Biological anthropology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia a:lang(ar),a:lang(ckb),a:lang(fa),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none}a.new,#quickbar a.new{color:#ba0000} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:4:c88e2bcd56513749bec09a7e29cb3ffa */ if ( window.mediaWiki ) { mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace": "", "wgCanonicalSpecialPageName": false, "wgNamespaceNumber": 0, "wgPageName": "Biological_anthropology", "wgTitle": "Biological anthropology", "wgCurRevisionId": 461531350, "wgArticleId": 24232, "wgIsArticle": true, "wgAction": "view", "wgUserName": null, "wgUserGroups": ["*"], "wgCategories": ["Physical anthropology", "Biology", "Human evolution", "Historical definitions of race", "Demographics", "Cartography", "Humans", "Medical research", "Personality"], "wgBreakFrames": false, "wgRestrictionEdit": [], "wgRestrictionMove": [], "wgSearchNamespaces": [0], "wgFlaggedRevsParams": {"tags": {"status": {"levels": 1, "quality": 2, "pristine": 3}}}, "wgStableRevisionId": null, "wgVectorEnabledModules": {"collapsiblenav": true, "collapsibletabs": true, "editwarning": true, "expandablesearch": false, "footercleanup": false, "sectioneditlinks": false, "simplesearch": true, "experiments": true}, "wgWikiEditorEnabledModules": {"toolbar": true, "dialogs": true, "hidesig": true, "templateEditor": false, "templates": false, "preview": false, "previewDialog": false, "publish": false, "toc": false}, "wgTrackingToken": "fa68b479629554bfaccbdc3ffeebdd62", "wikilove-recipient": "", "wikilove-edittoken": "+\\", "wikilove-anon": 0, "mbEditToken": "+\\", "Geo": {"city": "", "country": ""}, "wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia"}); } if ( window.mediaWiki ) { mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup"]); } Biological anthropology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Primate skulls: Human, Chimpanzee, Orangutan, Macaque. Biological anthropology (also called physical anthropology) is that branch of anthropology that studies the physical development of the human species. It plays an important part in paleoanthropology (the study of human origins) and in forensic anthropology (the analysis and identification of human remains for legal purposes). It draws upon human anthropometrics (body measurements), human genetics (molecular anthropology) and human osteology (the study of bones) and includes neuroanthropology, the study of human brain evolution, and of culture as neurological adaptation to environment.

In two centuries biological anthropology has been involved in a range of controversies. The quest for human origins was accompanied by the evolution debate and various racial theories. The nature and nurture debate became a political battleground. There have been various attempts to correlate human physique with psychological traits such as intelligence, criminality and personality type, many of which proved themselves mistaken and are now obsolete. Contents 1 Branches 2 History 3 Human biology 4 Biomedical anthropology 5 Typology 6 Somatotypes 7 Racial mapping 8 Renowned biological anthropologists 9 Notes 10 See also 11 References 12 External links 13 Further reading Branches Pierre Paul Broca The nomenclature of the field is not exact: the relevant sub-division of the American Anthropological Association is the Biological Anthropology Section while the principal professional organization is the American Association of Physical Anthropologists. The term "biological anthropology" emerged with the rise of genetics and incorporates genetic markers as well as primate ethology. Paleoanthropology, the study of fossil evidence for human evolution, studying hominid fossil evidence and dating to determine matters such as the time and manner in which the mandible evolved, the effect of nature and environment on bipedality or the use of opposable thumb, with hominid classification and the individual naming of the proposed species and their place in primatology, the study of primates. Paleopathology studies the traces of disease and injury in ancient human skeletons. Human behavioral ecology, the study of behavioral adaptations (foraging, reproduction, ontogeny) from the evolutionary and ecologic perspectives, (see behavioral ecology). Human adaptation, the study of human adaptive responses (physiologic, developmental, genetic) to environmental stresses and variation. Human biology, an interdisciplinary field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine, concentrates upon international, population-level perspectives on health, evolution, adaptation and population genetics. Human osteology, the study of human bones. Paleopathology, the study of disease in antiquity. This study focuses not only on pathogenic conditions observable in bones or mummified soft tissue, but also on nutritional disorders, variation in stature or the morphology of bones over time, evidence of physical trauma, or evidence of occupationally derived biomechanical stress. Forensic anthropology, the application of osteology, paleopathology, archaeology, and other anthropological techniques for the identification of modern human remains or the reconstruction of events surrounding a person's death. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach History Franz Boas

