For other uses, see 19th century (disambiguation). Millennium: 2nd millennium Centuries: 18th century · 19th century · 20th century Decades: 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s 1840s 1850s 1860s 1870s 1880s 1890s Categories: Births – Deaths Establishments – Disestablishments Antoine-Jean Gros, Surrender of Madrid, 1808. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the Peninsular War, 1810 The 19th century (1801–1900) was a period in history marked by the collapse of the Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Holy Roman and Mughal empires. This paved the way for the growing influence of the British Empire, the German Empire and the United States, spurring military conflicts but also advances in science and exploration. After the defeat of the French Empire and its allies in the Napoleonic Wars, the British Empire became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one fifth of the total land area. It enforced a Pax Britannica, encouraged trade, and battled rampant piracy. The 19th century was an era of invention and discovery, with significant developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy that lay the groundwork for the technological advances of the 20th century.1 The Industrial Revolution began in Europe.2 The Victorian era was notorious for the employment of young children in factories and mines.3 Advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention took place in the 19th century, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. Europe's population doubled during the 19th century, from roughly 200 million to more than 400 million.4 The introduction of railroads provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, changing the way people lived and obtained goods, and fueling major urbanization movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of a million or more during this century. London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, including vast expanses of interior Africa and Asia, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. Liberalism became the preeminent reform movement in Europe.5 Jean-Léon Gérôme, The Slave Market c.1884 Slavery was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti, Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, banned slavery throughout its domain, and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade.6 The first empire to abolish slavery was the Portuguese Empire, followed by Britain, who did so in 1834. America's 13th Amendment following their Civil War abolished slavery there in 1865, and in Brazil slavery was abolished in 1888 (see Abolitionism). Similarly, serfdom was abolished in Russia. The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across North America and Australasia, with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. In the 19th century approximately 70 million people left Europe.7 The 19th century also saw the rapid creation, development and codification of many sports, particularly in Britain and the United States. Association football, rugby union, baseball and many other sports were developed during the 19th century, while the British Empire facilitated the rapid spread of sports such as cricket to many different parts of the world. It also marks the fall of the Ottoman occupation of the Balkans which led to the creation of Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Romania as a result of the second Russo-Turkish War, which in itself followed the great Crimean War. Contents 1 Eras 2 Events 2.1 1800–1809 2.2 1810s 2.3 1820s 2.4 1830s 2.5 1840s 2.6 1850s 2.7 1860s 2.8 1870s 2.9 1880s 2.10 1890s 3 Significant people 3.1 Show business and theatre 3.2 Athletics 3.3 Business 3.4 Famous and infamous personalities 3.5 Anthropology, archaeology, scholars 3.6 Journalists, missionaries, explorers 3.7 Photography 3.8 Visual artists, painters, sculptors 3.9 Music 3.10 Literature 3.11 Science 3.12 Philosophy and religion 3.13 Politics and the Military 4 See also 5 External links 6 Supplementary portrait gallery 7 References Eras Industrial revolution European Imperialism British Regency, Victorian era (UK, British Empire) Bourbon Restoration, July Monarchy, French Second Republic, Second French Empire, French Third Republic (France) Belle Époque (Europe) Edo period, Meiji period (Japan) Qing Dynasty (China) Tanzimat, First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire) Russian Empire American Manifest Destiny, The Gilded Age Events Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century. Stephenson's Rocket, preserved in the Science Museum, London 1800–1809 Main article: Timeline of the Napoleonic era 1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their Royal Charter and became the Royal College of Surgeons of England. 1800: The inception of the Second Great Awakening for the United States. 1800: Alessandro Volta invents the first chemical battery 1801: Giuseppe Piazzi discovers the dwarf planet Ceres. 1801: Thomas Jefferson elected President of the United States by the United States House of Representatives, following a tie in the Electoral College (United States) 1801: The Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merge to form the United Kingdom. 1801: Ranjit Singh crowned as King of Punjab. 1801: Napoleon signs the Concordat of 1801 with the Pope. 1801: Cairo falls to the British. 1801: Assassination of Tsar Paul I of Russia. 1801: British defeat French at the Second Battle of Abukir 1801–15: Barbary War between the United States and the Barbary States of North Africa 1802: Treaty of Amiens between France and the United Kingdom ends the War of the Second Coalition. 1802: Ludwig van Beethoven performs his Moonlight Sonata for the first time. 1803: William Symington demonstrates his Charlotte Dundas, the "first practical steamboat". 1803: The United States more than doubles in size when it buys out France's territorial claims in North America via the Louisiana Purchase. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its Manifest Destiny which involves annexing and conquering land from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans. 1803: The Wahhabis of the First Saudi State capture Mecca and Medina. 1803: War breaks out between Britain and France; this is considered by some to be the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. 