Coordinates: 42°39′9.34″N 73°45′26.33″W / 42.6525944°N 73.7573139°W / 42.6525944; -73.7573139 Albany City Clockwise from top: Albany skyline from Rensselaer; middle-class housing in the Helderberg neighborhood; Palace Theatre; Empire State Plaza from the Cultural Education Center; North Pearl Street at Columbia Street; and the State Quad at SUNY Albany. Flag Official seal Name origin: Named for the Scottish Duke of Albany, whose title comes from the Gaelic name for Scotland: Alba Motto: AssiduityNote 1 Country  United States State  New York Region Capital District County Albany Landmark Empire State Plaza River Hudson Coordinates 42°39′9.34″N 73°45′26.33″W / 42.6525944°N 73.7573139°W / 42.6525944; -73.7573139 Highest point Unnamed hill  - elevation 324 ft (99 m)  - coordinates 42°43′13.24″N 73°52′2.15″W / 42.7203444°N 73.8672639°W / 42.7203444; -73.8672639 Lowest point Sea level (at the Hudson River)  - elevation 0 ft (0 m) Area 21.8 sq mi (56 km²)  - land 21.4 sq mi (55 km²)  - water 0.4 sq mi (1 km²)  - metro 6,570 sq mi (17,016 km²) Population 93,539 (2008 estimate)  - metro 857,592 Density 5,488.1 / sq mi (2,119 / km²) Settled 1614 Incorporation as city 1686 Government Albany City Hall  - location 24 Eagle Street  - coordinates 42°39′6″N 73°45′16″W / 42.65167°N 73.75444°W / 42.65167; -73.75444 Mayor Gerald Jennings (D) Timezone Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)  - summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4) ZIP Code 12201-12, 12214, 12220, 12222-32 Area code 518 FIPS code 36-01000 GNIS feature ID 0977310 Demonym Albanian Boundaries of and major thoroughfares through Albany Location of Albany within Albany County and New York State Wikimedia Commons: Albany, New York Website: albanyny.org/ Albany (i /ˈɔːlbəniː/, AWL-bə-nee) is the capital city of the U.S. state of New York, the seat of Albany County, and the central city of New York's Capital District. At roughly 150 miles (240 km) north of New York City, Albany sits on the west bank of the Hudson River, approximately 10 miles (16 km) south of its confluence with the Mohawk River. The city had an estimated population of 93,539 in 2008 and the population of the greater metropolitan area was estimated at 857,592 in 2009. Albany has close ties with the nearby cities of Troy, Schenectady, and Saratoga Springs, forming a region called the Capital District. The bulk of this area is made up of the Albany-Schenectady-Troy Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA); this MSA is the fourth largest urban area in New York and the 56th largest MSA in the country.2 Albany saw its first European settlement in 1614 and was officially chartered as a city in 1686. It became the capital of New York in 1797. It is one of the oldest surviving settlements from the original thirteen colonies, and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States. Modern Albany was founded as the Dutch trading posts of Fort Nassau in 1614 and Fort Orange in 1624; the fur trade brought in a population that settled around Fort Orange and founded a village called Beverwijck. The English took over and renamed the town Albany in 1664, in honor of the then Duke of Albany, the future James II of England and James VII of Scotland. The city was officially chartered in 1686 with the issuance of the Dongan Charter, the oldest effective city charter in the nation and possibly the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere.3 During the late 18th century and throughout most of the 19th century, Albany was a center of transportation. It is located on the north end of the navigable Hudson River, was the original eastern terminus of the Erie Canal, and was home to some of the earliest railroad systems in the world. Albany's main exports at the time were beer, lumber, published works, and ironworks. Beginning in 1810, Albany was one of the ten most populous cities in the nation, a distinction that it held until the 1860 census. In the 20th century, the city opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, the precursor of today's Albany International Airport. The 1920s saw the rise of a powerful political machine controlled by the Democratic Party. The city's skyline changed in the 1960s with the construction of the Empire State Plaza and the uptown campus of SUNY Albany,Note 2 mainly under the direction of Governor Nelson Rockefeller. While Albany experienced a decline in its population due to urban sprawl, many of its historic neighborhoods were saved from destruction through the policies of Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd, the longest-serving mayor of any city in the United States. More recently, the city has experienced growth in the high-tech industry, with great strides in the nanotechnology sector. Albany has been a center of higher education for over a century, with much of the remainder of its economy dependent on state government and health care services. The city has experienced a rebound from the urban decline of the 1970s and 1980s, with noticeable development happening in the city's downtown and midtown neighborhoods. Albany is known for its extensive history, culture, architecture, and institutions of higher education. The city is home to the mother churches of two Christian dioceses as well as the oldest Christian congregation in Upstate New York. Albany has won the All-America City Award in both 1991 and 2009.4 Contents 1 History 1.1 Colonial times to 1800 1.2 1800 to 1942 1.3 Corning administration (1942) to present day 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Cityscape 3.1 Neighborhoods 3.2 Parks and recreation 3.3 Architecture 4 Demographics 4.1 City of immigrants 4.2 Modern overview 5 Culture 5.1 Nightlife and entertainment 5.2 Festivals 5.3 Museums and historic sites 5.4 Literature and film 6 Education 7 Economy 8 Government 8.1 Politics 9 Religious life 10 Media 11 Transportation 12 Sports 13 Sister cities 14 See also 15 Notes 16 References 17 Bibliography 18 Further reading 19 External links History Main article: History of Albany, New York Colonial times to 1800 The Dongan Charter legally established Albany as a city in 1686; it is the oldest United States city charter still in effect.3 A view of North Pearl Street near State Street as it appeared around the turn of the 19th century Albany is one of the oldest surviving European settlements from the original thirteen colonies5 and the longest continuously chartered city in the United States.Note 3 The area was originally inhabited by Algonquian Indian tribes and was given different names by the various peoples. The Mohican called it Pempotowwuthut-Muhhcanneuw, meaning "the fireplace of the Mohican nation",8 while the Iroquois called it Sche-negh-ta-da, or "through the pine woods".9Note 4 Albany's first European structure was a primitive fort on Castle Island built by French traders in 1540. It was destroyed by flooding soon after construction.11 Permanent European claims began when Englishman Henry Hudson, exploring for the Dutch East India Company on the Half Moon (Dutch: Halve Maen), reached the area in 1609, claiming it for the United Netherlands.12 In 1614, Hendrick Christiaensen rebuilt the French fort as Fort Nassau, the first Dutch fur trading post in present-day Albany.13 Commencement of the fur trade provoked hostility from the French colony in Canada and amongst the natives, all of whom vied to control the trade. In 1618, a flood ruined the fort on Castle Island, but it was rebuilt in 1624 as Fort Orange.14 Both forts were named in honor of the royal Dutch House of Orange-Nassau.15 Fort Orange and the surrounding area were incorporated as the village of Beverwijck (English: Beaver District) in 1652.1617 When New Netherland was captured by the English in 1664, the name Beverwijck was changed to Albany, in honor of the Duke of Albany (later James II of England and James VII of Scotland).18Note 5 Duke of Albany was a Scottish title given since 1398, generally to a younger son of the King of Scots.19 The name is ultimately derived from Alba, the Gaelic name for Scotland.20 The Dutch briefly regained Albany in August 1673 and renamed the city Willemstadt; the English took permanent possession with the Treaty of Westminster (1674).21 On November 1, 1683, the Province of New York was split into counties, with Albany County being the largest. At that time the county included all of present New York State north of Dutchess and Ulster Counties in addition to present-day Bennington County, Vermont, theoretically stretching west to the Pacific Ocean;2223 the city of Albany became the county seat.24 Albany was formally chartered as a municipality by provincial Governor Thomas Dongan on July 22, 1686. The Dongan Charter was virtually identical in content to the charter awarded to the city of New York three months earlier.25 Dongan created Albany as a strip of land 1 mile (1.6 km) wide and 16 miles (26 km) long.26 Over the years Albany would lose much of the land to the west and annex land to the north and south. At this point, Albany had a population of about 500 people.27 In 1754, representatives of seven British North American colonies met in the Stadt Huys, Albany's city hall, for the Albany Congress; Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania presented the Albany Plan of Union there, which was the first formal proposal to unite the colonies.28 Although it was never adopted by Parliament, it was an important precursor to the United States Constitution.29Note 6 The same year, the French and Indian War, the fourth in a series of wars dating back to 1689, began; it ended in 1763 with French defeat, resolving a situation that had been a constant threat to Albany and held back its growth.30 In 1775, with the colonies in the midst of the Revolutionary War, the Stadt Huys became home to the Albany Committee of Correspondence (the political arm of the local revolutionary movement), which took over operation of Albany's government and eventually expanded its power to control all of Albany County. Tories and prisoners of war were often jailed in the Stadt Huys alongside common criminals.31 In 1776, Albany native Philip Livingston signed the Declaration of Independence at Independence Hall in Philadelphia.32 During and after the Revolutionary War, Albany County saw a great increase in real estate transactions. After Horatio Gates' win over John Burgoyne at Saratoga in 1777, the upper Hudson Valley was generally at peace as the war raged on elsewhere. Prosperity was soon seen all over Upstate New York. Migrants from Vermont and Connecticut began flowing in, noting the advantages of living on the Hudson and trading at Albany, while being only a few days' sail from New York City.33 Albany reported a population of 3,498 in the first national census in 1790, an increase of almost 700% since its chartering.27 In 1797, the state capital of New York was moved permanently to Albany. From statehood to this date, the Legislature had frequently moved the state capital between Albany, Kingston, Poughkeepsie, and the city of New York.34 Albany is the second oldest state capital in the United States.35 1800 to 1942 This 1895 map of Albany shows the gridded block system as it expanded around the former turnpikes. Albany has been a center of transportation for much of its history. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, Albany saw development of the turnpike and by 1815, Albany was the turnpike center of the state. The development of Simeon De Witt's gridded block system in 1794, which gave Albany its original bird and mammal street names,Note 7 was intersected by these important arterials coming out of Albany, cutting through the city at unexpected angles.3839 The advent of the turnpike, in conjunction with canal and railroad systems, made Albany the hub of transportation for pioneers going to Buffalo and the Michigan Territory in the early and mid-19th century.3840 The steamer Albany departs for New York City; at the height of steam travel in 1884, more than 1.5 million passengers took the trip.41 In 1807, Robert Fulton initiated a steamboat line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind.41 By 1810, with 10,763 people, Albany was the 10th largest urban place in the nation.42 The town and village known as "the Colonie"Note 8 to the north of Albany was annexed in 1815.43 In 1825 the Erie Canal was completed, forming a continuous water route from the Great Lakes to New York City. Unlike the current Barge Canal, which ends at nearby Waterford, the original Erie Canal ended at Albany; Lock 1 was located north of Colonie Street.45 The Canal emptied into a 32-acre (13 ha) man-made lagoon called the Albany Basin, which was Albany's main port from 1825 until the Port of Albany-Rensselaer opened in 1932.4647 In 1829, while working as a professor at the Albany Academy, Joseph Henry, widely regarded as "the foremost American scientist of the 19th century",48 built the first electric motor. Three years later, he discovered electromagnetic self-induction (the SI unit for which is now the henry). He went on to be the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.49 In the 1830 and 1840 censuses, Albany moved up to 9th largest urban place in the nation,5051 then back to 10th in 1850.52 This was the last time the city was one of the top ten largest urban places in the nation.53