Scientific physical anthropology began in the 18th century with the study of racial classification.1 In the 1830s and 1840s, physical anthropology was prominent in the debate about slavery, with the scientific, monogenist works of the British abolitionist James Cowles Prichard (1786–1848) opposing those of the American polygenist Samuel George Morton (1799–1851). The first prominent physical anthropologist, the German physician Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) of Göttingen, amassed a large collection of human skulls. In the latter 19th century French physical anthropologists, led by Paul Broca (1824–1880), focused on craniometry while the German tradition, led by Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902), emphasized the influence of environment and disease upon the human body. American thought evolved the “four-field approach”, skeletons, artefacts, language and culture (ways of life) using the remains of North American people. In 1897 Columbia University appointed Franz Boas (1858–1942) as a physical anthropologist for his expertise in measuring schoolchildren and collecting of Inuit skeletons. From his German education and training Boas emphasized the mutability of the human form and minimized race (then a biology synonym) in favor of culture. Ales Hrdlicka (1869–1943), a physician, studied physical anthropology in France under Leonce Manouvrier before working at the Smithsonian Institution from 1902. Aleš Hrdlička Earnest Hooton (1887–1954), a Classics PhD from the University of Wisconsin, entered anthropology as an Oxford Rhodes Scholar under R. R. Marett and the anatomist Arthur Keith. Harvard University hired Hooton in 1913: he trained most American physical anthropologists of the coming decades, beginning with Harry L. Shapiro and Carleton S. Coon and struggled to differentiate physical anthropology from racism.2 There was much intellectual continuity with Germans such as Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz and Erwin Baur.3 In 1951 Sherwood Washburn, a Hooton alumnus, introduced a "new physical anthropology",4 withdrawing from the study of racial typology to concentrate upon the study of human microevolution, moving away from classification towards evolutionary process. Anthropology expanded to comprehend paleoanthropology and primatology.5 Human biology

Human biology is an interdisciplinary academic field of biology, biological anthropology, nutrition and medicine which focuses on humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other fields. Biomedical anthropology Biomedical anthropology is a subfield of anthropology, predominantly found in U.S. academic and public health settings, that incorporates perspectives from the biological and medical anthropology subfields. In contrast to much of medical anthropology, it does not generally take a critical approach to biomedicine and Western medicine. Instead, it seeks to improve medical practice and biomedical science through the holistic integration of cross-cultural or biocultural, behavioral, and epidemiological perspectives on health. As an academic discipline, biomedical anthropology is closely related to human biology. Currently, the only accredited degree program in biomedical anthropology is at Binghamton University [2]. Other anthropology departments, such as that of the University of Washington [3], offer biomedical tracks within more traditional biological or biocultural anthropology programs. Typology Typology in anthropology is the categorization of the human species by physical traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build and stature. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from different ethnic regions into races, (e.g. the Negroid race, the Caucasoid race, the Mongoloid race, the Australoid race, and the Capoid race which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by Carleton S. Coon).6 The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited.7 Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures.[4] This debate is covered in more detail in the article on race. Somatotypes Somatotypology is the study of somatotypes or constitutional types. The objective is to produce a classification system that enables an observer to make determinations of the susceptibiity of a person of a given type to physical or psychological diseases or disease generally. The Carus and Kretschmer typologies are examples as well as Sheldon's constitutional theory of personality. Racial mapping

Racial Mapping is the use of cartography to identify and situate racial groups8 using maps to highlight, perpetuate, and naturalize the differences of race through both literal and metaphorical means,910 mapmakers create a common knowledge by displaying specific data as representative the real world, and construct racial identity by framing, situating, and defining what race is.1112 As a result, there is a long tradition of cartography being used as a tool to support social Darwinism, physical anthropology, and evolution theories, which seek to promote specific people as superior to others.81314 Racism, as it is understood today in western thought, originates in the late 15th century as an expression of European superiority.15 However, the basis for racial mapping, at least in the western world, goes