative" (PDF). March 20, 2005. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927192628/http://www.ctgas.com.br/conteudo/img_upload/Project_cloling_report_Narrative_Mar_20_05.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-12.  ^ Brazilian Government. "Skills training for growth". http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/brasil_topics/science/categoria_view. Retrieved 2007-08-10. dead link ^ "Brazil — The Space Program". country-data.com. April 1997. http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-1826.html. Retrieved 2008-05-24.  ^ "Confirmed: Agreement with France Includes the Brazilian Nuclear Submarine". Nonproliferation for Global Security Foundation. 2008-12-23. http://npsglobal.org/eng/index.php/highlight/13-news/351-confirmed-agreement-with-france-includes-the-brazilian-nuclear-submarine. Retrieved 2008-12-23.  ^ "Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität". Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de. 2008-08-18. http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  ^ "Road system in Brazil". Nationsencyclopedia.com. http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil-TRANSPORTATION.html. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  ^ "Brazil – Transportation", Encyclopedia of the Nations (nationsencyclopedia.com).dubious – discuss ^ "Ociosidade atinge 70% dos principais aeroportos", globo.com, 12 August 2007. (Portuguese) ^ "Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos-Governador André Franco Montorodead link", infraaero.gov.br. (Portuguese) ^ "Mercado Brasileiro Terminais de Contêineresdead link", Santos Brasil. (Portuguese) ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade" ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade" ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade." ^ José Alberto Magno de Carvalho, "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasildead link" Belo Horizonte: UFMG/Cedeplar, 2004 (PDF file), p.  5. ^ "Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística". IBGE. 1999-11-29. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1275&id_pagina=1. Retrieved 2010-01-25.  ^ "Projeусo da Populaусo do Brasil". IBGE. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_impressao.php?id_noticia=1272. Retrieved 2010-01-25.  ^ Magno de Carvalho, "Crescimento populacional e estrutura demográfica no Brasildead link", pp. 7–8. ^ "In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes", The Washington Post, 8 July 2007. ^ a b Enciclopédia Barsa vol. 4, p. 230. ^ a b Coelho (1996), p. 268. ^ a b Vesentini (1988), p. 117. ^ Adas, Melhem. Panorama geográfico do Brasil, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 ^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3. ^ a b c Moreira (1981), p. 108. ^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265. ^ Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75. ^ Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopaedia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355. ^ Azevedo (1971), p. 74. ^ a b Azevedo (1971), p. 161. ^ Maria Stella Ferreira-Levy, "O papel da migração internacional na evolução da população brasileira (1872 a 1972), Revista de Saúde Públicavague Volume 8, suplemento. June 1974. ) (1974). Table 2, p.  74. (Portuguese) Available here [1] at scielo.br as a PDF file. ^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade e grupos de idade". ^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo, alfabetização e grupos de idade". ^ PNAD 2008, IBGE. "Pessoas de 5 anos ou mais de idade por situação, sexo e alfabetização". ^ a b IBGE, População residente, por sexo e situação do domicílio, segundo a religião, Censo Demográfico 2000. Acessado em 13 de dezembro de 2007 ^ "Brazil". International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 2005-11-08. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-08.  ^ 2008 PNAD, IBGE. "População residente por situação, sexo e grupos de idade". ^ "Principal Cities". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. dubious – discuss ^ "2010 Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics estimate". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. 29 November 2010. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/populacao_por_municipio_zip.shtm. Retrieved 22 January 2011.  ^ Rohter, Larry (2005-08-28). "Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html?ex=1282881600&en=2dbb31357d010164&ei=5090. Retrieved 2008-07-14.  ^ "Portuguese language and the Brazilian singularity". http://countrystudies.us/brazil/39.htm.  ^ a b c "Languages of Brazil". Ethnologue. http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=br. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ Nash, Elizabeth (2008-05-02). "Portugal pays lip service to Brazil's supremacy". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/portugal-pays-lip-service-to-brazils-supremacy-819728.html. Retrieved 2008-06-09.  ^ "O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil". DW-World.de. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html.  ^ "O talian". http://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm.  ^ "Esperanto approved by Brazilian government as optional high school subject, mandatory if justified by demand". Page F30. 2009-09-19. http://www.pagef30.com/2009/09/15-september-2009-esperanto-approved-by.html. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  ^ "15th–16th Century". History. Brazilian Government official website. http://www.brasil.gov.br/ingles/about_brazil/history/xvi_cent/. Retrieved 2008-06-08. dead link ^ "People and Society". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. dubious – discuss ^ "Population". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-10. dubious – discuss ^ Freyre, Gilberto (1986). "The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture". UNESCO. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022. Retrieved 2008-06-08.  ^ Candido; Antonio. (1970) Vários escritos. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. p.18 ^ Leandro Karnal, Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI (São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available here [2]. ^ "The Brazilian Baroque", Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural ^ "Theater and Film". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08. dubious – discuss ^ "Literature". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_5/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08.  ^ "Brazilian Literature: An Introduction". Embassy of Brasil - Ottawa. Visited on November 2, 2009. ^ "Way of Life". Encarta. MSN. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_4/Brazil.html. Retrieved 2008-06-08. dubious – discuss ^ Roger, "Feijoada: The Brazilian national dish" braziltravelguide.com.dubious – discuss ^ "Brazil National Dish: Feijoada Recipe and Restaurants". Visited on November 8, 2009.dubious – discuss ^ Futebol, o esporte mais popular do Brasil, é destaque no Via Legal :: Notícias JusBrasil ^ "Football in Brazil". Goal Programme. International Federation of Association Football. 2008-04-15. http://www.fifa.com/associations/association=bra/goalprogramme/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Beach Soccer". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/beachsoccer/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Futsal". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/aboutfifa/developing/futsal/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "The art of capoeira". BBC. 2006-09-20. http://www.bbc.co.uk/northyorkshire/content/articles/2005/09/13/capoeira_feature.shtml. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Brazilian Vale Tudo". I.V.C. http://valetudo.com.br/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Official Website". International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation. http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Emerson Fittipaldi". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/282/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Nelson Piquet". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/181/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ Donaldson, Gerald. "Ayrton Senna". Hall of Fame. The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/teams_and_drivers/hall_of_fame/45/. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil". Previous FIFA World Cups. International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil". International Federation of Association Football. http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/brazil2014/index.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ "Formula 1 Grande Premio do Brasil 2008". The Official Formula 1 Website. http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06.  ^ a b "Chronological list of Pan American Games". Pan American Sports Organization. http://odepapaso.org/paso/chrono.html. Retrieved 2008-06-06. dead link ^ "Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio", The Guardian, 2 October 2009. ^ "Brazil launches international TV station for Africa". BBC News. 2010-05-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/latin_america/10152301.stm. Retrieved 2010-10-30.  Bibliographic Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regiões. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971. (Portuguese) Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-8047-3510-7 (English) Boxer, Charles R.. O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902929 (Portuguese) Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8508082134 Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002. (Portuguese) Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007. (Portuguese) Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996. (Portuguese) Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004. (Portuguese) Enciclopédia Barsa. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987. (Portuguese) Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. ISBN 8573263083(Portuguese) Gaspari, Elio. A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. ISBN 8535902775 (Portuguese) Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990. (Portuguese) Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v.1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese) Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v.3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977. (Portuguese) Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. ISBN 8535908072 (Portuguese) Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981. (Portuguese) Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942. (English) Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. As barbas do Imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos. 2nd ed. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1998. ISBN 8571648379 (Portuguese) Skidmore, Thomas E. Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. (Portuguese) ISBN 8521903138 Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. (Portuguese) ISBN 9788520008645 Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. ISBN 8573024410 (Portuguese) Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988. (Portuguese) Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994. (Portuguese) Further reading Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.  Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805–1819).  "Background Note: Brazil". US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm.  Bellos, Alex (2003). Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.  Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Costa, João Cruz (1964). A History of Ideas in Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.  Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Furtado, Celso. The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.  Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.  Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.  Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.  Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.  Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.  Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). Black Into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.  The World Almanac and Book of Facts: Brazil. New York, NY: World Almanac Books. 2006.  External links Find more about Brazil on Wikipedia's sister projects: Definitions from Wiktionary Images and media from Commons Learning resources from Wikiversity News stories from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Wikisource has original text related to this article: CIA World Fact Book, 2004/Brazil Tourist Guide of Brazil Brazilian Federal Government Chief of State and Cabinet Members Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics Information and Pictures Tourism of Brazil Brazil entry at The World Factbook Brazil at UCB Libraries GovPubs Brazil at the Open Directory Project Country Profile from the U.S. Library of Congress (1997) Brazil travel guide from Wikitravel  Links to related articles v · d · e Brazil topics History First inhabitants · Colonization · Empire · Old Republic · Vargas Era · Second Republic · Military rule · Contemporary Politics Constitution · President · National Congress · Elections · Political parties · Foreign relations · Antarctic Geopolitics Law Law enforcement · Supreme Federal Tribunal · Human rights (LGBT rights) · Order of Attorneys Economy Real · Central Bank · List of companies · Agriculture · Industry · Economic history · Telecommunications · Tourism Geography Regions · States · Municipalities · Islands · Coastline · Climate · Environment · Extreme points · Protected areas · Capitals Demographics People · Languages · Religion · Immigration · Education · Health · Crime · Social issues · Largest cities · Apartheid Culture Art (general) · Carnival · Cuisine · Cinema · Holidays · Literature · Music (Musicians · Groups) · Painting · Sculpture Transport High-speed rail · Highway · Railways · Airports · Bus Rapid Transit Energy Renewable energy · Ethanol fuel · Electricity · Vale · Petrobras · Eletrobras Sports 1950 FIFA World Cup · 2014 FIFA World Cup · 2016 Summer Olympics · 2016 Summer Paralympics · 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Other topics Military · International rankings · Science and technology · Mercosul · Potential superpowers Category · Portal · WikiProject   Geographic locale Lat. and Long. 15°45′S 47°57′W / 15.75°S 47.95°W / -15.75; -47.95 (Brasilia)  Colombia  Venezuela •  Suriname  Guyana •  French Guiana Atlantic Ocean  Bolivia •  Peru Atlantic Ocean    Brazil      Argentina •  Paraguay  Uruguay • Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean v · d · eCountries and dependencies of South America Sovereign states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · France (French Guiana) · Guyana · Netherlands (Bonaire) · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela Dependencies Netherlands Aruba · Curaçao United Kingdom Falkland Islands · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands  International membership v · d · eLatin Union Member nations Andorra · Angola · Bolivia · Brazil · Cape Verde · Chile · Colombia · Costa Rica · Côte d'Ivoire · Cuba · Dominican Republic · East Timor · Ecuador · El Salvador · France · Guatemala · Guinea-Bissau · Haiti · Honduras · Italy · Mexico · Moldova · Monaco · Mozambique · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · Philippines · Portugal · Romania · San Marino · São Tomé and Príncipe · Senegal · Spain · Uruguay · Venezuela Permanent observers Argentina · Holy See · Sovereign Military Order of Malta Official languages Catalan · French · Italian · Portuguese · Romanian · Spanish v · d · eCommunity of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP) Members: Angola · Brazil · Cape Verde · East Timor · Guinea-Bissau · Mozambique · Portugal · São Tomé and Príncipe Observers: Mauritius · Senegal · Equatorial Guinea In Process: Andorra · Morocco · Philippines · Galicia · Macau · Malacca · Goa · Croatia · Romania · Ukraine v · d · eUnion of South American Nations Member states Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Uruguay · Venezuela Summits South American Energy Summit · 2004 South American Summit · 2010 South American Summit Topics Cusco Declaration · Constitutive Treaty · President Pro Tempore · Secretary General · Bank of the South · South American Parliament · Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America · Mercosur · Andean Community v · d · eMercosur · Mercosul  (Southern Common Market) Full Members Argentina · Brazil · Paraguay · Uruguay Becoming Full Members Venezuela Associate members Bolivia · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Peru Observers Mexico v · d · eOrganization of American States (OAS) Antigua and Barbuda · Argentina · Barbados • Brazil • Belize • Bahamas · Bolivia · Chile • Costa Rica · Cuba · Canada • Dominica · Dominican Republic · Ecuador · El Salvador · Grenada · Guatemala · Guyana · Haiti · Honduras · Jamaica · Mexico · Nicaragua · Panama · Paraguay · Peru · St. Lucia · St. Vincent and the Grenadines · St. Kitts and Nevis · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago · United States · Uruguay · Venezuela v · d · eGroup of Eight Plus Five (G8+5) G8  Canada ·  France ·  Germany ·  Italy ·  Japan ·  Russia ·  United Kingdom ·  United States +5  Brazil ·  China ·  India ·  Mexico ·  South Africa v · d · eGroup of Twenty (G-20) Argentina · Australia · Brazil · Canada · China · European Union · France · Germany · India · Indonesia · Italy Japan · Mexico · Russia · Saudi Arabia · South Africa · South Korea · Turkey · United Kingdom · United States v · d · eNations in the Group of 15 (G-15)      Algeria  Argentina  Brazil  Chile  Egypt  India  Indonesia  Iran  Jamaica  Kenya  Malaysia  Mexico  Nigeria  Peru  Senegal  Sri Lanka  Venezuela  Zimbabwe v · d · eBRIC countries  Brazil  ·   Russia  ·   India  ·   China v · d · eSouth Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone Members Angola • Argentina • Benin • Brazil • Cameroon • Cape Verde • Republic of the Congo • Democratic Republic of the Congo • Côte d'Ivoire • Equatorial Guinea • Gabon • The Gambia • Ghana • Guinea • Guinea-Bissau • Liberia • Namibia • Nigeria • São Tomé and Príncipe • Senegal • Sierra Leone • South Africa • Togo • Uruguay Ministerial Meetings 2nd (1993) · 3rd (1994) · 4th (1996) · 5th (1998) · 6th (2007) v · d · ePortuguese Empire North Africa  15th century 1415–1640  Ceuta 1458–1550  Alcácer Ceguer (El Qsar es Seghir) 1471–1550  Arzila (Asilah) 1471–1662  Tangier 1485–1550  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1487– middle 16th century  Ouadane 1488–1541  Safim (Safi) 1489  Graciosa 16th century 1505–1769  Santa Cruz do Cabo  de Gué (Agadir) 1506–1525  Mogador (Essaouira) 1506–1525  Aguz (Souira Guedima) 1506–1769  Mazagan (El Jadida) 1513–1541  Azamor (Azemmour) 1515  São João da Mamora (Mehdya) 1577–1589  Arzila (Asilah) Sub-Saharan Africa  15th century 1455–1633  Arguin 1470–1975  São Tomé1 1474–1778  Annobón 1478–1778  Fernando Poo (Bioko) 1482–1637  Elmina (São Jorge  da Mina) 1482–1642  Portuguese Gold Coast 1496–1550  Madagascar (part) 1498–1540  Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500–1630  Malindi 1500–1975  Príncipe1 1501–1975  Portuguese E. Africa  (Mozambique) 1502–1659  St. Helena 1503–1698  Zanzibar 1505–1512  Quíloa (Kilwa) 1506–1511  Socotra 1557–1578  Accra 1575–1975  Portuguese W. Africa  (Angola) 1588–1974  Cacheu2 1593–1698  Mombassa (Mombasa) 17th century 1642–1975  Cape Verde 1645–1888  Ziguinchor 1680–1961  São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687–1974  Bissau2 18th century 1728–1729  Mombassa (Mombasa) 1753–1975  São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879–1974  Portuguese Guinea 1885–1975  Portuguese Congo (Cabinda)   1 Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753.   2 Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879. Southwest Asia  16th century 1506–1615  Gamru (Bandar-Abbas) 1507–1643  Sohar 1515–1622  Hormuz (Ormus) 1515–1648  Quriyat 1515–?   Qalhat 1515–1650  Muscat 1515?–?   Barka 1515–1633? Julfar (Ras al-Khaimah) 1521–1602  Bahrain (Muharraq and Manama) 1521–1529?  Qatif 1521?–1551? Tarut Island 1550–1551  Qatif 1588–1648  Matrah 17th century 1620–?   Khor Fakkan 1621?–?   As Sib 1621–1622  Qeshm 1623–?   Khasab 1623–?   Libedia 1624–?   Kalba 1624–?   Madha 1624–1648  Dibba Al-Hisn 1624?–?   Bandar-e Kong Indian subcontinent  15th century 1498–1545  Laccadive Islands       (Lakshadweep) 16th century Portuguese India · 1500–1663  Cochim (Kochi) · 1502–1661  Quilon (Coulão/Kollam) · 1502–1663  Cannanore (Kannur) · 1507–1657  Negapatam (Nagapatnam) · 1510–1962  Goa · 1512–1525  Calicut (Kozhikode) · 1518–1619  Paliacate (Pulicat) · 1521–1740  Chaul · 1523–1662  Mylapore · 1528–1666  Chittagong · 1531–1571  Chalium · 1534–1601  Salsette Island · 1534–1661  Bombay (Mumbai) · 1535–1739  Baçaím (Vasai-Virar) · 1536–1662  Cranganore (Kodungallur) · 1540–1612  Surat · 1548–1658  Tuticorin (Thoothukudi) 16th century (continued) Portuguese India (continued) · 1559–1962  Daman and Diu · 1568–1659  Mangalore · 1579–1632  Hugli · 1598–1610  Masulipatnam (Machilipatnam) 1518–1521  Maldives 1518–1658  Portuguese Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1558–1573  Maldives 17th century Portuguese India · 1687–1749  Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India · 1779–1954  Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania  16th century 1511–1641  Portuguese Malacca 1512–1621  Moluccas (Maluku Islands) · 1522–1575  Ternate · 1576–1605  Ambon · 1578–1650  Tidore 1512–1665  Makassar 1553–1999  Macau 1533–1545  Ningbo 1571–1639  Decima (Dejima, Nagasaki) 17th century 1642–1975  Portuguese Timor (East Timor)1 19th century Macau · 1864–1999  Coloane · 1849–1999  Portas do Cerco · 1851–1999  Taipa · 1890–1999  Ilha Verde 20th century Macau · 1938–1941  Lapa and Montanha (Hengqin) 1  1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia. In 2002, East Timor's independence was recognized by Portugal & the world. North America and the North Atlantic Ocean  15th century 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century 1500–1579?  Terra Nova (Newfoundland) 1500–1579?  Labrador 1516–1579?  Nova Scotia Central and South America  16th century 1500–1822  Brazil 1536–1620  Barbados 17th century 1680–1777  Nova Colônia do Sacramento 19th century 1808–1822  Cisplatina (Uruguay) Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of Portuguese discovery of Australia