1804: Haiti gains independence from France and becomes the first black republic. 1804: Austrian Empire founded by Francis I. 1804: Napoleon crowns himself Emperor of the French. 1804: World population reaches 1 billion. 1804: First steam locomotive begins operation. 1804: Morphine first isolated. 1804–10: Fulani Jihad in Nigeria. 1804–15: Serbian revolution erupts against the Ottoman rule. Suzerainty of Serbia recognized in 1817. 1805: The Battle of Trafalgar eliminates the French and Spanish naval fleets and allows for British dominance of the seas, a major factor for the success of the British Empire later in the century. 1805: Napoleon decisively defeats a Austrian-Russian army at the Battle of Austerlitz. 1805–48: Muhammad Ali modernizes Egypt. 1806: Holy Roman Empire dissolved as a consequence of the Treaty of Pressburg. 1806: Cape Colony becomes part of the British Empire. 1807: Britain declares the Slave Trade illegal. 1808: Beethoven performs his Fifth Symphony 1808–09: Russia conquers Finland from Sweden in the Finnish War. 1808–14: Spanish guerrillas fight in the Peninsular War. 1809: Napoleon strips the Teutonic Knights of their last holdings in Bad Mergentheim. 1810s 1816: Shaka rises to power over the Zulu Kingdom 1810: The University of Berlin is founded. Among its students and faculty are Hegel, Marx, and Bismarck. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see History of European research universities). 1810: The Grito de Dolores begins the Mexican War of Independence. 1810s–20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the Spanish and Portuguese Empires after the Latin American wars of independence. 1812: The French invasion of Russia is a turning point in the Napoleonic Wars. 1812–15: War of 1812 between the United States and the United Kingdom 1813: Jane Austen publishes Pride and Prejudice 1814: Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to Elba. 1813–1907: The contest between the British Empire and Imperial Russia for control of Central Asia is referred to as the Great Game. 1814-16: Anglo-Nepalese War between Nepal(Gurkha Empire) and British Empire. 1815: The Congress of Vienna redraws the European map. The Concert of Europe attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent. 1815: Napoleon escapes exile and begins the Hundred Days before finally being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo and exiled to St Helena. His defeat brings a conclusion to the Napoleonic Wars and marks the beginning of a Pax Britannica which lasts until 1870. 1816: Year Without a Summer: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of Mount Tambora. 1816: Independence of Argentina 1816–28: Shaka's Zulu Kingdom becomes the largest in Southern Africa. 1817: Principality of Serbia becomes suzerain from the Ottoman Empire. Officially independent in 1867. 1817: First Seminole War begins in Florida. 1817: Russia commences its conquest of the Caucasus. 1818: Mary Shelley writes Frankenstein 1818: Independence of Chile 1819: Peterloo massacre in England. 1819: The modern city of Singapore is established by the British East India Company. 1819: Théodore Géricault paints his masterpiece The Raft of the Medusa, and exhibits it in the French Salon of 1819 at the Louvre. 1820s 1820: Missouri Compromise 1820: Regency period ends in the United Kingdom 1820: Discovery of Antarctica 1820: Liberia founded by the American Colonization Society for freed American slaves. 1821: Mexico gains independence from Spain with the Treaty of Córdoba. 1821: Peru declares its independence from Spain. 1821: Navarino Massacre 1822–23: First Mexican Empire, as Mexico's first post-independent government, ruled by Emperor Agustín I of Mexico. 1821–30: Greece becomes the first country to break away from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence. 1822: Prince Pedro of Portugal proclaimed the Brazilian independence on September 7. On December 1, he was crowned as Emperor Dom Pedro I of Brazil. 1823–87: The British Empire annexed Burma (now also called Myanmar) after three Anglo-Burmese Wars. 1823: Monroe Doctrine declared by US President James Monroe. 1824: Premiere of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. 1825: Erie Canal opened connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. 1825: First isolation of aluminum. 1825: Independence of Bolivia. 1825: The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the first public railway in the world, is opened. 1825–28: The Argentina-Brazil War results in the independence of Uruguay. 1826: Samuel Morey patents the internal combustion engine. 1826–28: After the final Russo-Persian War, the Persian Empire took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war. 1827: Death of William Blake 1828-1832: Black War in Tasmania leads to the near extinction of the Tasmanian aborigines 1829: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Faust premieres. 1829: First electric motor built. 1829: Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Service, the first modern police force. The Great Exhibition in London. The United Kingdom was the first country in the world to industrialise. 1830s 1830: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints is established on April 6, 1830. 1830: July Revolution in France. 1830: The Belgian Revolution in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands led to the creation of Belgium. 1830: Greater Colombia dissolved and the nations of Colombia (including modern-day Panama), Ecuador, and Venezuela took its place. 1830 November Uprising in Poland against Russia. 1831: France invades and occupies Algeria. 1831: Great Bosnian uprising against Ottoman rule occurs. 1831-1836: Charles Darwin's journey on the HMS Beagle. 1831: November Uprising ends with crushing defeat for Poland in the Battle of Warsaw. 1831-33: Egyptian–Ottoman War. 1832: The British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act. 1833: Slavery Abolition Act bans slavery throughout the British Empire. 1833–76: Carlist Wars in Spain. 1834: The German Customs Union is formed. 1834: Spanish Inquisition officially ends. 1834: Britain amends the Poor Law demanding that any paupers requesting assistance must go to a workhouse. 1834–59: Imam Shamil's rebellion in Russian-occupied Caucasus. 