back to the Hellenistic tradition of mapping, where exotic “other” people were purported to live in far off lands.8 These “others” were usually based upon the writings of Herodotus, and later Greek cartographers spatially situated these groups in their maps. The use of maps to identify otherness was also present Medieval Europe through the use of mappaemundi. These maps displayed “monstrous races” along the periphery to denote the separation between the settled (Europe) and the unknown.16 While these old maps are originally seen as representation of Christian proselytizing influence, they also exude an ideal of European supremacy. European mapmakers continued this tradition into the colonial era, using the maps to replace indigenous ideas of identity and spatial distribution. These maps, and others, were used to legitimize European imperialism through the use of racial delineation. Europeans were bringing their supposedly superior race, and the knowledge that went with that, to the world through their empires, and those empires were situated along a spatial understanding made possible through maps.11121415 Racial ideology is not to be found entirely in maps of colonialization, it is also seen within the biopolitics of the early 19th century with the rise of the “population” as a unit of analysis, and a governmental concern with health and crime that led attempts to understand, and categorize, the population.171819 The effects of grouping individuals into populations and having identities for the population, as opposed to the individual, presents the ability of a government to categorize people based upon knowledge. Many times this knowledge, and the categorization was done using cartography.18 Following the end of World War I, many of Europe’s borders were redrawn, often influenced by racial and eugenic ideologies.18 The decision behind this was that, “…territories remain stable and peace be guaranteed,”.20 The AGS assisted in the redrawing of Europe's map through the project known as the Inquiry, and in doing so helped to determine what the territory and identity of people in Europe would be. Consequently, the redrawing of Europe’s map after World War I was directly influenced by the knowledge of racial purity. Renowned biological anthropologists Anthropology Fields

Archaeology Biological anthropology Cultural anthropology Linguistic anthropology Social anthropology Frameworks Applied anthropology Ethnography and Ethnology Participant observation Qualitative methods Holism Cultural relativism Key concepts Culture · Society Prehistory · Evolution Kinship and descent Marriage · Family Material culture · Gender Race · Ethnicity Functionalism Colonialism · Ethnocentrism Postcolonialism Areas and subfields Anthropology of religion Biocultural anthropology Cognitive anthropology Ecological anthropology Economic anthropology Evolutionary anthropology Forensic anthropology Media anthropology Medical anthropology Palaeoanthropology Transpersonal anthropology Urban anthropology Visual anthropology Related articles Sociology Prehistory History of anthropology Outline of anthropology Category:Anthropologists v · d · e Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt Richard Leakey (1944- ) Frank B. Livingstone (1928–2005) David Pilbeam Elwyn Simons Phillip V. Tobias (1925-) Alan C. Walker (1938- ) Sherwood Washburn (1911–2000) Ralph Holloway (1935- ) Milford H. Wolpoff (1942- ) Tim White (1950- ) Pardis Sabeti (1975- ) Raymond Dart Robert Corruccini Eugenie C. Scott (1945- ) Donald Johanson Yohannes Haile-Selassie A. Roberto Frisancho (1939- ) Robert Jurmain Jane Goodall Kathy Reichs (Kathleen Joan Toelle Reichs) Colin Groves Linda Fedigan Meredith Small David Watts Richard Wrangham Russell Mittermeier William M. Bass Janet M. Monge Claude O. Lovejoy Maciej Henneberg (1949- ) Notes ^ Marks, J. (1995) Human Biodiversity: Genes, Race, and History. New York: Aldine de Gruyter. ^ Hooton, E. A. (1936) “Plain Statements About Race”. Science, 83:511-513. ^ Baur, E., Fischer, E., and Lenz, F. (1931) Human Heredity, Eden Paul and Cedar Paul, translators. New York: Macmillan, ^ Washburn, S. L. (1951) “The New Physical Anthropology”, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series II, 13:298-304. ^ Haraway, D. (1988) “Remodelling the Human Way of Life: Sherwood Washburn and the New Physical Anthropology, 1950–1980”, in Bones, Bodies, Behavior: Essays on Biological Anthropology, of the History of Anthropology, v.5, G. Stocking, ed., Madison, Wisc., University of Wisconsin Press, pp. 206-259. ^ Coon, Carleton S. The Origin of Races (1962) ^ O'Neil, Dennis. Palomar College. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. [1] ^ a b c Winlow, Heather. (forthcoming). Mapping Race and Ethnicity. In The International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, edited by N. T. a. R. Kitchen. Oxford: Elsevier. ^ Kobayashi, A., and L. Peake. 1994. Unnatural discourse. "Race' and gender in geography. Gender, Place & Culture 1 (2):225-243 ^ Kobayashi, A. 2003. The Construction of Geographic Knowledge: Racialization, Spatialization. In Handbook of Cultural Geography, edited by e. a. Kay Anderson. London: Sage Publications. ^ a b Wood, Denis. 1992. The Power of Maps. New York: The Guilford Press. ^ a b Harley, J.B. 2001. The New Nature of Maps: Essays in the History of Cartography. Edited by P. Laxton. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ^ Winlow, Heather. 2001. Anthropometric cartography: constructing Scottish racial identity in the early twentieth century. Journal of Historical Geography 27 (4):507-528. ^ a b Winlow, Heather. 2006. Mapping moral geographies: W. Z. Ripley's races of Europe and the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96 (1):119-141. ^ a b Goldberg, David Theo. 2006. Racial Europeanization. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29 (2):331-364. ^ Winlow 200 ^ Foucault, Michel. 2003. Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the College de France, 1975-76. New York: Picador. ^ a b c Crampton, Jeremy. 2007. Maps, Race, and Foucault: Eugenics and Territorialization Following WWI. In Space, knowledge and power : Foucault and geography, edited by J. C. a. S. Elden: Burlington. ^ Burchell, Graham and Colin Gordon and Peter Miller. 1991. The Foucault effect : studies in governmentality : with two lectures by and an interview with Michel Foucault: University of Chicago Press. ^ Crampton, Jeremy. 2007. Maps, Race, and Foucault: Eugenics and Territorialization Following WWI. In Space, knowledge and power : Foucault and geography, edited by J. C. a. S. Elden: Burlington, p.225 See also Psychology Behavioural neuroscience Racial Mapping Craniometry Craniofacial anthropometry Physiognomy Phrenology References Brown, Ryan A and Armelagos, George, "Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review" Evolutionary Anthropology 10:34–40 2001 [5] ^ Modern Human Variation: Models of Classification [6] External links Look up somatotypes in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. American Association of Physical Anthropologists British Association of Biological Anthropologists and Osteoarchaeologists Human Biology Association Canadian Association for Physical Anthropology Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis reconstructions - Electronic articles published by the Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History. The Internet Journal of Biological Anthropology-The Free Online Journal Istituto Italiano di Antropologia Journal of Anthropological Sciences - free full text review articles available Mapping Transdisciplinarity in Anthropology pdf Fundamental Theory of Human Sciences ppt Human Biology Association American Journal of Human Biology Human Biology, The International Journal of Population Genetics and Anthropology Economics and Human Biology Laboratory for Human Biology Research at Northwestern University The Program in Human Biology at Stanford Society for the Study of Human Biology Symposium Series Scottish Qualifications Authority Further reading Michael A. Little and Kenneth A.R. Kennedy, eds. Histories of American Physical Anthropology in the Twentieth Century (Lexington Books; 2010); 259 pages; essays on the field from the late 19th to the late 20th century; topics include Sherwood L. Washburn (1911–2000) and the "new physical anthropology." v · d · eHistorical definitions of race Color terminology for race Black people · Brown people · Red people · White people · Yellow people · Bronze people Typological definitions of race Australoid race · Capoid race · Caucasian race · Mongoloid race · Negroid race Typological sub-types Alpine race · American Indian race  · Arabid race · Armenoid race · Aryan race · Balkans-Caucasian race · Bantu race · Caspian race · Dinaric race · East Baltic race · Ethiopid race · Hamitic race · Dravidian race · Iranid race · Malay race · Mediterranean race · Nilotic race · Nordic race · Northcaucasian race · Pamirid race · Pontid race · Semitic race · Sudanic race Mixed races Afro-Asians · Coloureds · Eurasians · Mestizos · Mulattos · Zambos Related concepts Craniofacial anthropometry · Historical definitions of races in India · Martial Race · Nazism and race · Negritude · Race (classification of humans) Writers John Baker · Johann Friedrich Blumenbach · Houston Stewart Chamberlain · Carleton S. Coon · Joseph Deniker · Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt · Arthur de Gobineau · Madison Grant · Hans F. K. Günther · Georges Vacher de Lapouge · Bertil Lundman · Felix von Luschan · William Z. Ripley · Ilse Schwidetzky · Giuseppe Sergi · Lothrop Stoddard Writings An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races · The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century · The Passing of the Great Race · Race Life of the Aryan Peoples  · The Races of Europe (Coon) · The Races of Europe (Ripley) · The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy v · d · eBranches of Biology Anatomy · Astrobiology · Biochemistry · Biogeography  · Biomechanics · Biophysics · Bioinformatics · Biostatistics · Botany · Cell biology · Cellular microbiology · Chemical biology · Chronobiology · Conservation biology · Developmental biology · Ecology · Epidemiology · Epigenetics · Evolutionary biology · Genetics · Genomics · Histology · Human biology · Immunology · Marine biology · Mathematical biology · Microbiology · Molecular biology · Mycology · Neuroscience · Nutrition · Origin of life · Paleontology · Parasitology · Pathology · Pharmacology · Physiology · Quantum biology · Systematics · Systems biology · Taxonomy · Toxicology · Zoology