Albany also has significant history with rail transport,54 as the location of two major regional railroad headquarters. The Delaware and Hudson Railway was headquartered in Albany at what is now the SUNY System Administration Building.55 In 1853, Erastus Corning, a noted industrialist and Albany's mayor from 1834 to 1837, consolidated ten railroads stretching from Albany to Buffalo into the New York Central Railroad (NYCRR), headquartered in Albany until Cornelius Vanderbilt moved it to New York City in 1867.5657 One of the ten companies that formed the NYCRR was the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad, which was the first railroad in the state and the first successful steam railroad running regularly-scheduled service in the country.5859 The Albany Lumber District was home to the largest lumber market in the nation in 1865.60 While the key to Albany's economic prosperity in the 19th century was transportation, industry and business also played a role. Largely thanks to the city's Dutch and German roots, beer was one of its biggest commodities. Beverwyck Brewery, originally known as Quinn and Nolan (Nolan being mayor of Albany 1878–1883),61 was the last remaining brewer from that time when it closed in 1972. The city's location at the east end of the Erie Canal gave it unparalleled access to both raw products and a captive customer base in the west.62 Albany was known for its publishing houses, and to some extent, still is. Albany was second only to Boston in the number of books produced for most of the 19th century.63 Iron foundries in both the north and south ends of the city brought thousands of immigrants to the city. To this day, one can see many intricate wrought-iron details on older buildings. The iron industry waned by the 1890s, falling victim to the costs associated with a newly unionized workforce and the opening of mines in the Mesabi Range in Minnesota.64 Albany's other major exports during the 18th and 19th centuries were furs, wheat, meat and lumber;65 by 1865, there were almost 4,000 saw mills in the Albany area65 and the Albany Lumber District was the largest lumber market in the nation.60 The city was also home to a number of banks. The Bank of Albany (1792–1861) was the second chartered bank in New York.66 The city was the original home of the Albank (founded in 1820 as the Albany Savings Bank),67 KeyBank (founded in 1825 as the Commercial Bank of Albany),68 and Norstar Bank (founded as the State Bank of Albany in 1803).69 American Express was originally founded in Albany in 1850 as an express mail business.70 In 1871, the northwestern portion of Albany—west from Magazine Street—was annexed to the neighboring town of Guilderland71 after the town of Watervliet refused annexation of said territory.7273 In return for this loss, portions of Bethlehem and Watervliet were added to Albany. Part of the land annexed to Guilderland was ceded back to Albany in 1910, setting up the current western border.74 Albany opened one of the first commercial airports in the world, and the first municipal airport in the United States, in 1908. Originally located on a polo field on Loudon Road, it moved to Westerlo Island in 1909 and remained there until 1928. The Albany Municipal Airport—jointly owned by the city and county—was moved to its current location in Colonie in 1928. In 1960, the mayor sold the city's stake in the airport to the county, citing budget issues. It was known from then on as Albany County Airport until a massive upgrade and modernization project between 1996 and 1998, when it was rechristened Albany International Airport.75 By 1916 Albany's northern and southern borders reached their modern courses;74 Westerlo Island, to the south, became the second-to-last annexation, which occurred in 1926.76 Corning administration (1942) to present day The Albany Institute of History & Art Erastus Corning 2nd, arguably Albany's most notable mayor (and great-grandson of the former mayor of the same name), was elected in 1941.77 Although he was the longest serving mayor of any city in United States history (1942 until his death in 1983), one historian describes Corning's tenure as "long on years, short on accomplishments,"78 citing Corning's preference for maintaining the status quo as a factor that held back potential progress during his tenure.79 While Corning brought stability to the office of mayor, it is said that even those that idolize him cannot come up with a sizable list of "major concrete Corning achievements."80 Corning is given credit for saving, albeit somewhat unintentionally, much of Albany's historic architecture.Note 9 During the 1950s and 1960s, a time when federal aid for urban renewal was plentiful,79 Albany did not see much progress in either commerce or infrastructure. It lost more than 20 percent of its population during the Corning years, and most of the downtown businesses moved to the suburbs.81 While cities across the country experienced similar issues, the problems were magnified in Albany: interference from the Democratic political machine hindered progress considerably.79 Governor Nelson Rockefeller (1959–1973) (R), who had a preference for grandiose, monumental architecture and large, government-sponsored building projects, was the driving force behind the construction of the Empire State Plaza, SUNY Albany's uptown campus, and much of the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus.82 Albany County Republican Chairman Joseph C. Frangella once quipped, "Governor Rockefeller was the best mayor Albany ever had."83 Corning, though opposed to the project, was responsible for negotiating the payment plan for the Empire State Plaza. Rockefeller did not want to be limited by the Legislature's power of the purse, so Corning devised a plan to have the county pay for the construction and have the state sign a lease-ownership agreement. The state would pay off the bonds until 2004. It was Rockefeller's only viable option, and he agreed. Due to the clout Corning gained from the situation, he was able to get the State Museum, a convention center, and a restaurant, back in the plans—ideas that Rockefeller had originally vetoed. The county gained $35 million in fees and the city received $13 million for lost tax revenue.84 This 1955 map shows the planned expansion of the Interstate Highway System around Albany. Another major project of the 1960s and 1970s was Interstate 787 and the South Mall Arterial.Note 10 Construction began in the early 1960s. One of the project's main consequences was separating the city from the Hudson River. Corning is sometimes called shortsighted with respect to use of the waterfront, as he could have used his influence to change the location of I-787, which now cuts the city off from "its whole raison d'être".85 Much of the original plan never came to fruition, however: Rockefeller had wanted the South Mall Arterial to pass through the Empire State Plaza. The project would have required an underground trumpet interchange below Washington Park, connecting to the (eventually cancelled) Mid-Crosstown Arterial.86 To this day, evidence of the original plan is still visible.Note 11 In 1967 the hamlet of Karlsfeld became the last annexation to be added to the city limits, having come from Bethlehem.74 When Corning died in 1983, Thomas Whalen assumed the mayorship and was reelected twice. Albany saw a significant influx of federal dollars earmarked for restoring historic structures. What Corning had saved from destruction, Whalen refurbished.87 The Mayor's Office of Special Events was created in an effort to increase the number of festivals and artistic events in the city, including a year-long Dongan Charter tricentennial celebration in 1986.88 Whalen is credited for an "unparalleled cycle of commercial investment and development" in Albany due to his "aggressive business development programs".89 Prior to the recession of the 1990s, Albany was home to two Fortune 500 companies: KeyBank and Fleet Bank; both have since moved or merged with other banks.90 Albany saw its political climate change after the death of Corning and the retirement of Congressman Sam Stratton. Long-term office holders became a thing of the past in the 1980s. Local media began following the drama surrounding county politics (specifically that of the newly-created county executive position); the loss of Corning (and eventually the machine) led to a lack of interest in city politics.91 The 1990s brought about the surprise election of Gerald Jennings, who has been mayor since 1994. His tenure has essentially ended the political machine that had been in place since the 1920s.92 During the 1990s, the State Legislature approved the $234 million "Albany Plan", "a building and renovation project [that] was the most ambitious building project to effect the area since the Rockefeller era." The Albany Plan saw the initiation of renovation and new building projects around the downtown area, and the move of many state workers from the Harriman State Office Campus to downtown.93 The first decade of the 21st century saw a real possibility for a long-discussed and controversial Albany Convention Center; as of August 2010, the Albany Convention Center Authority had already purchased 75% of the land needed to build the downtown project.94 Albany, as viewed from the Capitol looking southeast, circa 1906. City Hall is left of center; the Empire State Plaza is currently located at the extreme right of the image. Geography Albany is located in the Hudson Valley, surrounded by numerous mountain ranges. The Albany Pine Bush is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dunes in the United States.95 Albany is located about 150 miles (240 km) north of New York City on the Hudson River.16 It has a total area of 21.8 square miles (56 km2), of which 21.4 square miles (55 km2) is land and 0.4 square miles (1.0 km2) (1.8%) is water.96 The city is bordered on the north by the town of Colonie (along with the village of Menands), on the west by the town of Guilderland, and on the south by the town of Bethlehem.97 The Hudson River represents the city's eastern border. Patroon Creek, along the northern border, and the Normans Kill, along the southern border, are the two major streams in the city. The former Foxes Creek, Beaver Kill, and Rutten Kill still exist, but were diverted underground in the 19th century.9899100 There are four lakes within city limits: Buckingham Lake; Rensselaer Lake and Tivoli Lake along Patroon Creek; and Washington Park Lake, which was formed by damming the Beaver Kill.9799 The highest natural point in Albany is an unnamed hill in the northwest corner of the city (near the intersection of Old State Road and New Karner Road), at 324 feet (99 m) above sea level. The lowest point is sea level at the Hudson River (the average water elevation is 2 feet (0.61 m)),97101 which is still technically an estuary at Albany and is affected by the Atlantic tide.102 The interior of Albany consists of rolling hills which were once part of the Albany Pine Bush, an area of pitch pine and scrub oak, and has arid, sandy soil that is a remnant of the ancient Lake Albany. Due to development, the Pine Bush has shrunk from an original 25,000 acres (10,000 ha) to 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) today. A preserve was set up by the State Legislature in 1988 and is located on the western edge of the city, spilling into Guilderland and Colonie;103 it is the only sizable inland pine barrens sand dunes in the United States,95 and is