1835–36: The Texas Revolution in Mexico resulted in the short-lived Republic of Texas. 1836: Battle of the Alamo ends with defeat for Texan separatists. 1836: Battle of San Jacinto leads to the capture of General Santa Anna. 1837: Telegraphy patented. 1837: Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist 1837–1838: Rebellions of 1837 in Canada. 1837–1901: Queen Victoria's reign is considered the apex of the British Empire and is referred to as the Victorian era. 1838: By this time, 46,000 Native Americans have been forcibly relocated in the Trail of Tears. 1838–40: Civil war in the Federal Republic of Central America led to the foundings of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. 1839: Kingdom of Belgium declared. 1839–51: Uruguayan Civil War 1839–60: After two Opium Wars, France, the United Kingdom, the United States and Russia gained many concessions from China resulting in the decline of the Qing Dynasty. 1839-1919: Anglo-Afghan Wars lead to stalemate and the establishment of the Durand line Samuel Morse 1840s 1840: New Zealand is founded, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed by the Māori and British. 1841: The word "dinosaur" is coined by Richard Owen 1842: Treaty of Nanking cedes Hong Kong to the British. 1842: Anaesthesia used for the first time. 1843: The first wagon train sets out from Missouri. 1843: Short stories A Christmas Carol and The Tell-Tale Heart published. 1844: Persian Prophet the Báb announces his revelation on May 23, founding Bábísm. He announced to the world of the coming of "He whom God shall make manifest". He is considered the forerunner of Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith. 1844: First publicly funded telegraph line in the world—between Baltimore and Washington—sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph. This message read "What hath God wrought?" (Bible, Numbers 23:23) 1844: Millerite movement awaits the Second Advent of Jesus Christ on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the Great Disappointment. 1844: The Great Auk is rendered extinct. 1844: Dominican War of Independence from Haiti. 1845: Unification of the Kingdom of Tonga under Tāufaʻāhau (King George Tupou I) 1845-1846: First Anglo-Sikh War 1845–72: The New Zealand Land Wars 1845–49: The Irish Potato Famine leads to the Irish diaspora. 1846–48: The Mexican-American War leads to Mexico's cession of much of the modern-day Southwestern United States. 1846–47: Mormon migration to Utah. 1847: The Brontë sisters publish Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey 1847–1901: The Caste War of Yucatán. 1848-1849: Second Anglo-Sikh War 1848: The Communist Manifesto published. 1848: Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 1848: Seneca Falls Convention is the first women's rights convention in the United States and leads to the battle for suffrage and women's legal rights. 1848–58: California Gold Rush 1849: The first boatloads of gold prospectors arrive in California, giving them the nickname 49ers. 1849: the safety pin and the gas mask are invented 1849: earliest recorded air raid, as Austria employs 200 balloons to deliver ordinance against Venice. 1850s The Charge of the Light Brigade during the Crimean War 1850: The Little Ice Age ends around this time. 1850-1864: Taiping Rebellion is the bloodiest conflict of the century, leading to the deaths of 20 million people. 1851: The Great Exhibition in London was the world's first international Expo or World's Fair. 1851: Louis Napoleon assumes power in France in a coup. 1851–52: The Platine War ends and the Empire of Brazil has the hegemony over South America. 1851–60s: Victorian gold rush in Australia 1852: Frederick Douglass delivers his speech "The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro" in Rochester, New York. 1853: United States Commodore Matthew C. Perry threatens the Japanese capital Edo with gunships, demanding that they agree to open trade. 1853–56: Crimean War between France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire and Russia 1854: Battle of Balaclava and the Charge of the Light Brigade. 1854: The Convention of Kanagawa formally ends Japan's policy of isolation. 1854-1855: Siege of Sevastapol; city falls to British forces. 1855: Bessemer process enables steel to be mass produced. 1856: World's first oil refinery in Romania 1856: Neanderthal man first identified. 1857–58: Indian Rebellion of 1857. The British Empire assumes control of India from the East India Company. 1858: Invention of the phonautograph, the first true device for recording sound. 1859: Charles Darwin publishes The Origin of Species. 1859-1869: Suez Canal is constructed. 1860s The first vessels sail through the Suez Canal Robert Koch discovered the tuberculosis bacilli. In the 19th century, tuberculosis killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe.8 1860: Guiseppe Garibaldi launches the Expedition of the Thousand 1861–65: American Civil War between the Union and seceding Confederacy 1861: Russia abolishes serfdom. 1861–67: French intervention in Mexico and the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, ruled by Maximilian I of Mexico and his consort Carlota of Mexico. 1862: French gain first foothold in Southeast Asia 1862–1877: Muslim Rebellion in northwest China. 1863: Bahá'u'lláh declares His station as "He whom God shall make manifest". This date is celebrated in the Bahá'í Faith as The Festival of Ridván. 1863: Formation of the International Red Cross is followed by the adoption of the First Geneva Convention in 1864. 1863: First section of the London Underground opens. 1863: France annexes Cambodia. 1863–1865: Polish uprising against the Russian Empire. 1864–66: The Chincha Islands War was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies. 1864–70: The War of the Triple Alliance ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population. 1865–77: Reconstruction in the United States; Slavery is banned in the United States by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 1865-April 9, 1865 Robert E. Lee surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia (26,765 troops) to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia, effectively ending the American Civil War. 1865-April 14, 1865, United States President Abraham Lincoln is assassinated while attending a performance at Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C.. He dies approximately nine hours after being shot on April 15, 1865. 