Automotive industry

The automotive industry designs, develops, manufactures, markets, and sells motor vehicles, and is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue. The term automotive industry usually does not include industries dedicated to automobiles after delivery to the customer, such as repair shops and motor fuel filling stations. Contents 1 Consumption trends 2 History 3 Crisis in the automotive industry 4 World motor vehicle production 4.1 By year 4.2 By country 4.3 By manufacturer 5 Company relationships 6 Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume) 6.1 Notes 7 Minor automotive manufacturers 8 See also 9 References 10 External links // Consumption trends About 250 million vehicles are in use in the United States. Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 260 billion gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly.1 In the opinion of some, urban transport systems based around the car have proved unsustainable, consuming excessive energy, affecting the health of populations, and delivering a declining level of service despite increasing investments. Many of these negative impacts fall disproportionately on those social groups who are also least likely to own and drive cars.23dead link 4dead linkThe sustainable transport movement focuses on solutions to these problems. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia.5 History The first practical automobile with a petrol engine was built by Karl Benz in 1885 in Mannheim, Germany. Benz was granted a patent for his automobile on 29 January 1886, and began the first production of automobiles in 1888, after Bertha Benz, his wife, had proved with the first long-distance trip in August 1888 - from Mannheim to Pforzheim and back - that the horseless coach was absolutely suitable for daily use. Since 2008 a Bertha Benz Memorial Route commemorates this event. Soon after, Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in Stuttgart in 1889 designed a vehicle from scratch to be an automobile, rather than a horse-drawn carriage fitted with an engine. They also are usually credited as inventors of the first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen, in 1885, but Italy's Enrico Bernardi, of the University of Padua, in 1882, patented a 0.024 horsepower (17.9 W) 122 cc (7.4 cu in) one-cylinder petrol motor, fitting it into his son's tricycle, making it at least a candidate for the first automobile, and first motorcycle;.6:p.26 Bernardi enlarged the tricycle in 1892 to carry two adults.6:p.26 Main article: Automotive industry by country Crisis in the automotive industry Main article: Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009 World motor vehicle production See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production By year Global Production of Motorvehicles (cars and commercial vehicles) Year Production Change Source 1997 52,987,000   7 1998 57,987,000 -2.70% 7 1999 56,258,892 2.98% 8 2000 58,374,162 3.80% 9 2001 56,304,925 -3.50% 10 2002 58,994,318 4.80% 11 2003 60,663,225 2.80% 12 2004 64,496,220 6.30% 13 2005 66,482,439 3.10% 14 2006 69,222,975 4.10% 15 2007 73,266,061 5.80% 16 2008 70,520,493 -3.70% 17 2009 60,986,985 -13.50% 18 By country Main article: List of countries by motor vehicle production v · d · e « previous year Top 20 motor vehicle producing countries 2009 next year » Motor vehicle production (units) Country 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 11,000,000 12,000,000 13,000,000 14,000,000  China 13,790,994  Japan 7,934,516  United States 5,711,823  Germany 5,209,857  South Korea 3,512,916  Brazil 3,182,617  India 2,632,694  Spain 2,170,078  France 2,049,762  Mexico 1,557,290  Canada 1,489,651  Iran 1,395,421  UK 1,090,139  Czech Rep. 974,569  Thailand 968,305  Poland 879,186  Turkey 869,605  Italy 843,239  Russia 722,431  Belgium 522,810 Reference: "Production Statistics". OICA. http://oica.net/category/production-statistics/. Retrieved 2010-04-26.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          By manufacturer v · d · e « previous year — Top motor vehicle manufacturing companies by volume 2009 next year » Total motor vehicle production Group 1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000 7,000,000 8,000,000 9,000,000 10,000,000 Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses Toyota 7,234,439 GM 6,459,053 Volkswagen 6,054,829 Ford 4,685,394 Hyundai Kia 4,645,776 PSA 3,042,311 Honda 3,012,637 Nissan 2,744,562 Fiat 2,460,222 Suzuki 2,387,537 Renault 2,296,009 Daimler AG 1,447,953 Chana Automobile 1,425,777 BMW 1,258,417 Mazda 984,520 Chrysler 959,070 Mitsubishi 802,463 Beijing Automotive 684,534 Tata 672,045 Dongfeng Motor 663,262 FAW 650,275 Chery 508,567 Fuji 491,352 BYD 427,732 SAIC 347,598 Jianghuai 336,979 Geely 330,275 Isuzu 316,335 Brilliance 314,189 AvtoVAZ 294,737 Great Wall 226,560 Mahindra 223,065 Shangdong Kaima 169,023 Proton 152,965 China National 120,930 Volvo 105,873 Chongqing Lifan 104,434 Fujian Motor Industry Group 103,171 Kuozui 93,303 Shannxi Auto 79,026 Porsche 75,637 Ziyang Nanjun 72,470 GAZ 69,591 Navistar 65,364 Guangzhou Auto 62,990 Paccar 58,918 Chenzhou Ji'ao 51,008 Qingling Motor 50,120 Hebei Zhongxing 48,173 Ashok Leyland 47,694 Key Cars Light Commercial Vehicles Heavy Commercial Vehicles Heavy Buses Total: 60,499,159 Cars: 51,075,480 LCV: 7,817,520 HCV: 1,305,755 Heavy Bus: 300,404 Reference: "World motor vehicle production by manufacturer: World ranking of manufacturers 2009". OICA. July 2010. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf.  Company relationships It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies. Notable current relationships include:citation needed Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, a 10% stake in Tesla Motors, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Motors alliance. They are in the process of selling back their 40% stake in McLaren Group. This process will be finalized in 2011. Dongfeng Motor Corporation is involved in joint ventures with several companies around the world, including: Honda (Japan), Hyundai (South Korea), Nissan (Japan), Nissan Diesel (Sweden), and PSA Peugeot Citroen (France). Fiat holds a 90% stake in Ferrari and a 25% stake in Chrysler, that can be increased to 51%; with the option of increasing its stake further. Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda19 and an 8.3% share in Aston Martin. Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in Manganese Bronze Holdings. General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. Hyundai Kia Automotive Group holds a 38.67% stake in Kia Motors, down from the 51% that it acquired in 1998. Renault Pars is a joint venture, 51 percent of which belongs to Renault of France. Forty-nine percent of Renault Pars' shares is jointly held by Iran's Industrial Development and Renovation Organization, IKCO and Saipa. The company was established in 2003.20 MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania. Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% stake in Volkswagen Group. Due to liquidity problems, Volkswagen Group is now in the process of acquiring Porsche. Renault-Nissan Motors have an alliance involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG. Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and 20.5% of the voting stakes in Volvo Group. Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, and 16.5% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru. Volkswagen Group and FAW have a joint venture. Volkswagen Group and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) have a joint venture in Shanghai Volkswagen Automotive. Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), and a 29% stake in MAN SE. Volkswagen Group has a 49.9% stake in Porsche AG. Volkswagen is in the process of acquiring Porsche, which will be completed in mid-2011. Volkswagen Group has a 19.9% stake in Suzuki, and Suzuki has a 5% stake in Volkswagen. Top vehicle manufacturing groups (by volume) The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2009 end of year production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA)21 for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.2223 Marque Country of origin Ownership Markets 1. Toyota Motor Corporation ( Japan) Daihatsu Subsidiary Global, except North America and Australia Hino Subsidiary Asia Pacific, North America and South America Lexus Division Global Scion Division North America Toyota Division Global 2. General Motors Company ( United States) Buick Division North America, Middle East, East Asia, except Japan Cadillac Division Global, except South America, South Asia, South East Asia, Pacific Chevrolet Division Global, except Australia, New Zealand, South Korea GMC Division North America, Middle East GM Daewoo Subsidiary South Korea, Vietnam Holden Subsidiary Australia, New Zealand Opel Subsidiary Europe (expect United Kingdom), Middle East/Africa, Asia/Pacific except Japan Vauxhall Division United Kingdom 3. Volkswagen Group AG ( Germany) Audi Subsidiary Global Bentley Subsidiary Global Bugatti Subsidiary Global Lamborghini Subsidiary Global Scania Subsidiary Global SEAT Subsidiary Europe, South America, North Africa, Middle East Škoda Subsidiary Global, except North America, Japan and South Africa Volkswagen Subsidiary Global Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Subsidiary Global 4. Renault-Nissan ( France Japan) Dacia Subsidiary Europe, Latin America, Africa, Asia, except Japan Renault (cars) Division Global, except North America, South Korea Renault Samsung Subsidiary South America, Asia, except Japan and China Infiniti Division Global, except Japan, South America and Africa Nissan Division Global 5. Ford Motor Company ( United States) Ford Division Global Lincoln Division North America, Middle East, Japan, South Korea Troller Subsidiary South America and Africa 6. Hyundai Motor Company ( South Korea) Hyundai Division Global Kia Division Global 7. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. ( France) Citroën Subsidiary Global, except North America, South Asia Peugeot Subsidiary Global, except North America, South Asia 8. Honda Motor Company ( Japan) Acura Division North America, East Asia, except Japan Honda Division Global 9. Fiat S.p.A. ( Italy) Abarth Subsidiary Global, except North America Alfa Romeo Subsidiary Global Ferrari Subsidiary Global Fiat Subsidiary Global Fiat Professional Subsidiary Global, except North America and Japan Iveco Subsidiary Global, except North America Lancia Subsidiary Europe and Japan Maserati Subsidiary Global 10. Suzuki Motor Corporation ( Japan) Maruti Suzuki Subsidiary India, Middle East, South America Pak Suzuki Motors Subsidiary Pakistan Suzuki Division Global 11. Daimler AG ( Germany) Freightliner Subsidiary North America, South Africa Master Subsidiary Pakistan Maybach Division Global Mercedes-Benz Division Global Mitsubishi Fuso Subsidiary Global Orion Subsidiary North America Setra Subsidiary Europe Smart Division North America, Europe, Japan, South East Asia, South Africa Thomas Built Subsidiary North America Western Star Subsidiary North America 12. Chana Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Chana Division China, South Africa Hafei Subsidiary China 13. BMW AG ( Germany) BMW Division Global MINI Division Global Rolls-Royce Subsidiary Global 14. Mazda Motor Corporation ( Japan) Mazda Division Global 15. Chrysler Group, LLC ( United States) Chrysler Division Global Dodge Division Global GEM Division North America Jeep Division Global Ram Division North America 16. Mitsubishi Motors Corporation ( Japan) Mitsubishi Division Global 17. Beijing Automotive Industry Holding Corporation, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) BAW Division China Foton Subsidiary China 18. Tata Motors, Ltd ( India) Hispano Subsidiary Europe Jaguar Subsidiary Global Land Rover Subsidiary Global Tata Division India, South Africa Tata Daewoo Subsidiary South Korea 19. Dongfeng Motor Corporation ( People's Republic of China) Dongfeng Division China 20. First Automotive Group Corporation ( People's Republic of China) Besturn Division China Freewind Subsidiary China Haima Subsidiary China Hongqi Division China Jiaxing Subsidiary China Vita Subsidiary China Xiali Subsidiary China 21. Chery Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Chery Division China, Africa, South East Asia, Russia Riich Division China Rely Division China 22. Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd ( Japan) Subaru Division Global 23. BYD Auto ( People's Republic of China) BYD Division China, Russia 24. Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation ( People's Republic of China) MG Subsidiary United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina SsangYong** Subsidiary Global Roewe Division China Soyat Division China Yuejin Division China 25. Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) JAC Division China 26. Geely Automobile ( People's Republic of China) Geely Division China, Russia, North Africa Maple Division China Volvo (Cars) Subsidiary Global 27. Isuzu Motors, Ltd ( Japan) Isuzu Division Global, except North America 28. Brilliance China Automotive Holding, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Brilliance Division China, North Africa Jinbei Subsidiary China 29. OAO AvtoVAZ ( Russia) Lada Division Russia, Europe, North Africa VAZ Division Russia, Europe 30. Great Wall Motor Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Great Wall Division China, South Africa, Russia, North Africa, Australia 31. Mahindra & Mahindra, Ltd ( India) Mahindra Division India, South East Asia, Europe, North Africa, North America 32. Shandong Kaima ( China) Kaima Division China Jubao Division China Aofeng Division China 33. Proton Holdings, Bhd ( Malaysia) Proton Division Asia Pacific, except Japan, South Africa, United Kingdom, Middle East Lotus Subsidiary Global 34. China National Heavy Duty Truck Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Sinotruk Division China 35. AB Volvo ( Sweden) Mack Subsidiary Global Nissan Diesel Subsidiary Global NovaBus Subsidiary North America Prevost Subsidiary North America Renault (trucks) Subsidiary Global, except Japan Volvo (trucks) Division Global 36. Chongqing Lifan Automobile Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Lifan Division China 37. Fujian Motor Industry Group Company ( People's Republic of China) Soueast Division China 38. Kuozui Motors, Ltd ( Taiwan) Kuozui Subsidiary Taiwan 39. Shaanxi Automobile Group Company, Ltd ( People's Republic of China) Shaanxi Division China 40. Porsche ( Germany) Porsche Subsidiary Global 41. Ziyang Nanjun Automobile Co., Ltd. ( People's Republic of China) Nanjun Division China 42. GAZ Group ( Russia) GAZ Subsidiary Russia KAvz Subsidiary Russia LiAZ Subsidiary Russia Ural Division Russia 43. Navistar International Corporation ( United States) IC Subsidiary North America International Division North America, South Asia 44. Guangzhou Automobile Group ( China) Changfeng Division China 45. Paccar, Inc ( United States) DAF Subsidiary Global, except North America Kenworth Division North America Leyland Subsidiary Europe Peterbilt Division North America 46. Chenzhou Ji'ao ( China) Ji'ao Division China 47. Qingling Motors Company Ltd. ( China) Qingling Division China 48. Hebei ZXAUTO ( China) Zhongxing Division China 49. Ashok Leyland ( India) Ashok Leyland Division India Notes * Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.7 percent share in the Volkswagen Group.24 However, Volkswagen Group will acquire Porsche AG, the automotive manufacturer under a new "Integrated Automotive Group". This merger/acquisition is expected to be fully completed in mid-2011.2526 ** Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation is in the process of selling SsangYong Motor Company to Mahindra & Mahindra. Minor automotive manufacturers Main article: Minor automotive manufacturing groups There are many automobile manufacturers other than the major global companies. They are mostly regional or operating in niche markets. See also Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Automotive industry by country Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2009 Automotive market Big Three automobile manufacturers Effects of the 2008-2009 automotive industry crisis on the United States List of countries by motor vehicle production WheelsTV References ^ "Automobile Industry Introduction". Plunkett Research. 2008. http://www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/AutomobilesTrucks/AutomobileTrends/tabid/89/Default.aspx. Retrieved 2010-09-09.  ^ Kenworthy, J R (2004). "Transport Energy Use and Greenhouse Emissions in Urban Passenger Transport Systems" (PDF). Institute for Sustainability and Technology Policy. http://cst.uwinnipeg.ca/documents/Transport_Greenhouse.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-22.  ^ World Health Organisation, Europe. "Health effects of transport". http://www.euro.who.int/transport/hia/20021009_2. Retrieved 2008-08-29.  ^ Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Prime Minister (UK). "Making the Connections - final report on transport and social exclusion" (PDF). http://www.google.ca/url?sa=t&source=web&ct=res&cd=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carplus.org.uk%2FResources%2Fpdf%2FMaking_the_Connections_Final_Report_on_Transport_and_Social_Exclusion.pdf&ei=SzLBSbDFKYHaMbvwgK0N&usg=AFQjCNFCbKeT7rQ0zt7aOL5K-1OTXBm9EA&sig2=o-ASe9xe84uOEJTQt-DxuQ. Retrieved 2003-02-01.  ^ Paul A. Eisenstein Building BRIC's: 4 Markets Could Soon Dominate the Auto World at TheDetroitBureau.com ^ a b Georgano, G. N. Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930. 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Retrieved 2011-01-11.  ^ "IKCO takes lead in quality Tondar 90 production". Previous.presstv.com. 2009-12-24. http://previous.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=114593&sectionid=351020102. Retrieved 2010-09-09.  ^ "World Motor Vehicle Production: World Ranking of Manufacturers 2009" (PDF). OICA. http://oica.net/wp-content/uploads/ranking-2009.pdf. Retrieved 2010-07-27.  ^ "GM Slips to Number Two Worldwide, Ford to Fourth". The Truth About Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/gm-slips-to-number-two-worldwide-ford-to-fourth/. Retrieved 2010-06-12.  ^ "TTAC Announces World's Top Ten Automakers". The Truth About Cars. http://www.thetruthaboutcars.com/ttac-announces-world%E2%80%99s-top-ten-automakers/. Retrieved 2010-06-12.  ^ "Volkswagen Group - Shareholder Structure". Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft. VolkswagenAG.com. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/content/en/investor_relations/share/Shareholder_Structure.html. Retrieved 22 December 2009.  ^ Porsche Automobil Holding SE, Stuttgart (20 November 2009). "Porsche Supervisory Board agrees on the contracts of implementation". Press release. http://www.porsche-se.com/pho/en/news/?pool=pho&id=2009-11-20. Retrieved 22 November 2009.  ^ Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft (13 August 2009). "Volkswagen Supervisory Board approves Comprehensive Agreement for an Integrated Automotive Group with Porsche". Press release. http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/vwcorp/info_center/en/news/2009/08/Volkswagen_Aufsichtsrat_stimmt_Grundlagenvereinbarung_fuer.html. Retrieved 22 November 2009.  External links Look up automotive industry in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers Automotive engineering learning website All vehicle manufacturers in the world (in Dutch with English etc. translation) Car makes of the world, 1894—present Automotive history and photos Automaker Rankings 2007: The Environmental Performance of Car Companies List of car trims (car sub models) 1989–present