home to many endangered species, including the Karner Blue butterfly.104 Climate Albany is located in the humid continental climate zone (Köppen climate classification: Dfb),105 and has cold, snowy winters, and hot, wet summers; the city experiences four distinct seasons. Albany is located in plant hardiness zone 5a near downtown and 5b at its western end.106 Albany receives 38.6 inches (98 cm) of rain per year, with 137 days of at least 0.01 inches (0.025 cm) of precipitation each year.107 Snowfall is significant, totaling 62.7 inches (159 cm) annually,107 but with less accumulation than the lake-effect areas to the north and west, as it is further from Lake Ontario. Albany is close enough to the Atlantic coast to receive heavy snow from Nor'easters and the city occasionally receives Alberta clippers.108 Winters can be very cold with fluctuating conditions; temperatures often drop below 0 °F (−18 °C) at night. Summers in Albany can contain stretches of excessive heat and humidity, with temperatures above 90 °F (32 °C). Record temperature extremes range from −28 °F (−33 °C) on January 19, 1971, to greater than 100 °F (38 °C) on September 3, 1953.107 Climate data for Albany Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 71 (21.7) 68 (20) 89 (31.7) 93 (33.9) 94 (34.4) 100 (37.8) 103 (39.4) 101 (38.3) 100 (37.8) 91 (32.8) 82 (27.8) 71 (21.7) 103 (39.4) Average high °F (°C) 31.1 (-0.5) 34.3 (1.28) 44.5 (6.94) 57.3 (14.06) 69.8 (21) 77.5 (25.28) 82.2 (27.89) 79.7 (26.5) 71.3 (21.83) 59.7 (15.39) 47.5 (8.61) 36.0 (2.22) 57.6 (14.22) Average low °F (°C) 13.3 (-10.39) 15.7 (-9.06) 25.4 (-3.67) 35.9 (2.17) 46.5 (8.06) 55.0 (12.78) 60.0 (15.56) 58.3 (14.61) 49.9 (9.94) 38.8 (3.78) 30.8 (-0.67) 20.1 (-6.61) 37.5 (3.06) Record low °F (°C) −28 (-33.3) −22 (-30) −21 (-29.4) 9 (-12.8) 26 (-3.3) 30 (-1.1) 40 (4.4) 34 (1.1) 24 (-4.4) 16 (-8.9) −11 (-23.9) −22 (-30) −28 (-33.3) Precipitation inches (mm) 2.71 (68.8) 2.27 (57.7) 3.17 (80.5) 3.25 (82.6) 3.67 (93.2) 3.74 (95) 3.50 (88.9) 3.68 (93.5) 3.31 (84.1) 3.23 (82) 3.31 (84.1) 2.76 (70.1) 38.60 (980.4) Snowfall inches (cm) 17.7 (45) 12.8 (32.5) 10.9 (27.7) 2.9 (7.4) 0.1 (0.3) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0.2 (0.5) 5.1 (13) 13.0 (33) 62.7 (159.3) Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 12.8 10.2 12.2 11.9 13.0 11.6 10.4 10.8 10.7 9.7 11.6 12.1 137 Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 10.3 7.3 5.9 1.5 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1 2.9 7.6 35.7 Sunshine hours 142.6 161.0 201.5 219.0 248.0 261.0 288.3 254.2 210.0 167.4 102.0 108.5 2,363.5 Source #1: NOAA (1971-2000),109 HKO (sun, 1961-1990) 110 Source #2: Weather.com (extremes) 111 Cityscape Panorama of Albany and the Hudson River from Rensselaer, looking northwest Neighborhoods Main article: Neighborhoods of Albany, New York Housing in Ten Broek Triangle, a subset of the Arbor Hill neighborhood

Albany's neighborhoods are varied demographically, geographically, architecturally, and historically. Downtown Albany is the city's oldest neighborhood, centered on State Street, one of Albany's oldest streets and its original main street. Today downtown consists mostly of office buildings inhabited by state agencies, though a recent push to bring in permanent residents has led to proposed apartments and condominiums, many of which have failed to get past the proposal phase.112113 North and south of Downtown are old residential communities often consisting of row houses. North is Sheridan Hollow, Arbor Hill, and North Albany; to the south is the super-neighborhood of the South End, which consists of a multitude of smaller neighborhoods including the Mansion District, the Pastures, Kenwood, Groesbeckville, Delaware Avenue, and Krank Park.114115 These neighborhoods tend to have more minorities and lower-income residents than the western, more suburbanized sections of the city.116 Cookie-cutter houses in the Helderberg neighborhood West of Downtown is the Empire State Plaza, which effectively cuts Downtown off from the gentrified neighborhoods of Center Square, Hudson/Park, Lark Street, and Washington Park. Collectively referred to as mid-town, these neighborhoods are often compared to New York City's Greenwich Village for their eclectic mix of residential and commercial uses, including bars, night clubs, restaurants, and unique stores. Albany's gay culture is vibrant in this area.117 Nearby Park South, a nine-block area surrounding New Scotland Avenue115 is undergoing an urban renewal as existing housing units are removed or renovated and new office, commercial, and apartment buildings are added.118 New construction includes expansion of Albany Medical Center, one of the largest employers in Albany. Nearby is University Heights, a united campus consisting of Albany Medical Center Hospital, Albany Medical College, Albany Law School, Albany College of Pharmacy, and the Sage College of Albany.119 Western neighborhoods, such as Pine Hills, Delaware Avenue, Whitehall, Helderberg, New Scotland, and Beverwyck, tend to have larger lots and more suburban surroundings.114 The eastern section of Pine Hills is a popular living choice for college students due to its proximity to the campuses of the College of Saint Rose and University at Albany.120 Further west, the neighborhoods become more affluent and are dominated almost exclusively by single-family dwellings. These neighborhoods, such as Melrose, Western Pine Hills, New Albany, Eagle Hill, Westland Park, Campus, and Buckingham Pond more closely resemble neighboring areas of the suburban towns than they do the downtown parts of the city.114 Further west is the W. Averell Harriman State Office Campus and the University at Albany's main campus.115121 Parks and recreation The current Washington Park Lake House was built in 1929 to replace an earlier wooden lake house built in 1876.122 Albany has over 60 public parks and recreation areas.123 Washington Park was organized as the Middle Public Square in 1806. Its current location has been public property since the Dongan Charter of 1686 gave the city title to all property not privately owned. Washington Park's current layout was designed by John Bogart and John Cuyler in 1870,124 and the park was opened for public use in 1871. The original lake house, designed by Frederick W. Brown, was added in 1876. The park had previously been used as a cemetery; its graves had to be moved to Albany Rural Cemetery. Washington Park is a popular place to exercise and play sports; skate during the winter; people-watch during Tulip Fest; and attend plays at the amphitheater during the summer.124125126127 Lincoln Park is flanked on the north by the Empire State Plaza. Other parks in Albany include Lincoln Park, Buckingham Park, the Corning Preserve, and the Pine Bush. Lincoln Park, located directly southwest of the Empire State Plaza, was organized in 1886 and was originally known as Delaware Square and then later as Beaver Park.128 Today, the park has a pool that is open during the summer months. Buckingham Lake Park is located between Manning Boulevard and Route 85 in the Buckingham Pond neighborhood; it contains a pond with fountains, a footpath, a playground, and picnic tables.129 The Albany Riverfront Park at the Corning Preserve is home to an 800-seat amphitheatre that hosts numerous events throughout non-winter months, most notably the Alive at 5 summer concert series. The Corning Preserve is home to a visitors center that details the ecology of the Hudson River and the local environment.130 The park features a bike trail and boat launch130 and was effectively separated from downtown by Interstate 787 until the opening of the Hudson River Way in 2002.131 Other public parks include Westland Hill Park, Hoffman Park, Beverwyck Park, Ridgefield Park,132 and Liberty Park, today a small circular grassy patch in downtown on Hudson Avenue, which is Albany's oldest park.133 Architecture Main article: Architecture of Albany, New York See also: List of tallest buildings in Albany Aerial view of Albany looking northeast The Empire State Plaza, a collection of state agency office buildings, dominates almost any view of Albany. Built between 1965 and 1978 at the hand of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller and architect Wallace Harrison, the complex is a powerful example of late American modern architecture134 and remains a controversial building project both for displacing city residents and for its architectural style. The most recognizable aspect of the complex is the Erastus Corning Tower, the tallest building in New York outside of New York City.134 Juxtaposed at the north end of the Plaza is the 19th-century New York State Capitol, the seat of the New York State Legislature and the home of the Governor's office.135 This 1789 etching shows the Dutch influence on the architecture of early Albany. Albany's initial architecture incorporated many Dutch influences, followed soon after by those of the English. The Quackenbush House, a Dutch Colonial brick mansion, was built c. 1736;136 Schuyler Mansion, a Georgian-style mansion, was built in 1765;137 and the oldest building currently standing in Albany is the 1728 Van Ostrande-Radliff House at 48 Hudson Avenue.138 Albany's housing varies greatly, with mostly row houses in the older sections of town, closer to the river. Housing type quickly changes as one travels westward, beginning with two-family homes of the late 19th century, and one-family homes built after World War II in the western end of the city.139 Albany City Hall, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, was opened in 1883. The New York State Capitol was opened in 1899 (after 32 years of construction)135 at a cost of $25 million, making it the most expensive government building at the time.140 Albany's Union Station, a major Beaux-Arts design,141 was under construction at the same time; it opened in 1900. In 1912, the Beaux-Arts styled New York State Department of Education Building opened on Washington Avenue near the Capitol. It has a classical exterior, which features a block-long white marble colonnade.142 The 1920s brought the Art Deco movement, which is illustrated by the Home Savings Bank Building (1927) on North Pearl Street143 and the Alfred E. Smith Building (1930) on South Swan Street,144 two of Albany's tallest high-rises.145 Architecture from the 1960s and 1970s is well represented in the city, especially at the W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus (1950s and 1960s) and on the uptown campus of the University at Albany (1962–1971). The state office campus was planned in the 1950s by governor W. Averell Harriman to offer more parking and easier access for state employees.146 The uptown SUNY campus was built in the 1960s under Governor Rockefeller on the site of the city-owned Albany Country Club. Straying from the popular open campus layout, SUNY Albany has a centralized building layout with administrative and classroom buildings at center surrounded by four student housing towers. The design called for much use of concrete and glass, and the style has slender, round-topped columns and pillars reminiscent of those at Lincoln Center in New York City.147 Downtown has seen a revival in recent decades, often considered to have begun with Norstar Bank's renovation of the former Union Station as its corporate headquarters in 1986.Note 12 The Times Union Center (TU Center) was originally slated for suburban Colonie,149 but was instead built downtown and opened in 1990.150 Other development in downtown includes the construction of the State Dormitory Authority headquarters at 515 Broadway (1998);151 the State Department of Environmental Conservation building, with its iconic green dome, at 625 Broadway (2001);152 the State Comptroller headquarters on State Street (2001);153 the Hudson River Way (2002), a pedestrian bridge connecting Broadway to the Corning Preserve;131 and 677 Broadway (2005), "the first privately owned downtown office building in a generation".154155 Demographics City of immigrants Historical populations Census Pop. %± 1790 3,498 — 1800 5,349 52.9% 1810 10,762 101.2% 1820 12,630 17.4% 1830 24,209 91.7% 1840 33,721 39.3% 1850 50,763 50.5% 1860 62,367 22.9% 1870 69,422 11.3% 1880 90,758 30.7% 1890 94,923 4.6% 1900 94,151 −0.8% 1910 100,253 6.5% 1920 113,344 13.1% 1930 127,412 12.4% 1940 130,577 2.5% 1950 134,995 3.4% 1960 129,726 −3.9% 1970 115,781 −10.7% 1980 101,727 −12.1% 