1865: Gregor Mendel formulates his laws of inheritance 1866: Successful transatlantic telegraph cable follows an earlier attempt in 1858. 1866: Austro-Prussian War results in the dissolution of the German Confederation and the creation of the North German Confederation and the Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. 1866–1868: Famine in Finland. 1866–69: After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarks on a program of rapid modernization. 1867: The United States purchases Alaska from Russia. 1867: Canadian Confederation formed. 1867: The Principality of Serbia passes a Constitution which defines its independence from the Ottoman Empire. International recognition followed in 1878. 1868; The Expatriation Act is approved by Congress, guaranteeing U.S. citizens the right to expatriate. Coupled with the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution approved only one day later, the Expatriation Act allows U.S. citizens to renounce federal citizenship in order to regain Constitutional rights ceded by U.S. citizens as defined by the 14th Amendment. 1868: The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution is approved. 1868: Cro-Magnon man first identified. 1868-1878: Ten Years' War between Cuba and Spain 1869: First Transcontinental Railroad completed in United States on May 10. 1869: The Suez Canal opens linking the Mediterranean to the Red Sea. 1870s Alexander Graham Bell speaking into prototype model of the telephone 1870–71: The Franco-Prussian War results in the unifications of Germany and Italy, the collapse of the Second French Empire, the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a New Imperialism. 1871–1872: Famine in Persia is believed to have caused the death of 2 million. 1871–1914: Second Industrial Revolution 1870s-90s: Long Depression in Western Europe and North America 1871: The feudal system is dismantled in Japan. 1871: Henry Morton Stanley meets Dr. David Livingstone near Lake Tanganyika. 1872: Yellowstone National Park, the first national park, is created. 1872: The first recognised international soccer match, between England and Scotland, is played. 1873: Maxwell's A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism published. 1873: The samurai class is abolished in Japan. 1873: Blue jeans and barbed wire are invented. 1874: The Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs, better known today as the Impressionists organize and present their first public group exhibition at the Paris studio of the photographer Nadar. 1874: The Home Rule Movement is established in Ireland. 1874: The British East India Company is dissolved. 1874–1875: First Republic in Spain. 1875: HMS Challenger surveys the deepest point in the Earth's oceans, the Challenger Deep 1875–1900: 26 million Indians perish in India due to famine. 1876: Bulgarians instigate the April Uprising against Ottoman rule. 1876: Richard Wagner's Ring Cycle is first performed in its entirety. 1876: Queen Victoria becomes Empress of India. 1876: Battle of the Little Bighorn leads to the death of General Custer and victory for the alliance of Lakota, Cheyenne and Arapaho 1876–1879: 13 million Chinese die of famine in northern China. 1876–1914: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the Gilded Age. 1877: Great Railroad Strike in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide labor strike. 1877: Crazy Horse surrenders and is later killed 1877: Asaph Hall discovers the moons of Mars 1877: Thomas Edison invents the phonograph 1877–78: Following the Russo-Turkish War, the Treaty of Berlin recognizes formal independence of the Principality of Serbia, Montenegro and Romania. Bulgaria becomes autonomous. 1878: First commercial telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut. 1879: Anglo-Zulu War in South Africa. 1879: Thomas Edison tests his first light bulb Thomas Edison, 1878 1879-1880: Little War against Spanish rule in Cuba leads to rebel defeat. 1879–83: Chile battles with Peru and Bolivia over Andean territory in the War of the Pacific. 1880s 1880–1881: the First Boer War. 1881: Tsar Alexander II is assassinated 1881: Wave of pogroms begins in the Russian Empire. 1881: Gunfight at the O.K. Corral. Sitting Bull surrenders. 1881: First electrical power plant and grid in Godalming, Britain. 1881: Sitting Bull surrenders. 1881–1899: The Mahdist War in Sudan. 1882: The British invasion and subsequent occupation of Egypt 1883: Krakatoa volcano explosion, one of the largest in modern history. 1883: The quagga is rendered extinct. 1883: Robert Lewis Stevenson's Treasure Island is published 1884: Siege of Khartoum 1884: Germany gains control of Camaroon 1884: Mark Twain publishes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 1884–85: The Berlin Conference signals the start of the European "scramble for Africa". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in slaves. 1884–85: The Sino-French War led to the formation of French Indochina. 1885: King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo Free State as a personal fiefdom 1885: Britain establishes a protectorate over Bechuanaland (modern Botswana) 1885: "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published. 1885: Singer begins production of the 'Vibrating Shuttle' which would become the Model T of sewing machines. 1886: Burma is presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift 1886: Karl Benz sells the first commercial automobile 1886: Construction of the Statue of Liberty 1886: Russian-Circassian War ended with the defeat and the exile of many Circassians. Imam Shamil defeated. 1887: The British Empire takes over Balochistan 1887: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle publishes his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet. 1888: Jack the Ripper murders occur in Whitechapel, London 1888: Slavery banned in Brazil. 1889: Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris. 1889: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad establishes the Ahmadi Muslim Community. 1889: End of the Brazilian Empire and the beginning of the Brazilian Republic 1889: Vincent van Gogh paints Starry Night 1889: Aspirin patented. 1890s 1890: The Wounded Knee Massacre was the last battle in the American Indian Wars. This event represents the end of the American Old West. 1890: Italy annexes Eritrea 1890: Independence of Luxembourg 1890: Death of Vincent van Gogh 1890: The cardboard box is invented. 1891: Chilean Civil War 1892: Basketball is invented. 1892: The World's Columbian Exposition was held in Chicago celebrating the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World. 1892: Fingerprinting is officially adopted for the first time 1892: Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite premières in St Petersberg 1893: US forces overthrow the government of Hawaii 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to enact women's suffrage 1894: First commercial film release by Jean Aimé Le Roy 1894: First gramophone record 1894: France and the Russian Empire form a military alliance 1894–95: After the First Sino-Japanese War, China cedes Taiwan to Japan and grants Japan a free hand in Korea. 1895: Volleyball is invented 1895: Trial of Oscar Wilde and premiere of his play The Importance of Being Earnest 1895: French troops capture Antananarivo in Madagascar 1895: Wilhelm Röntgen identifies x-rays 1894-1900: Dreyfuss Affair 1895–1896: Ethiopia defeats Italy in the First Italo–Ethiopian War. 1895-1898: Cuban War for Independence results in Cuban independence from Spain 1896: Olympic Games revived in Athens. 1896: Philippine Revolution ends declaring Philippines free from Spanish rule. 1896: Ethiopia defeated Italy at the Battle of Adwa. 1896: Klondike Gold Rush in Canada. 1896: Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity 1897: Gojong, or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived Korean Empire: lasts until 1910. 1897: Benin Expedition of 1897 loots and burns Benin 1897: Greco-Turkish War. 1898: The United States gains control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. 1898: Empress Dowager Cixi of China engineers a coup d'etat, marking the end of the Hundred Days' Reform; the Guangxu Emperor is arrested. 1898: H. G. Wells publishes The War of the Worlds 1898–1900: The Boxer Rebellion in China is suppressed by an Eight-Nation Alliance. 1898–1902: The One Thousand Days war in Colombia breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores", culminating with the loss of Panama in 1903. 1899: Second Boer War begins (-1902); Philippine-American War begins (-1913). 1899: Indian famine begins. For later events, see Timeline of modern history. Significant people Abraham Lincoln in 1863, 16th President of The United States, presided during the American Civil War, assassinated in April 1865 José Rizal, the National hero of the Philippines Clara Barton, nurse, pioneer of the American Red Cross Sitting Bull, a leader of the Lakota John Burroughs, Naturalist, conservationist, writer Benito Juárez, Mexican President Davy Crockett, King of the wild frontier, folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician Jefferson Davis, Confederate States President William Gilbert Grace, English cricketer Baron Haussmann, civic planner Franz Joseph I of Austria, Emperor of Austria and brother of Mexican Emperor Chief Joseph, a leader of the Nez Percé Ned Kelly, Australian folk hero, and outlaw Elizabeth Kenny, Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio Sándor Körösi Csoma, explorer of the Tibetan culture Abraham Lincoln, United States President Fitz Hugh Ludlow, writer and explorer John Muir, Naturalist, writer, preservationist Florence Nightingale, nursing pioneer Napoleon I, First Consul and Emperor of the French Charles Stewart Parnell, Irish political leader Commodore Perry, U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to Japan Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Filipino hero, novelist, liberator Sacagawea, Important aide to Lewis&Clark Ignaz Semmelweis, proponent of hygienic practices Dr. John Snow, the founder of epidemiology F R Spofforth, Australian cricketer Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom William Wilberforce, Abolitionist, Philanthropist Hong Xiuquan inspired China's Taiping Rebellion, perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history Karl Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto, promoted change in the labor system of Europe Show business and theatre Franz Boas one of the pioneers of modern anthropology Sarah Bernhardt, 1877 Ellen Terry, c.1880 P. T. Barnum, c. 1860 P. T. Barnum, showman David Belasco, actor, playwright, theatrical producer Sarah Bernhardt, actress Edwin Booth, actor Dion Boucicault, playwright Mrs Patrick Campbell, actress Anton Chekhov, playwright Buffalo Bill Cody, Wild West legend, and showman Baptiste Deburau, Bohemian–French actor and mime. Eleonora Duse, actress Henrik Ibsen, playwright Edmund Kean, actor Charles Kean, actor Lillie Langtry, actress, socialite Frédérick Lemaître, actor Jenny Lind, opera singer called the Swedish Nightingale Céleste Mogador, dancer Lola Montez, exotic dancer Adelaide Neilson, actress Annie Oakley, Wild West, sharp-shooter Lillian Russell, singer, actress George Bernard Shaw, playwright Edward Askew Sothern, actor Ellen Terry, actress Athletics Main articles: Baseball Hall of Fame, Major League Baseball, List of bare-knuckle boxers, List of heavyweight boxing champions, and Olympic Games John L Sullivan in his prime, c.1882. Cap Anson, baseball player Gentleman Jim Corbett, heavyweight boxer Big Ed Delahanty, baseball player Bob Fitzsimmons, heavyweight boxer Pud Galvin, baseball player Olympic Games, 1894 the IOC is formed, and the first Summer Olympics games are held in Athens, Greece in 1896 Dr William Gilbert 'WG' Grace, cricketer Peter Jackson, heavyweight boxer James J. Jeffries, heavyweight boxer Old Hoss Radbourn, baseball player Tom Sharkey, heavyweight boxer John L. Sullivan, heavyweight boxer John Montgomery Ward, baseball player Evangelis Zappas, Founder of the International Modern Olympic Games Business Main articles: Robber baron (industrialist) and business magnate John Jacob Astor III, Real Estate Andrew Carnegie, Industrialist, philanthropist Jay Cooke, Finance Henry Clay Frick, Industrialist, art collector Jay Gould, Railroad developer Meyer Guggenheim Family patriarch, mining Daniel Guggenheim (copper) E. H. Harriman, Railroads