1990 101,082 −0.6% 2000 95,658 −5.4% Est. 2008 93,539 156 −2.2% Sources: 1790–1950,157 1960–1980,158 1990–2000156 Historically, Albany's population has been mixed. First dominated by the Dutch and Germans, it was overtaken by the English in the early 19th century. Irish immigrants soon outnumbered most other ethnicities by the mid-19th century, just as Italians and Poles started moving in. The mid-to-late 20th century saw a rise in the African American population. As historian (and Albany Assemblyman) John McEneny puts it, "Dutch and Yankee, German and Irish, Polish and Italian, black and Chinese—over the centuries Albany's heritage has reflected a succession of immigrant nationalities. Its streets have echoed with a dozen languages, its neighborhoods adapting to the distinctive life-style and changing economic fortunes of each new group."159 Until after the Revolution, Albany's population consisted mostly of Dutch descendants. Settlers moving in from New England tipped the balance toward the British in the early 19th century.160 Jobs on the turnpikes, canals, and railroads brought in floods of Irish immigrants in the early 19th century, especially in the 1840s during the Irish potato famine, solidifying the city's Irish base; Albany elected its first Irish Catholic mayor (Michael Nolan) two years before Boston did.161 Polish and Italian immigrants began arriving in Albany in the latter part of the 19th century. Their numbers were smaller than in many other eastern cities mainly because most of them had found jobs at General Electric in Schenectady.162 The Jewish community, present since the days of Beverwijck, also saw a rise in population during the 19th century.162 Albany saw an influx of Chinese and east Asian immigrants in the downtown section of the city at this time, though that population has since spread out significantly.163 Immigration all but halted after the Immigration Act of 1924, but Albany did see its last large immigration pattern by African Americans moving in from the American South to fill industrial positions before World War I. As a percentage, the black community has grown substantially since then: African Americans made up 3 percent of the population in 1950, 6 percent in 1960, 12 percent in 1970, and more than 28 percent in 2000. This is mainly due to middle class white families moving to the suburbs and black families remaining within city limits during the same time period.164156 Modern overview As of the 2000 census,156 there were 95,658 people, 40,709 households, and 18,397 families residing in the city; the 2008 census estimate puts the city population at 93,539.156 The population of the metro area in 2009 was estimated to be 857,592.165 The population density in 2000 was 4,474.6/sq mi (1,727.5/km²). There were 45,288 housing units at an average density of 2,118.4/sq mi (817.9/km²); 4,579 of these units (10.1%) were vacant. The racial makeup of the city residents was 63.12% white; 28.14% black or African American; 0.32% Native American or Native Alaskan; 3.26% Asian; 0.04% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; 2.15% from other races; and 2.98% from two or more races. A total of 5.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.Note 13 The top five ancestry groups in the city were Irish (18.1%), Italian (12.4%), German (10.4%), English (5.2%), and Polish (4.3%); 33.1% of the population reported "other ancestries". The population had 20.0% under the age of 18, 19.3% from 18 to 24, 29.2% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31.4 years. For every 100 females there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.5 males. Some 81.3% of the population had completed high school or earned an equivalency diploma.156

There were 40,709 households, out of which 22.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.3% were married couples living together, 16.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.8% were non-families. 41.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.95.156 The median income for a household in the city was $39,593, and the median income for a family was $41,562 (male, year-round worker) and $35,733 (female, year-round worker). The per capita income for the city was $24,094.Note 14 About 16.0% of families and 21.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.8% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.156 The rate of reported violent crimes for 2008 (1,095 incidents per 100,000 residents) is more than double the rate for similarly sized US cities. Reported property crimes (4,669 incidents per 100,000 residents) are somewhat lower.166167 Demographically speaking, the population of Albany and the Capital District mirrors the characteristics of the United States consumer population as a whole better than any other major municipality in the country. According to a 2004 study conducted by the Acxiom Corporation, Albany and its environs are the top-ranked standard test market for new business and retail products. Albany, Rochester, and Syracuse all scored within the top five.168 Culture Main article: Culture in New York's Capital District Nightlife and entertainment Price Chopper sponsors the annual Fourth of July fireworks show at the Empire State Plaza (2009 show pictured).169 Albany's geographic situation—roughly equidistant between New York City to the south and Montreal to the north, as well as Buffalo to the west and Boston to the east—makes it a convenient stop for nationally touring artists and acts. The Palace Theatre and The Egg provide mid-sized forums for music, theater, and spoken word performances, with the Capital Repertory Theatre filling the small-sized niche.170 The TU Center serves as the city's largest musical venue for nationally and internationally prominent bands, and hosts trade shows, sporting events, and other large-scale community gatherings.171 While some praise the cultural contributions of Albany and the greater Capital District,88 others suggest that the city has a "cultural identity crisis" due to its massive geography and the need for a car (and driving time) to experience most of what the area has to offer, a necessity not seen in larger metropolitan areas like New York and Boston.172 In recent years, the city's government has invested resources to cultivate venues and neighborhoods that attract after-hours business. Madison Avenue, Pearl Street, Delaware Avenue and Lark Street serve as the most active entertainment areas in the city. Many restaurants, clubs, and bars have opened since the mid 1990s, revitalizing numerous areas that had once been abandoned; various establishments have reclaimed old row houses, businesses, and even a pump station.170 The bar scene generally incorporates three main strips. The downtown scene is focused on Pearl Street, stretching about two blocks. Up State Street, past the business district, is the Lark Street strip, home to smaller bars that fit into the neighborhood's artistic and eclectic style. Lastly, the midtown strip, with several bars located on Western and Madison Avenues, centers around the campuses of the College of Saint Rose and SUNY Albany's downtown campus. The midtown strip generally draws a younger crowd, as it is popular to the local college students.173 Notably, last call in Albany is 4:00 am nightly. This is often attributed to the historical high density of industrial facilities and the demands of second- and third-shift patrons. New York law allows bars to be open until 4:00 am, though local municipalities reserve the right to override this law and designate an earlier time. Though this law was designed to accommodate the nightlife of New York City, Albany has adopted it in an effort to promote downtown nightlife.173174 Festivals An artist paints tulips during the Tulip Fest at Washington Park The Tulip Festival, one of Albany's largest festivals, is set in Washington Park and celebrates the city's Dutch heritage. This traditional Albany event marks the beginning of spring as thousands of tulips bloom in the park in early May.175 Alive at 5 is a free, weekly concert series held downtown during the summer.176 The Price Chopper Fabulous Fourth and Fireworks Festival at the Empire State Plaza celebrates Independence Day with musical performances and the region's largest fireworks display.169 Freihofer's Run for Women is a 5-kilometer run through the city that draws more than 4,000 participants from across the country; it is an annual event that began in 1978.177 Smaller events include the African American Family Day Arts Festival each August at the Empire State Plaza;169 the Latin Fest, held each August at the Corning Preserve;178 the Albany Jazz Festival, an annual end-of-summer event held at the Corning Preserve;179 Lark Fest, a music and art festival held each fall;180 and the Capital Pride Parade and Festival, a major gay pride event, held each June.181 The once-popular First Night, celebrating the New Year holiday each December 31, was replaced by the Albany Winterfest in 2006 due to declining interest;182 Winterfest occurs each year on December 30.183 Museums and historic sites Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York Ten Broeck Mansion is home to the Albany County Historical Association.184 Because of Albany's historical and political significance, the city has numerous museums, historical buildings, and historic districts. Albany is home to the New York State Museum and New York State Archives, both open to the public. The USS Slater (DE-766), a decommissioned World War II destroyer escort that was restored in 1998, is a museum ship docked in the Hudson River at Quay Street. It is the only ship of its kind still afloat.185 The Albany Heritage Area Visitors Center, located at the corner of Clinton Avenue and Broadway at Quackenbush Square, hosts a museum, gift shop, and the Henry Hudson Planetarium;186 Quackenbush Square is the docking point for the Albany Aqua Ducks, a company that offers boat and trolley tours of the city.187 Albany is home to 57 listings on the National Register of Historic Places188 (NRHP) and five National Historic Landmarks.189 The Ten Broeck Mansion, a 1797 Federal-style mansion (later renovated in the Greek-Revival style) built for Abraham Ten Broeck (mayor of Albany 1779–1783 and 1796–1798)190 is currently a historic house museum and the headquarters of the Albany County Historical Association;184 it was added to the NRHP in 1971.191 Later known as "Arbor Hill", it gave the current neighborhood its name.192 Literature and film Albany has been the subject, inspiration, or location for many written and cinematic works. Many non-fiction works have been written on the city. One of the city's more notable claims to fame is Ironweed (1983), the 1984 Pulitzer Prize-winning book by Albany native William Kennedy. Ironweed was the third in a series of books by Kennedy known as the "Albany Cycle".193194 The elusive author Trevanian also grew up in Albany and wrote The Crazyladies of Pearl Street (2005), about a North Albany neighborhood along Pearl Street. The book is considered a semi-autobiographical memoir.195 Gregory Maguire, author of Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West (inspiration for the Broadway hit Wicked), grew up in North Albany196 and graduated from SUNY Albany in 1976.197 In 1987, the film version of Ironweed premiered at the Palace Theatre.198 The movie starred Jack Nicholson and Meryl Streep, each of whom were nominated for Academy Awards for their performances;199 much of the filming was done on location in Albany.198 Most recently the downtown area was the site of filming for the action-thriller Salt, starring Angelina Jolie,200 and the action-comedy The Other Guys, starring Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg.201 Education See also: List of colleges and universities in New York's Capital District and List of school districts in New York's Capital District Albany High School is the central high school of the City School District of Albany.202 The City School District of Albany (CSDA) operates the city's public school system, which consists of 18 schools and learning centers,202 in addition to 11 charter schools.Note 15 The number of students in CSDA has steadily decreased since 2000.206207208 In the 2008–09 school year, 7,899 students were enrolled in the public school system.206 The district had an average class size of 18,206 an 81-percent graduation rate,Note 16 and a 