Henry O. Havemeyer (sugar), art collector George Hearst, Gold James J. Hill (railroads) – The Empire Builder Andrew W. Mellon, Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector J.P. Morgan, banker, art collector George Mortimer Pullman (railroads) Charles Pratt Oil, founder of the Pratt Institute Cecil Rhodes diamonds, mining magnate, founder of De Beers. John D. Rockefeller, Oil, Business tycoon, philanthropist Levi Strauss, clothing manufacturer Cornelius Vanderbilt, Shipping, Railroads William Chapman Ralston, Businessman, Financier, founder of Bank of California. Famous and infamous personalities Jesse and Frank James, 1872 Deputies Bat Masterson and Wyatt Earp in Dodge City, 1876 Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill Cody, Montreal, Quebec, 1885 Geronimo, 1887, prominent leader of the Chiricahua Apache Baptiste Deburau c. 1830s, as Pierrot. William Bonney aka Henry McCarty aka Billy the Kid, Wild West, outlaw John Wilkes Booth, assassin James Bowie, Soldier, Texan who died at the Alamo, invented the Bowie knife Jim Bridger, Wild West, Mountain man John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who led an armed insurrection at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859. Kit Carson, Wild West, frontiersman Cochise, Chiricahua Apache leader George Armstrong Custer, soldier, whose last stand was in the Wild West Wyatt Earp, Wild West, lawman Pat Garrett, Wild West, lawman Charles J. Guiteau, assassin Jack The Ripper, serial killer whose identity remains unknown. Geronimo, Chiricahua Apache leader Wild Bill Hickock, Legendary Wild West, lawman Doc Holliday, Legendary Wild West, gambler, gunfighter Crazy Horse, War leader of the Lakota Frank James, Wild West, outlaw, older brother of Jesse Jesse James, Legendary Wild West, outlaw Calamity Jane, Frontierswoman Bat Masterson, Wild West, lawman, gambler, newspaperman Allan Pinkerton, spy, founded the Pinkerton Agency, first detective agency in the United States William Poole aka Bill the Butcher, member of the New York City gang, the Bowery Boys, a bare-knuckle boxer, and a leader of the Know Nothing political movement. Belle Starr Legendary Wild West, female outlaw Nat Turner, led a slave rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia during August 1831. Anthropology, archaeology, scholars Churchill Babington, Archaeology Adolph Francis Alphonse Bandelier, Archaeology Franz Boas, Anthropology Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, Archaeology Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Ornithology George Bird Grinnell, Anthropology Joseph LeConte, Scholar, preservationist Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai, Anthropology Clinton Hart Merriam, Zoology Lewis H. Morgan, Anthropology Jules Etienne Joseph Quicherat, Archaeology Robert Ridgway, Ornithology Edward Burnett Tylor, Anthropology Karl Verner, Linguist Journalists, missionaries, explorers Roald Amundsen, explorer Samuel Baker, explorer Thomas Baines, artist, explorer Heinrich Barth, explorer Henry Walter Bates, naturalist, explorer Jim Bridger, explorer Richard Francis Burton, explorer The Lewis&Clark expedition, exploration Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh, explorer Percy Fawcett, adventurer, explorer, proto-Indiana Jones Horace Greeley, journalist Peter Jones (missionary), Canadian Methodist minister, and go-between between Christians and his fellow Mississaugas and other Indian tribes. Adoniram Judson, missionary Sir John Kirk, explorer, physician, companion of David Livingston Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker, botanist, explorer, friend of Charles Darwin Sir William Jackson Hooker, botanist, explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker Meriwether Lewis, explorer David Livingstone, missionary Thomas Nast, journalist, caricaturist and editorial cartoonist Robert Peary, explorer Marcelo H. del Pilar, writer, journalist, editor of La Solidaridad. Nikolai Przhevalsky, explorer Frederick Selous, explorer John Hanning Speke, explorer Henry M. Stanley, journalist, explorer John McDouall Stuart, explorer John L. O'Sullivan, journalist who coined Manifest Destiny Thomas Nast, c. 1860–1875, photo by Mathew Brady or Levin Handy Photography One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by Nicéphore Niépce Mathew Brady, Self-portrait, c.1875 See also: History of photography, List of photojournalists, Photojournalism, and Daguerreotype Ottomar Anschütz, chronophotographer Mathew Brady, documented the American Civil War Edward S. Curtis, documented the American West notably Native Americans Louis Daguerre, inventor of daguerreotype process of photography, chemist Thomas Eakins, pioneer motion photographer George Eastman, inventor of the roll of film Hércules Florence, pioneer inventor of photography Auguste and Louis Lumière, pioneer filmmakers, inventors Étienne-Jules Marey, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer Eadweard Muybridge, pioneer motion photographer, chronophotographer Nadar aka Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer Nicéphore Niépce, pioneer inventor of photography Louis Le Prince, motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker William Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative / positive photographic process. Visual artists, painters, sculptors Main articles: History of painting, Western painting, and Ukiyo-e Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre) Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise, 1872, gave the name to Impressionism Paul Cézanne, Self-portrait, 1880–1881 Vincent van Gogh, Self-portrait, 1889