5-percent dropout rate.209 The district's 2010–11 budget is $202.8 million.210 Although considered by the state to be one of the lowest-achieving high schools in New York, Albany High was listed as the nation's 976th best high school in a 2010 Newsweek/Washington Post report.211 State Quad is one of the four iconic dormitory towers at SUNY Albany's Uptown Campus.212 Albany has a number of private schools, including the coed Bishop Maginn High School and Albany Free School; the all-boys Albany Academy and La Salle School;Note 17 and the all-girls Academy of the Holy Names and Albany Academy for Girls.214 Albany has a long history in higher education and was ranked third in a Forbes survey called "The Best Places With The Best Education" in 2005;215 it ranked top on Forbes' "IQ Campuses" list as part of its 150 Cheap Places to Live series in 2006.216 The Albany Medical College (private), today part of Albany Medical Center, was founded in 1838. Albany Law School (private) is the oldest law school in New York and the fourth oldest in the country; it was opened in 1851. President William McKinley was an alumnus. The Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (private) is the second oldest pharmacy school in New York and the fifteenth oldest in the United States. The New York State Normal School, one of the oldest teachers colleges in the United States, opened in 1905; it was later known as the State Teachers College. It eventually evolved into the University at Albany, also known as SUNY Albany (public), which inherited the Normal School's original downtown campus on Western Avenue. The center of the campus moved to its current Uptown Campus in the west end of the city in 1970. SUNY Albany is the flagship campus of the State University of New York and one of only four university centers in the system.212 Other colleges and universities in Albany include The College of Saint Rose, Excelsior College, Maria College, Mildred Elley, and Sage College of Albany. Nearby Hudson Valley Community College (HVCC) fills the community college niche in the Albany-Troy area.217 The effect of the campuses on the city's population is substantial: Combining the student bodies of all the aforementioned campuses (except HVCC) results in 63,149 students, or almost 70 percent of the 2008 estimate of Albany's permanent population.218 Economy Main article: Economy of New York's Capital District One Commerce Plaza is the largest privately owned office building within city limits.219 Albany's economy, along with that of the Capital District in general, is heavily dependent on government, health care, and education. Because of these typically steady economic bases, the local economy has been relatively immune to national economic recessions in the past.220 More than 25 percent of the city's population works in government-related positions.221 The current recession has been more difficult to deal with because of the many issues on Wall Street, from which the state government receives much of its tax revenue. In March 2010, the Albany area had the lowest unemployment rate of any major metropolitan area in New York, at 7.8%, compared to 9.4% in New York as a whole.222 SUNY's College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering embodies Albany's emerging high-tech industry.220 Due to lower tax revenue and high spending, state government has experienced a significant budget gap, forcing a hiring freeze in 2009220 and discussions of furloughs and layoffs in 2010 and 2011 respectively.223 The effect is felt at local universities, which have seen their endowments shrink.220 The healthcare system, however, has seen growth due to an aging baby boomer population.220 Albany Medical Center and St. Peter's Healthcare Services, both headquartered in Albany, were the city's second and fourth largest employers in 2006.224 Albany brings in many workers from outside the city. Its estimated daytime population is more than 162,000, which is almost 80% more than the 2008 population estimate.225

A growing fourth sector of the area's economic base is the emerging high-tech industry in and around Albany.220 The city is at the center of a 19-county region in eastern New York self-branded as "Tech Valley". Albany is increasingly seen as a leader in nanotechnology, with the University at Albany's College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering being respected as a national leader in the field. In 2006, Small Times magazine ranked the college as the best in the country for micro- and nanotechnology; the school was also ranked top in education, facilities, and industry outreach.226 In 2009, chipmaker GlobalFoundries broke ground on a $4.6 billion chip manufacturing complex in nearby Malta.227 In 2010, Forbes ranked Albany fifteenth on its "Most Innovative Metros" list.228 In late 2010, the Capital District was noted for being "one of the fastest growing areas in the country for technology jobs".229 In 2006 Forbes ranked the Albany-Schenectady-Troy MSA the 18th best place for business in the nation. It was the second highest ranking in the Northeastern United States and the highest in the state.230 In 2009, Albany and its environs were listed number 30 in the nation on Forbes' "Best Bang-For-The-Buck" list, a study that looked at the stability of the housing and job markets, cost of living, and commute times. In the same study, the area was ranked fourth best for rate of foreclosures.231 Albany was among the 25 strongest housing markets in the United States during the tough economic conditions of 2008.232 According to the United States Census Bureau, the Capital District's gross domestic product (GDP) was $32.345 billion in 2008, up 3.4 percent from the year before. The region ranked 42nd in growth rate.233 Government See also: Government of New York and List of mayors of Albany, New York Gerald Jennings is the current mayor of Albany. Albany City Hall, an 1883 Richardsonian Romanesque structure, is the seat of Albany's government. Albany has a mayor-council form of government, which currently functions under a charter adopted in 1998. The 1998 charter completely overwrote the original 17th-century Dongan Charter. However, in an effort to keep Dongan in effect, the new charter was applied strictly as an amendment to Dongan, meaning Dongan is technically still in effect, giving Albany the distinction of having the oldest active city charter in the United States and "arguably the longest-running instrument of municipal government in the Western Hemisphere."3234 The mayor, who is elected every four years, heads the executive branch of city government.235 The current mayor, Gerald Jennings, was elected in 1993.236 The Common Council represents the legislative branch of city government and is made up of fifteen council members (each elected from one ward) and an at-large Common Council President.234 The current president is Carolyn McLaughlin;237 she began her term in January 2010.238 While Albany has its own city government, it has also been the seat of Albany County since the county's formation in 1683 and the capital of New York since 1797. As such, the city is home to all branches of the county and state governments, as well as its own. Albany City Hall sits on Eagle Street, opposite the State Capitol,239 and the Albany County Office Building is on State Street.240 The state government has offices scattered throughout the city. Albany is in the 21st Congressional district, represented by Paul Tonko (D) in the United States House of Representatives.241 The city is represented by Chuck Schumer (D)242 and Kirsten Gillibrand (D)243 in the United States Senate. On the state level, the city is in the 46th district in the New York Senate, represented by Neil Breslin (D).244 In the New York Assembly, about two-thirds of the western portion of the city is in the 104th district, represented by John McEneny (D),245 and the eastern third is in the 106th district, represented by Ronald Canestrari (D).246 As the seat of Albany County, the city is the location of the county's courts including Family Court, County Court, Surrogate Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Appeals.247 Albany is the site of a United States district court for the Northern District of New York courthouse.248 Politics Albany politics have been dominated by the Democratic Party since the 1920s; Daniel (Uncle Dan) O'Connell established a political machine in the city with the election of William Stormont Hackett as mayor in 1922.249 Prior to that, William (Billy) Barnes had set up a Republican machine in the 1890s. Barnes' success is attributed to the fact that he owned two newspapers in Albany and that he was the grandson of Thurlow Weed, the influential newspaper publisher and political boss.250 O'Connell's organization overcame Barnes' in 1922 and survived well into the 1980s (even after his death), as the machine put forth candidates for whom the electorate dutifully voted. In many instances, votes were outright bought;251 it was not uncommon for the machine to "buy poor folks' loyalty and trust with a fiver".252 Gerald Jennings' upset in the 1993 Democratic mayoral primary over Harold Joyce, who had the Democratic Party’s formal endorsement and had only recently been its county chairman, is often cited as the end of the O'Connell era in Albany.253 Albany continues to be dominated by the Democratic party as enrollment in the city was 38,862 in 2009 compared to Republican enrollment of 3,487.254 This gives Democrats a 10–1 advantage in the general election. Every elected city position has been held by a Democrat since 1931.255 Religious life The First Church in Albany (Reformed) is the oldest congregation in Upstate New York.256 Like most cities of comparable age and size, Albany has well-established Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish communities. Albany is home to the oldest Christian congregation in Upstate New York and the Mother Churches of two Christian diocese. As of June 2010[update], eight churches or religious buildings in the city were listed on the National Register of Historic Places,188 one of which—St. Peter's Episcopal Church on State Street—is a National Historic Landmark.189 Established in 1642,257 the congregation of the First Church in Albany (Reformed), also known as the North Dutch Church (located on North Pearl Street), is the second-oldest Reformed Church in America.256 The Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception (Eagle Street and Madison Avenue, built 1852) is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic diocese, led by Bishop Howard J. Hubbard,258259 and the Cathedral of All Saints (South Swan Street and Elk Street, built 1888) is the cathedral of the Episcopal diocese, led by Bishop William Love.260261 The city is home to eleven Catholic churches262 and six Episcopal churches.263 A significant Jewish presence has existed in Albany since as early as 1658,264 and today includes many synagogues; there are two Conservative, a Chabad-Lubavitch, an Orthodox, and two Reform synagogues.265 Albany is also home to one of the few Karaite synagogues outside Israel.266 The city has a membership of between 12,000 and 13,000.264 Exact numbers on religious denominations in Albany are not readily available. Demographic statistics in the United States depend heavily on the United States Census Bureau, which cannot ask about religious affiliation as part of its decennial census.267 It does compile some national and state-wide religious statistics,268 but these are not representative of a city the size of Albany. One report from 2000 offers religious affiliations for Albany County. According to the data, 59.2% of Albany County residents identified as Christian: 47% are Roman Catholic, 8.4% are mainline Protestants, 2.7% are Evangelical Protestants, and 1.1% are Eastern or Oriental Orthodox Christians. Residents who practice Judaism make up 4.2% of the population and Muslims represent 0.2%.269 Note that these values are county-wide; city values could be significantly different. Media Main article: Media in New York's Capital District WTEN (headquarters pictured), WXXA, and YNN broadcast from within city limits. The Times Union is Albany's primary daily newspaper and the only one based close to the city; its headquarters moved from within city limits to suburban Colonie in the 1960s after a dispute with Mayor Corning over land needed for expansion.270 Its circulation totals about 73,000 on weekdays and 143,000 on Sundays.271 Serving Albany to a lesser degree are The Daily Gazette, based in Schenectady,272 and The Record, of Troy.273 Metroland is the alternative newsweekly in the area, publishing each Thursday,274 while The Business Review is a business weekly published each Friday.275 The Legislative Gazette, another weekly newspaper, focuses exclusively on issues related to the Legislature and the state government.276 The Albany-Schenectady-Troy media market is the 63rd largest in the country in terms of radio277 and the 57th largest in terms of television audiences.278 It is a broadcast market with historical significance. The pioneering influence of General Electric in Schenectady directly contributed to the area emerging as the birthplace of station-based television with WRGB; the station was also the first affiliate of NBC.279 In 1947, the region was home to the first independently-owned and operated commercial FM radio station in the United States: W47A.279 WGY was the second commercial radio station in New York and the twelfth in the nation.279 The Capital District is home to ABC affiliate WTEN,280 CBS affiliate WRGB,281 Fox affiliate WXXA,282 and NBC affiliate WNYT;283 Time Warner Cable hosts Your News Now, the area's only local 24-hour news channel.284 The area has numerous radio stations. Transportation Albany-Rensselaer Amtrak Station See also: Streets of Albany, New York The Port of Albany-Rensselaer adds $428 million to the Capital District's $70.1 billion gross product.285 Albany International Airport The Northway (Interstate 87 north of the New York State Thruway) connects Albany by car to Canada at Champlain; Autoroute 15 continues into Quebec, linking Albany to Montreal. Interstate 90 connects Albany to both Buffalo and Boston, via the New York State Thruway and the Mass Pike respectively. South of Albany, I-87 becomes part of the Thruway and ends at Interstate 278 in the Bronx. Albany is literally at the crossroad of I-87 and I-90, creating a junction between Buffalo and Boston, and Montreal and New York. Interstate 787 links Albany to Watervliet, Colonie, and Menands; by way of Route 7, I-787 connects to the Northway, offering Saratoga County residents a rather direct, albeit congested route to and from Albany during rush hour.121 Albany, long an important Hudson River port, today serves domestic and international ships and barges through the Port of Albany-Rensselaer, located on both sides of the river. The port has the largest mobile harbor crane in the state of New York.286 The New York State Barge Canal, the ultimate successor of the Erie Canal, is in use today, largely by tourist and private boats.287 With the closure of Union Station on Broadway, area passenger-rail service is provided by Amtrak at the Albany-Rensselaer station in Rensselaer. In 2009, the station saw more than 720,000 passengers, making it Amtrak's second-busiest in New York, behind New York's Penn Station.288 Albany's nearest airport is Albany International Airport in Colonie. Eight major airlines service Albany: Air Canada (which offers the airport's only international destination, Toronto), Cape Air, Continental Express, Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, Southwest Airlines, United Air Lines, and US Airways; Million Air is the local fixed base operator.289 In 2010, Albany had the highest average airfare in New York, though the per-mile cost on its busiest routes was second-lowest in the state.290 The Capital District Transportation Authority (CDTA) provides bus service throughout Albany and the surrounding area, including Schenectady, Troy, and Saratoga Springs.291 The city was once served by an urban streetcar service maintained by the United Traction Company. As in many American cities, after the advent of the automobile, light rail services declined in Albany and were replaced by bus and taxi services.292 Greyhound Lines,293 Trailways,294 and Peter Pan295 buses all serve a downtown terminal. Sports Main article: Sports in New York's Capital District Siena guard Ronald Moore dribbles toward the basket in a game against Loyola in January 2010.296297

Albany has no major league professional sports teams, and minor league teams have low support.298 The Albany Firebirds (af2 arena football) is the only minor league team currently active in the city; in 2002 it filled the void left by the previous Firebirds team (1990–2000) after that franchise moved to Indianapolis. The River Rats (American Hockey League) were active in the Albany area from 1990 to 1993 as the Capital District Islanders playing in Troy, and from 1993 as the River Rats in Albany, until the team moved to Charlotte in 2010 to become the Charlotte Checkers. The River Rats were replaced by the New Jersey Devils' affiliate from Lowell, Massachusetts in the 2010-2011 season.299 They are known as the Albany Devils.300 Both the Firebirds and the Devils play at the TU Center in downtown. The Tri-City ValleyCats (Class A minor league baseball) have played at the Joseph L. Bruno Stadium on the Hudson Valley Community College campus in North Greenbush since 2002. Prior to the ValleyCats' arrival, the Albany-Colonie Diamond Dogs (1995–2002) played at Heritage Park in Colonie; due to financial pressures, and facing impending competition from the ValleyCats, the franchise folded in 2002.301 The local basketball team is the Albany Legends (International Basketball League), who play in the Washington Avenue Armory.302 The Albany Patroons were two basketball teams that played at the Armory. Both folded due to financial problems.303 With the large number of local colleges and universities around Albany, college sports are popular. The University at Albany's Great Danes currently play at the Division I level in all sports. The football team is a member of the Northeast Conference (NEC), while all other sports teams play as members of the America East Conference (AEC).304 In 2006, UAlbany became the first SUNY-affiliated school to send a team to the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament.305 UAlbany has also hosted the New York Giants training camp since 1996.306 The Siena Saints have seen a rise in popularity after their men's basketball team made it to the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship (March Madness) in 2008, 2009, and 2010.307 All 18 Saints teams are Division I and play in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC).308 Although Siena's campus is in nearby Colonie, the men's basketball team plays at the TU Center.296 Sister cities Albany has five official sister city agreements and two other twin-city relationships. The city of Nijmegen, Netherlands connected with Albany following World War II. To show its gratitude for post-war assistance, the city sent Albany 50,000 tulip bulbs in 1948; this act led to the establishment of the annual Tulip Festival.88 Most of the other connections were made in the 1980s during Mayor Whalen's term in office as part of his cultural expansion program.88 The official sister cities are:309 Nassau, Bahamas;  Nijmegen, Netherlands;  Quebec City, Canada;  Tula, Russia; and  Verona, Italy. The additional twin-city relationships are with:88  Ghent, Belgium Extremadura (province), Spain. See also Capital District portal Hudson Valley portal New York portal List of cities in New York List of capitals in the United States List of incorporated places in New York's Capital District List of people associated with Albany County, New York National Register of Historic Places listings in Albany, New York Notes ^ In this instance, assiduity means, "the quality of acting with constant and careful attention."1 ^ The State University of New York at Albany (its official name) is also known locally as the University at Albany, SUNY Albany, UAlbany (especially when talking about athletics), and simply SUNY. ^ The Dongan Charter incorporated Albany three months after New York City's charter was ratified. However, the latter forfeited its charter during Leisler's Rebellion, making Albany's the oldest effective charter in the country.67 ^ This name would later be adopted by the city of Schenectady, to the west.10 ^ James Stuart (1633–1701), brother and successor of Charles II, was both the Duke of York and Duke of Albany before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685. His title of Duke of York is the source of the name of the province of New York.18 ^ The Plan of Union's original intention was to unite the colonies in defense against aggressions of the French to the north; it was not an attempt to become independent from the auspices of the British crown.29 ^ A rough grid pattern was established in 1764, aligning the streets with Clinton Avenue, which marked the northern border of Albany at the time. Patroon of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck Stephen Van Rensselaer II followed the same directional system north of Clinton Avenue on his lands, however the two systems were not related otherwise, which is why cross streets north and south of Clinton Avenue do not align. The stockade surrounding the city was taken down shortly before the Revolutionary War, allowing for expansion. De Witt, city surveyor at the time, continued the grided pattern to the west and renamed any streets that honored British Royalty on his 1794 map. Hawk Street is the only road that retained its original name; the rest were named after birds and mammals.3637 ^ "The Colonie" made up the current area of Arbor Hill and was the more urban part of the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, which surrounded Albany.43 It is the source of the name of the current town and village of Colonie.44 ^ Grondahl summarizes it as, "This hard-line position of isolationism on the part of the machine was a curse economically – but a strange blessing unintentionally in architectural terms. While downtown went to seed and plans for large-scale construction and improvements came to a virtual standstill in Albany without federal money, pockets of the city's historic housing stock escaped the wrecking ball."79 ^ The Empire State Plaza was originally known as the South Mall; the South Mall Arterial is the only remnant of that naming scheme. ^ For example, the Plaza has four traffic tunnels, two intended for through traffic, and two for local traffic (only the outer, local traffic tunnels are in use); the Arterial ends abruptly between Jay Street and Hudson Avenue just west of South Swan Street (42°39′6.17″N 73°45′43.54″W / 42.6517139°N 73.7620944°W / 42.6517139; -73.7620944); the east end of the Dunn Memorial Bridge ends abruptly in Rensselaer (42°38′33.33″N 73°44′44.78″W / 42.6425917°N 73.7457722°W / 42.6425917; -73.7457722); and Henry Johnson Boulevard, which would have extended as part of the Mid-Crosstown Arterial, ends abruptly at Livingston Avenue (42°39′49.92″N 73°45′30.58″W / 42.6638667°N 73.7584944°W / 42.6638667; -73.7584944). ^ In 2009, Bank of America (which now owns FleetBank, the bank that eventually bought Norstar) consolidated its operations in an office building on State Street, leaving the former train station vacant.148 Mayor Corning made great efforts to save the building, which had been owned by his great-grandfather's railroad a hundred years before. He was able to do it when governor Rockefeller brought state money in to purchase the building.83 ^ The United States Census Bureau rounds population percentages to the nearest tenth, which can be misleading because some populations are smaller than 0.05% and would otherwise be reported as making up 0.0% of the population, which is not accurate. The percentages listed here were calculated using the raw population data given by the Census Bureau divided by the total population, rounded to the nearest hundredth. Note that these percentages were calculated using the total population value of 95,658 as the divisor, not the 92,809 people claiming one race.156 ^ These values were given in 1999 dollars; here they have been adjusted for inflation.156 ^ Albany was home to 12 charter schools203 until the closing of New Covenant Charter School in 2010.204 It was announced in July 2010 that the Harriet Gibbons High School, an alternative high school for at-risk ninth graders, would close after a negative report from the State Department of Education demanded the elimination of ineffective programs.205 ^ The Accountability and Overview Report206 puts the class of 2009 at 513 students and the Comprehensive Information Report209 states that 416 of them graduated. ^ Christian Brothers Academy was located in various Albany locations throughout the 19th century and then moved to the University Heights neighborhood in 1937. The school moved out of the city to Colonie in 1998 and has remained there since.213 References ^ Nearing, Brian. Three Cheers for the Orange, White, and Blue. Times Union (Albany). 