The Realism and Romanticism of the early 19th century gave way to Impressionism and Post-Impressionism in the later half of the century, with Paris being the dominant art capital of the world. In the United States the Hudson River School was prominent. 19th century painters included: Albert Bierstadt William Blake Arnold Bocklin Mary Cassatt Camille Claudel Paul Cézanne Frederic Edwin Church Thomas Cole John Constable Camille Corot James Tissot Gustave Courbet Honoré Daumier Edgar Degas Eugène Delacroix Thomas Eakins Caspar David Friedrich Paul Gauguin Théodore Géricault Vincent van Gogh Ando Hiroshige Hokusai Winslow Homer Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres Édouard Manet Claude Monet Gustave Moreau Berthe Morisot Edvard Munch Camille Pissarro Pierre-Auguste Renoir Auguste Rodin Albert Pinkham Ryder John Singer Sargent Georges Seurat Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Joseph Mallord William Turner James Abbott McNeill Whistler Tsukioka Yoshitoshi Music Main articles: List of Romantic composers, Romantic music, and Romanticism Ludwig van Beethoven Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, Niccolo Paganini, (c.1819), charcoal drawing Chopin, by Delacroix, 1838. Sonata form matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the 19th century was referred to as being in the Romantic style. Many great composers lived through this era such as Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Liszt, Frédéric Chopin, Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Richard Wagner. The list includes: Ludwig van Beethoven Hector Berlioz Georges Bizet Alexander Borodin Johannes Brahms Anton Bruckner Frédéric Chopin Claude Debussy Antonín Dvořák Edvard Grieg Scott Joplin Gustav Mahler Franz Liszt Felix Mendelssohn Modest Mussorgsky Jacques Offenbach Niccolò Paganini Camille Saint-Saëns Antonio Salieri Franz Schubert Robert Schumann Gilbert and Sullivan Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Giuseppe Verdi Richard Wagner Literature Main articles: Romantic poetry and 19th century in literature Charles Dickens Alfred, Lord Tennyson Mark Twain, 1894 Jane Austen Daguerreotype of Edgar Allan Poe Arthur Rimbaud c.1872 Ralph Waldo Emerson Henry David Thoreau, August 1861. Emile Zola, c.1900 On the literary front the new century opens with romanticism, a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the steam engine and the railway. William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge are considered the initiators of the new school in England, while in the continent the German Sturm und Drang spreads its influence as far as Italy and Spain. French arts had been hampered by the Napoleonic Wars but subsequently developed rapidly. Modernism began. The Goncourts and Emile Zola in France and Giovanni Verga in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published the Communist Manifesto. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov and Fyodor Dostoevsky; the English Charles Dickens, John Keats, Alfred, Lord Tennyson and Jane Austen; the Scottish Sir Walter Scott; the Irish Oscar Wilde; the Americans Edgar Allan Poe, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Mark Twain; and the French Victor Hugo, Honoré de Balzac, Jules Verne and Charles Baudelaire. Some other important writers of note included: Leopoldo Alas Hans Christian Andersen Machado de Assis Jane Austen Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer Elizabeth Barret Browning Anne Brontë Charlotte Brontë Emily Brontë Georg Büchner Lord Byron Rosalía de Castro François-René de Chateaubriand Kate Chopin Samuel Taylor Coleridge James Fenimore Cooper Stephen Crane Eduard Douwes Dekker Emily Dickinson Charles Dickens Arthur Conan Doyle Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870) George Eliot Ralph Waldo Emerson Gustave Flaubert Margaret Fuller Elizabeth Gaskell Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Nikolai Gogol Juana Manuela Gorriti Brothers Grimm Henry Rider Haggard Ida Gräfin Hahn-Hahn (1805–1880) Thomas Hardy Francis Bret Harte Nathaniel Hawthorne Friedrich Hölderlin Heinrich Heine Henrik Ibsen Washington Irving Henry James John Keats Caroline Kirkland Jules Laforgue Giacomo Leopardi Stéphane Mallarmé Alessandro Manzoni José Martí Clorinda Matto de Turner Herman Melville Friedrich Nietzsche Manuel González Prada Marcel Proust Aleksandr Pushkin Fritz Reuter (1810–1874) Arthur Rimbaud John Ruskin George Sand (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin) Mary Shelley Percy Shelley Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle) Robert Louis Stevenson Bram Stoker Harriet Beecher Stowe Alfred, Lord Tennyson Henry David Thoreau Leo Tolstoy Mark Twain Paul Verlaine Jules Verne Lew Wallace HG Wells Walt Whitman Oscar Wilde William Wordsworth Émile Zola José Zorrilla Science Charles Darwin Nadar, Louis Pasteur, 1878 Mme. Marie Curie, c.1898 The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term scientist was coined in 1833 by William Whewell.9 Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of Charles Darwin, who in 1859 published the book The Origin of Species, which introduced the idea of evolution by natural selection. Louis Pasteur made the first vaccine against rabies, and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the asymmetry of crystals. Thomas Alva Edison gave the world a practical everyday lightbulb. Karl Weierstrass and other mathematicians also carried out the arithmetization of analysis for functions of real and complex variables; they also began the use of hypercomplex numbers. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by Michael Faraday and James Clerk Maxwell. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included: Amedeo Avogadro, physicist Johann Jakob Balmer, mathematician, physicist Henri Becquerel, physicist Alexander Graham Bell, inventor Ludwig Boltzmann, physicist János Bolyai, mathematician Louis Braille, inventor of braille Robert Bunsen, chemist Marie Curie, physicist, chemist Pierre Curie, physicist Gottlieb Daimler, engineer, industrial designer and industrialist Christian Doppler, physicist, mathematician Thomas Edison, inventor Michael Faraday, scientist Léon Foucault, physicist Gottlob Frege, mathematician, logician and philosopher Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis Carl Friedrich Gauss, mathematician, physicist, astronomer Josiah Willard Gibbs, physicist Ernst Haeckel, biologist William Rowan Hamilton, physicist and mathematician Oliver Heaviside, electrical engineer, physical mathematician Heinrich Hertz, physicist Alexander von Humboldt, naturalist, explorer Robert Koch, physician, bacteriologist Justus von Liebig, chemist Nikolai Lobachevsky, mathematician James Clerk Maxwell, physicist Wilhelm Maybach, car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist Gregor Mendel, biologist Dmitri Mendeleev, chemist Samuel Morey, inventor Alfred Nobel, chemist, engineer, inventor Louis Pasteur, microbiologist and chemist Santiago Ramón y Cajal, biologist Bernhard Riemann, mathematician William Emerson Ritter, biologist Nikola Tesla, inventor William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, physicist Philosophy and religion Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Karl Marx Søren Kierkegaard