2004-11-30 [cited 2010-08-03]:B1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ United States Census Bureau. Population Estimates: Metropolitcan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas; 2009 [cited 2010-07-02]. ^ a b c Fitzpatrick, Edward. 312-Year-Old Document Shapes City's Government. Times Union (Albany). 1998-06-03 [cited 2010-05-23]:B4. Hearst Newspapers. ^ National Civic League. All America City Awards: AAC Winners by State and City; 2010 [cited 2010-09-06]. ^ Larnard, J.N. In: Donald E. Smith. The New Larned History for Ready Reference and Research. Vol. I (A-Bak). C.A. 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Capital District Data [PDF]; June 2006 [cited 2010-06-19]; p. 5. ^ Stuart, Candace. Gateway to Greatness. 2006-05-01 [cited 2010-06-09]. Small Times. ^ GlobalFoundries. 300mm Manufacturing Plants [cited 2010-06-13]. ^ Anderson, Eric. Capital Region called one of nation's most innovative metros. Times Union (Albany). 2010-06-03 [cited 2010-06-09]. Hearst Newspapers. ^ Rulison, Larry. We're a High-Tech Mecca. Times Union (Albany). 2010-12-09 [cited 2010-12-09]. Hearst Newspapers. ^ Tech Valley Chamber Organization. Tech Valley Cities Score Well in Forbes Ranking; May 11, 2006 [cited 2009-06-03]. ^ Levy, Francesca. Best Bang-For-The-Buck Cities. 2009-11-30 [cited 2010-06-09]. Forbes. ^ Orr, Deborah. America's 25 Strongest Housing Markets. 2009-01-07 [cited 2010-06-09]. Forbes. ^ Hearst Newspapers. In Brief: Capital Region GDP reached $32B in 2008; 2009-09-25 [cited 2010-06-13]. ^ a b City of Albany. City Charter [cited 2010-05-25]. ^ City of Albany. 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The First Church in Albany; 2009-05-01 [cited 2010-06-19]. ^ Waite (1993), pp. 120–121 ^ Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany: A Brief History [cited 2009-05-25]. ^ Waite (1993), pp. 83–84 ^ Episcopal Diocese of Albany. The Diocese of Albany: A Brief History of the Episcopal Diocese of Albany [cited 2009-05-25]. ^ Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany. Parishes: Albany County [cited 2010-06-19]. ^ Episcopal Diocese of Albany. Find a Church: Albany [cited 2010-06-19]. ^ a b The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Albany (re-published from Encyclopedia Judaica) [cited 2010-06-26]. ^ MavenSearch (Jewish Web Directory). Synagogues in Albany; 2010 [cited 2010-06-22]. ^ Karaite Jewish Congregation Oraḥ Ṣaddiqim. Homepage; 2010 [cited 2010-06-22]. This link is not active during Shabbat, which begins on Friday at sundown, local time, and ends the following Saturday night. ^ United States Census Bureau. Religion [cited 2010-06-22]. ^ United States Census Bureau. The 2010 Statistical Abstract (Population: Religion); 2010 [cited 2010-06-22]. ^ The Association of Religious Data Archives. Albany County, New York Denominational Groups, 2000; 2000 [cited 2010-06-22]. ^ New York Times. The Media Business; Albany Afternoon Paper Closing After 145 Years; 1988-04-15 [cited 2010-04-23]. ^ Audit Bureau of Circulations. eCirc for US Newspapers; 2009-09-30 [cited 2010-04-25]. ^ The Daily Gazette Co. dailygazette.com; 2010 [cited 2010-06-17]. ^ Journal Register Company. The Record; 2010 [cited 2010-06-17]. ^ Association of Alternative Newsweeklies. Metroland [cited 2010-04-24]. ^ American City Business Journals, Inc. The Business Review subscription page [cited 2010-04-24]. ^ Weekly Albany, NY Legislative Gazette Newspaper. The Legislative Gazette [cited 2010-04-25]. ^ Arbitron. Arbitron Market Ratings: Spring 2010; 2010-04-01 [cited 2010-06-17]. ^ Nielsen Media Research. 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Hearst Newspapers. ^ Dougherty, Peter. AHL Hockey Back in Albany. Times Union (Albany). 2010-06-11 [cited 2010-06-21]:B1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ Dougherty, Peter. AHL Devils Lose Debut. Times Union (Albany). 2010-10-10 [cited 2010-11-19]:C1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ LeBrun, Fred. Dogs' Only Sellout Was Political. Times Union (Albany). 2002-10-25 [cited 2010-06-21]:B1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ International Basketball League (2009-10-27). "International Basketball League Expands to Albany (NY)" (PDF). Press release. http://www.iblhoopsonline.com/albany_legends/documents/New_professional_basketball_team_in_Albany.pdf. Retrieved 2010-06-28.  ^ Wilkin, Tim. Legends See Success. Times Union (Albany). 2010-06-14 [cited 2010-06-28]:C1. Hearst Corporation. ^ University at Albany (2001-01-31). "UAlbany & the America East Conference". Press release. http://www.ualbanysports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=15800&KEY=&ATCLID=838922&SPID=9797&SPSID=82634. Retrieved 2010-06-22.  ^ Iorizzo, Pete. Welcome to the Party. Times Union (Albany). 2006-03-12 [cited 2010-06-22]:A1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ Singelais, Mark. Giants Keeping Camp at UAlbany. Times Union (Albany). 2010-06-09 [cited 2010-06-21]:C1. Hearst Newspapers. ^ Siena College (2010-03-14). "Saints Heading to Spokane". Press release. http://www.sienasaints.com/sports/m-baskbl/spec-rel/031410aaa.html. Retrieved 2010-06-22.  ^ Siena College. FAQs for Athletics [cited 2010-06-22]. ^ Sister Cities International. Sister City US Listings [cited 2010-04-25]. Note: Permalinking to search results is not possible. Search under New York to access the list. Bibliography Note: Linked titles redirect to a free, full-view version hosted by Google Books or the Internet Archive. Anderson, George Baker. Landmarks of Rensselaer County New York. Syracuse, New York: D. Mason and Company; 1897. OCLC 1728151. Brodhead, John Romeyn. History of the State of New York. New York City: Harper & Brothers, Publishers; 1874. OCLC 458890237. Burger, Joanna. Whispers in the Pines: a Naturalist in the Northeast. Piscataway, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press; 2006. ISBN 0813537940. French, John Homer. Historical and Statistical Gazetteer of New York State. Syracuse, New York: R. Pearsall Smith; 1860. OCLC 224691273. Grondahl, Paul. Mayor Erastus Corning: Albany Icon, Albany Enigma. Albany: State University of New York Press; 2007. ISBN 9780791472941. Howell, George Rogers. Bi-centennial History of Albany: History of the County of Albany, N.Y. from 1609 to 1886 (Volume I). Jonathan Tenney. New York City: W. W. Munsell & Co; 1886. OCLC 11543538. Howell, George Rogers. Bi-centennial History of Albany: History of the County of Albany, N.Y. from 1609 to 1886 (Volume II). Jonathan Tenney. New York City: W. W. Munsell & Co; 1886. OCLC 11543538. McEneny, John. Albany, Capital City on the Hudson: An Illustrated History. Sun Valley, California: American Historical Press; 2006. ISBN 1892724537. National Municipal League. Proceedings of the Conference for Good City Government and the Annual Meeting of the National Municipal League (Volume 5). Philadelphia: Selheimer Printing Company; 1896. OCLC 40371852. p. 137–148. Reynolds, Cuyler. Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company; 1906. OCLC 457804870. Rittner, Don. Then & Now: Albany. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing; 2002. ISBN 0738511420. Rittner, Don. Remembering Albany: Heritage on the Hudson. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press; 2009. ISBN 9781596297708. Venema, Janny. Beverwijck: A Dutch Village on the American Frontier, 1652–1664. Hilversum: Verloren; 2003. ISBN 0791460797. Waite, Diana S. Albany Architecture: A Guide to the City. Albany: Mount Ida Press; 1993. ISBN 0962536814. Whish, John D. Albany Guide Book. Albany: J.B. Lyon Company; 1917. OCLC 17438709. Further reading The Albany Lumber Trade: Its History and Extent. Albany: The Argus Company; 1872. OCLC 8260640. The Charter of the City of Albany; and the Laws and Ordinances Ordained and Established by the Mayor, Aldermen and Commonalty of the Said City, in Common Council Convened. Albany: Barber and Southwick; 1800. OCLC 55813771. Button, Daniel Evan. Take City Hall!. Whitston Publishing Company; 2003. ISBN 9780878755424. Gehring, Charles T. Fort Orange Records 1656–1678. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press; 2000. ISBN 9780585309224. Kennedy, William. O Albany!. Viking Press; 1983. ISBN 9780670520879. Munsell, Joel. The Annals of Albany. 2nd ed. Albany: Joel Munsell; 1869. OCLC 11500714. Munsell, Joel. Collections on the History of Albany: from its Discovery to the Present Time (Volume 1). Joel Munsell; 1865. OCLC 2750413. Rittner, Don. Images of America: Albany. Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing; 2000. ISBN 0738500887. Roberts, Warren. A Place in History: Albany in the Age of Revolution, 1775–1825. SUNY Press; 2010. ISBN 9781438433295. Weise, Arthur James. The History of the City of Albany, New York, from the Discovery of the Great River in 1524 by Verrazzano to the Present Time. Albany: E.H. Bender; 1884. OCLC 337558. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Albany, New York

Government City of Albany Homepage Mayor's Office Common Council Current City Charter Economy Albany-Colonie Regional Chamber of Commerce techvalley.org Culture alloveralbany.com, voted 2nd-best local website in the Times Union "Best of 2010" list 518fever.com, voted 3rd-best local website in the Times Union "Best of 2010" list crumbs.net, Capital Region Unofficial Musicians and Bands Site, voted best website (music) in the Metroland Best of the Capital Region 2010 list Travel albany.org, tourist information site sponsored by the Albany County Convention & Visitors Bureau Albany, New York at the Open Directory Project Albany (New York) travel guide from Wikitravel 2010 Albany Visitors Guide Town of Colonie Hamlet of Karner; Village of Colonie Town of Colonie Hamlets of Loudonville, West Albany, and Roessleville; Village of Menands Hudson River Rensselaer County Town of North Greenbush Town of Guilderland Hamlets of McKownville and Westmere Hudson River Rensselaer County City of Rensselaer    City of Albany     Town of Bethlehem Hamlets of North Bethlehem and Slingerlands Town of Bethlehem Hamlets of Normansville, Elsmere, Bethlehem Center, and Glenmont Hudson River Rensselaer County Town of East Greenbush v · d · eAlbany, New York History General History · Architecture · National Register of Historic Places listings 17th century Mohawks · Mahicans · Dutch West India Company (1621–1791) · Fort Nassau (1614) · Fort Orange (1624) · Rensselaerswijck (1629–1840) · Beverwijck (1652–1664) · Stadt Huys (1635, 1646, or 1673) · Fort Frederick (1676–1789) · Dongan Charter (1686) 18th century Van Ostrande-Radliff House (1728) · Quackenbush House (1736) · Albany Plan of Union (1754) · Schuyler Mansion (1765) 19th century Clermont (1807) · Erie Canal (1825) · Albany Basin (1825) · Albany Lumber District (1830s–1908) · City Hall (1832) · Governor's Mansion (1856) · City Hall (1883) · New York State Capitol (1899) 20th century Albany Municipal Airport (1908) · Miss Albany Diner (1941) · W. Averell Harriman State Office Building Campus (1956–1994) · Albany County Airport (1960) · Empire State Plaza (1965–1978) · Times Union Center (1990) · Albany International Airport (1996–1998) 21st century Hudson River Way (2002) · Albany Convention Center (proposed) Government Mayor of Albany (current: Gerald Jennings) · Albany City Hall · Coat of arms · See also: Government of New York Neighborhoods Arbor Hill · Buckingham Pond · Center Square · Delaware Avenue · Dudley Heights · Dunes · Eagle Hill · Helderberg · Hudson-Park · Melrose · New Albany · Normansville · North Albany · Park South · Pine Hills · Sheridan Hollow · South End (Kenwood · Krank Park · Mansion District · Mount Hope · The Pastures · Second Avenue) · University Heights · Washington Park · West Hill · Whitehall People Thomas Dongan (1634–1715) · Peter Schuyler (1657–1724) · Erastus Corning (1794–1872) · Daniel P. O'Connell (1885–1977) · Erastus Corning 2nd (1909–1983) · John McEneny (1943–present) Geography Land Albany Pine Bush · Westerlo Island Water Buckingham Lake · Hudson River (Valley) · Normans Kill · Patroon Creek · Rensselaer Lake · Tivoli Lake · Washington Park Lake Education Secondary Academy of the Holy Names · The Albany Academy · Albany Academy for Girls · Albany Free School · Bishop Maginn High School · City School District of Albany (Albany High School) · LaSalle School · See also: List of school districts in New York's Capital District Higher Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences · Albany Law School · Albany Medical College · College of Saint Rose · Excelsior College · Maria College · Mildred Elley · Sage College of Albany · SUNY Albany · See also: List of colleges and universities in New York's Capital District Religion Episcopal Diocese of Albany (Cathedral of All Saints · Bishop William Love) · Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany (Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception · Bishop Howard Hubbard) Culture Culture in New York's Capital District · Sports in New York's Capital District Transportation Adirondack Northway · Albany-Rensselaer Rail Station · Albany International Airport · CDTA · Interstate 87 · Interstate 90 · Interstate 787 · New York State Thruway · Port of Albany-Rensselaer · Streets of Albany, New York Capital District Portal v · d · eMunicipalities and communities of Albany County, New York County seat: Albany Cities Albany | Cohoes | Watervliet Towns Berne | Bethlehem | Coeymans | Colonie | Green Island | Guilderland | Knox | New Scotland | Rensselaerville | Westerlo Villages Altamont | Colonie | Green Island | Menands | Ravena | Voorheesville CDPs Coeymans | Delmar | Medusa | Preston-Potter Hollow | Westmere Other hamlets Alcove | Boght Corners | Clarksville | Crescent Station | Dunsbach Ferry | Elsmere | Feura Bush | Fort Hunter | Fullers | Glenmont | Guilderland | Guilderland Center | Karner | Latham | Lisha Kill | Loudonville | Mannsville | McKownville | New Salem | Newtonville | Normansville | Roessleville | Selkirk | Slingerlands | South Bethlehem | Verdoy | West Albany v · d · eCapital District of New York Central communities Albany (History · City Hall · Coat of Arms) · Schenectady (City Hall) · Troy (History) · List of all incorporated places Largest communities (over 20,000 in 2000) Bethlehem · Clifton Park · Town of Colonie · Glenville · Guilderland · Niskayuna · Queensbury · Rotterdam · Saratoga Springs Medium-sized communities (10,000 to 20,000 in 2000) City of Amsterdam · Brunswick · Cohoes · East Greenbush · Glens Falls · Gloversville · Halfmoon · Malta · North Greenbush · Schodack · Watervliet · Wilton Small communities (5,000 to 10,000 in 2000) Town of Amsterdam · Ballston Spa · Cobleskill · Village of Colonie · Duanesburg · City of Johnstown · Town of Johnstown · Kinderhook · Mechanicville · New Scotland · Rensselaer · Sand Lake · Scotia · Town of Stillwater · Waterford Counties Albany · Columbia · Fulton · Greene · Montgomery · Rensselaer · Saratoga · Schenectady · Schoharie · Warren · Washington History Mohawks · Mahicans · Fort Orange · Rensselaerswyck · Beverwyck · Albany Plan of Union · Timeline of town creation Geography Hudson River (Valley) · Mohawk River · Erie Canal · Lake Albany · Lake George · Albany Pine Bush (Woodlawn Preserve) · Adirondack Mountains · Catskill Mountains · Rensselaer Plateau Religion and culture Culture in New York's Capital District · Sports in New York's Capital District · Episcopal Diocese of Albany · Roman Catholic Diocese of Albany Education Public school districts List of school districts in New York's Capital District Higher education List of colleges and universities in New York's Capital District Newspapers Albany Times-Union · Metroland · Glens Falls Post-Star · The Saratogian · Schenectady Gazette · Troy Record TV/Radio v · d · eBroadcast television in the Capital District Local stations WRGB (6.1 CBS, 6.2 This TV) • WTEN (10.1 ABC, 10.2 Weather, 10.3 RTV) • WNYT (13.1 NBC, 13.2 Weather, 13.3 Weather Radar) • WMHT (17.1 PBS, 17.2 ThinkBright, 17.3 HD) • WXXA (23.1 Fox, 23.2 Untamed Sp) • WNGN-LP 35 / WNGX-LP 42 (FN) • WCWN (45.1 The CW, 45.2 Uni Sp) • WNYA / WNYA-CD (51.1 MNTV) • W52DF 52 (silent) Outlying area stations WVBK-CA 2 (RSN' Manchester, VT) • W04AJ 4 (PBS; Glens Falls) • W04BD 4 (PBS; Schoharie) • WNCE-CA 8 (A1; Glens Falls) • WYBN-CA 14 (RSN; Cobleskill) • WCDC (19.1 ABC; Adams, MA) • WVBG-LP 25 (RSN; Greenwich) • W36AX 36 (PBS / VPT; Manchester, VT) • W47CM 47 (silent; Glens Falls) • WYPX (55.1 Ion, 55.2 qubo, 55.3 Life; Amsterdam) • W53AS 53 (PBS / VPT; Bennington, VT) Adjacent locals Reception may vary by location and some stations may only be viewable with cable television WKTV (2.1 NBC, 2.2 The CW; Utica) • WVER (28.1 HD, 28.2 PBS / VPT, 28.3 Create, 28.4 World; Rutland, VT) • WRNN (62.1 IND / JTV, 62.3 FUNi; Kingston) Cable-only stations YNN Capital Region • TW3 • YES • SNY • MSG Network Defunct stations WEDG-TV (UPN, cable-only) New York State television: Albany/Schenectady • Binghamton • Buffalo • Burlington/Plattsburgh • Elmira • New York City • Rochester • Syracuse • Utica • Watertown Vermont Broadcast television: Albany/Schenectady • Boston, MA • Burlington/Plattsburgh Massachusetts television: Albany • Boston • Providence • Springfield v · d · eRadio stations in the Albany / Schenectady / Troy market by FM frequency (in-market) 88.3 · 89.1 · 89.7 · 90.3/93.1 · 90.7/94.9 · 90.9 · 91.5 · 92.3 · 93.7 · 94.5 · 95.5 · 96.3 · 96.7 · 97.7 · 98.3 · 99.5 · 100.9 · 102.3 · 103.1 · 103.9 · 104.5 · 104.9 · 105.7 · 106.5 · 107.7 by FM frequency (out-of-market) 89.9 · 90.7 · 93.5 · 94.7 · 95.9 · 97.3 · 97.5 · 97.9 · 98.5 · 98.5 · 100.3 · 101.3 · 101.7 · 101.9 · 102.7 · 103.5 · 107.1 by AM frequency 560 · 590 · 810 · 900 · 930 · 980 · 1160 · 1190 · 1230 · 1240 · 1300 · 1330 · 1340 · 1400 · 1440 · 1460 · 1490 · 1540 · 1570 by callsign WABY · WAJZ · WAMC (AM) · WAMC (FM) · WBAR · WCDB · WCKL · WCKM · WCQL · WCSS · WCTW · WDCD · WDDY · WENT · WEQX · WEXT · WFFG · WFLY · WFNY · WGDJ · WGNA · WGY · WGY-FM · WHAZ · WHAZ-FM · WHUC · WIZR · WJIV · WKBE · WKKF · WKLI · WLJH · WMHT · WMYY · WNYQ · WOFX · WOPG · WPGL · WPTR · WPYX · WQAR · WQBJ · WQBK · WQSH · WRIP · WROW · WRPI · WRUC · WRVE · WSDE · WTMM · WTRY · WUAM · WVCR · WVKZ · WVTL · WYAI · WYJB · WYKV · WZCR · WZMR New York Radio Markets: Albany-Schenectady-Troy • Binghamton • Buffalo-Niagara Falls • Elmira-Corning • Hamptons-Riverhead • Ithaca • Nassau-Suffolk (Long Island) • New York City • Newburgh-Middletown (Mid Hudson Valley) • Olean • Plattsburgh • Poughkeepsie • Rochester • Syracuse • Utica-Rome • Watertown Other New York Radio Regions: Jamestown-Dunkirk • North Country • Saratoga See also: List of radio stations in New York Capital District Portal v · d · e State of New York Albany (capital) · The Empire State Topics Administrative divisions · Bibliography · Congressional districts · Constitution · Demographics · Economy · Education · Elections · Geography · Government (Governor, Legislature, Court System) · History · Symbols · People · Politics · Transportation · Visitor Attractions Regions

Adirondack Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Capital District · Catskill Mountains · Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) · Central New York · Champlain Valley · City of New York · Finger Lakes · Holland Purchase · Hudson Highlands · Hudson Valley · Long Island · Mohawk Valley · New York Metro · Niagara Frontier · North Country · Ridge and Valley · Saint Lawrence Seaway · Shawangunks · Ski country · Southern Tier · Southtowns · Tech Valley · Thousand Islands · Upstate · Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy · Binghamton · Buffalo / Niagara Falls · Elmira / Corning · Glens Falls · Ithaca · Jamestown · Newburgh / Middletown · New York City · Poughkeepsie · Rochester · Syracuse · Utica / Rome Counties Albany · Allegany · Bronx · Broome · Cattaraugus · Cayuga · Chautauqua · Chemung · Chenango · Clinton · Columbia · Cortland · Delaware · Dutchess · Erie · Essex · Franklin · Fulton · Genesee · Greene · Hamilton · Herkimer · Jefferson · Kings · Lewis · Livingston · Madison · Monroe · Montgomery · Nassau · New York · Niagara · Oneida · Onondaga · Ontario · Orange · Orleans · Oswego · Otsego · Putnam · Queens · Rensselaer · Richmond · Rockland · Saint Lawrence · Saratoga · Schenectady · Schoharie · Schuyler · Seneca · Steuben · Suffolk · Sullivan · Tioga · Tompkins · Ulster · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Westchester · Wyoming · Yates v · d · eState capitals of the United States AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne DC Washington1 Territories: AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie 1 Federal capital.

Adirondack Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Capital District · Catskill Mountains · Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) · Central New York · Champlain Valley · City of New York · Finger Lakes · Holland Purchase · Hudson Highlands · Hudson Valley · Long Island · Mohawk Valley · New York Metro · Niagara Frontier · North Country · Ridge and Valley · Saint Lawrence Seaway · Shawangunks · Ski country · Southern Tier · Southtowns · Tech Valley · Thousand Islands · Upstate · Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy · Binghamton · Buffalo / Niagara Falls · Elmira / Corning · Glens Falls · Ithaca · Jamestown · Newburgh / Middletown · New York City · Poughkeepsie · Rochester · Syracuse · Utica / Rome Counties Albany · Allegany · Bronx · Broome · Cattaraugus · Cayuga · Chautauqua · Chemung · Chenango · Clinton · Columbia · Cortland · Delaware · Dutchess · Erie · Essex · Franklin · Fulton · Genesee · Greene · Hamilton · Herkimer · Jefferson · Kings · Lewis · Livingston · Madison · Monroe · Montgomery · Nassau · New York · Niagara · Oneida · Onondaga · Ontario · Orange · Orleans · Oswego · Otsego · Putnam · Queens · Rensselaer · Richmond · Rockland · Saint Lawrence · Saratoga · Schenectady · Schoharie · Schuyler · Seneca · Steuben · Suffolk · Sullivan · Tioga · Tompkins · Ulster · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Westchester · Wyoming · Yates v · d · eState capitals of the United States AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne DC Washington1 Territories: AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie 1 Federal capital.

Adirondack Mountains · Allegheny Plateau · Capital District · Catskill Mountains · Central Region (formerly Central-Leatherstocking) · Central New York · Champlain Valley · City of New York · Finger Lakes · Holland Purchase · Hudson Highlands · Hudson Valley · Long Island · Mohawk Valley · New York Metro · Niagara Frontier · North Country · Ridge and Valley · Saint Lawrence Seaway · Shawangunks · Ski country · Southern Tier · Southtowns · Tech Valley · Thousand Islands · Upstate · Western Metro areas Albany / Schenectady / Troy · Binghamton · Buffalo / Niagara Falls · Elmira / Corning · Glens Falls · Ithaca · Jamestown · Newburgh / Middletown · New York City · Poughkeepsie · Rochester · Syracuse · Utica / Rome Counties Albany · Allegany · Bronx · Broome · Cattaraugus · Cayuga · Chautauqua · Chemung · Chenango · Clinton · Columbia · Cortland · Delaware · Dutchess · Erie · Essex · Franklin · Fulton · Genesee · Greene · Hamilton · Herkimer · Jefferson · Kings · Lewis · Livingston · Madison · Monroe · Montgomery · Nassau · New York · Niagara · Oneida · Onondaga · Ontario · Orange · Orleans · Oswego · Otsego · Putnam · Queens · Rensselaer · Richmond · Rockland · Saint Lawrence · Saratoga · Schenectady · Schoharie · Schuyler · Seneca · Steuben · Suffolk · Sullivan · Tioga · Tompkins · Ulster · Warren · Washington · Wayne · Westchester · Wyoming · Yates v · d · eState capitals of the United States AL Montgomery AK Juneau AZ Phoenix AR Little Rock CA Sacramento CO Denver CT Hartford DE Dover FL Tallahassee GA Atlanta HI Honolulu ID Boise IL Springfield IN Indianapolis IA Des Moines KS Topeka KY Frankfort LA Baton Rouge ME Augusta MD Annapolis MA Boston MI Lansing MN Saint Paul MS Jackson MO Jefferson City MT Helena NE Lincoln NV Carson City NH Concord NJ Trenton NM Santa Fe NY Albany NC Raleigh ND Bismarck OH Columbus OK Oklahoma City OR Salem PA Harrisburg RI Providence SC Columbia SD Pierre TN Nashville TX Austin UT Salt Lake City VT Montpelier VA Richmond WA Olympia WV Charleston WI Madison WY Cheyenne DC Washington1 Territories: AS Pago Pago GU Hagåtña MP Saipan PR San Juan VI Charlotte Amalie 1 Federal capital.