The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Islamic movement in India. Bahá'u'lláh founded the Bahá'í Faith in Persia Mikhail Bakunin, anarchist William Booth, social reformer, founder of the Salvation Army Auguste Comte, philosopher Mary Baker Eddy, religious leader, founder of Christian Science Friedrich Engels, political philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, philosopher Allan Kardec, sistematizer of the Spiritist Doctrine Søren Kierkegaard, philosopher Karl Marx, political philosopher John Stuart Mill, philosopher William Morris, social reformer Friedrich Nietzsche, philosopher Nikolai (Nicholas) of Japan, religious leader, introduced Eastern Orthodoxy into Japan Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Hindu mystic Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon, founder of French socialism Arthur Schopenhauer, philosopher Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young, founders of Mormonism Ayya Vaikundar, initiator of the belief system of Ayyavazhi Ellen White religious author and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist Church Politics and the Military John Adams, American statesman, lawyer, and president John Quincy Adams, U.S. congressman, lawyer, and president Susan B. Anthony, U.S. women's rights advocate Otto von Bismarck, German chancellor Napoleon Bonaparte, French general, first consul and emperor John C. Calhoun, U.S. senator Henry Clay, U.S. statesman, "The Great Compromiser" Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America just before and during the American Civil War. Benjamin Disraeli, novelist and politician Frederick Douglass, U.S. abolitionist spokesman Ferdinand VII of Spain Joseph Fouché, French politician John C. Frémont, Explorer, Governor of California Giuseppe Garibaldi, unifier of Italy and Piedmontese soldier Isabella II of Spain Gojong of Joseon, Korean emperor William Lloyd Garrison, U.S. abolitionist leader William Ewart Gladstone, British prime minister Ulysses S. Grant, U.S. general and president George Hearst, U.S. Senator and father of William Randolph Hearst Theodor Herzl, founder of modern political Zionism Andrew Jackson, U.S. general and president Thomas Jefferson, American statesman, philosopher, and president Lajos Kossuth, Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence Robert E. Lee, Confederate general Libertadores, Latin American liberators Abraham Lincoln, U.S. president; led the nation during the American Civil War Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada, first Prime Minister of Canada Klemens von Metternich, Austrian Chancellor Mutsuhito, Japanese emperor Napoleon III Pedro II of Brazil Cecil Rhodes Theodore Roosevelt, Explorer, Naturalist, future President of The United States William Tecumseh Sherman, Union general during the American Civil War Fulwar Skipwith, the first and only president of the short lived Republic of West Florida Leland Stanford, Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur István Széchenyi, aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, French politician Harriet Tubman, African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, played a part in the Underground Railroad William M. Tweed, aka Boss Tweed, influential New York City politician, head of Tammany Hall Queen Victoria, British monarch Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, British General and prime minister Hong Xiuquan, revolutionary, self-proclaimed Son of God Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese Shogun (The Last Shogun) See also Timeline of modern history 19th century in film 19th century in games 19th-century philosophy Capitalism in the nineteenth century France in the nineteenth century List of wars 1800–1899 Mid-nineteenth century Spain Nineteenth century theatre Russian history, 1855–1892 Timeline of 19th century Islamic history Timeline of historic inventions#19th century Victorian Era External links This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. Supplementary portrait gallery Allan Kardec Friedrich Nietzsche Otto von Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor The last Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, circa 1867 References ^ Encyclopædia Britannica's Great Inventions. Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ "The United States and the Industrial Revolution in the 19th Century" ^ Laura Del Col, West Virginia University, The Life of the Industrial Worker in Nineteenth-Century England ^ Modernization – Population Change. Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Liberalism in the 19th century. Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Sailing against slavery. By Jo Loosemore. BBC. ^ The Atlantic: Can the US afford immigration?. Migration News. December 1996. ^ Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ^ "William Whewell". Stanford University. http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/whewell/. 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Shelley · Shevchenko · Słowacki · de Staël · Stendhal · Tieck · Wordsworth · Zhukovsky · Zorilla Music Adam · Alkan · Auber · Beethoven · Bellini · Berlioz · Berwald · Chopin · Félicien David · Ferdinand David · Donizetti · Field · Franck · Glinka · Halévy · Kalkbrenner · Liszt · Loewe · Marschner · Masarnau · Méhul · Mendelssohn · Meyerbeer · Moscheles · Paganini · Reicha · Rossini · Schubert · Schumann · Thalberg · Verdi · Voříšek · Wagner · Weber Theology and philosophy Coleridge · Feuerbach · Fichte · Goethe · Müller · Schiller · A. Schlegel · F. Schlegel · Schleiermacher · Tieck · Wackenroder Art Blake · Briullov · Constable · Corot · Dahl · Delacroix · Düsseldorf School · Friedrich · Fuseli · Géricault · Goya · Gude · Hayez · Hudson River School · Leutze · Martin · Michałowski · Nazarene movement · Palmer · Runge · Turner · Veit · Ward · Wiertz Architecture Gothic Revival  « Age of Enlightenment Realism »  v · d · eDecades and years

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